A “stylistic anti-populism”: an analysis of the Sardine movement’s opposition to Matteo Salvini in Italy

References

• Albertazzi,A., Giovannini, A., & Seddone, A. (2018). ‘No regionalism please, we are leghisti!’ the transformation of the italian lega nord under the leadership of matteo salvini. Regional & Federal Studies, 28(5), 645–671. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13597566.2018.1512977
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• aprile 2019, “Salvini, il superuomo qualunque”, La Repubblica. https://rep.repubblica.it/pwa/commento/2019/04/19/news/salvini_il_superuomo_qualunque–224470828/
   Google Scholar
• Aslanidis, P., & Rovira Kaltwasser, C. (2016). ‘Dealing with populists in government: the SYRIZA-ANEL coalition in Greece. Democratization, 23(6), 1077–1091. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13510347.2016.1154842
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Béland, D. (2020). Right-wing populism and the politics of insecurity: how president trump frames migrants as collective threats. Political Studies Review, 18(2), 162–177. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1177/1478929919865131
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Betz, H.-G. (2007). Against the ‘green totalitarianism’: anti-islamic nativism in contemporary radical right-wing populism in Western Europe. In C. S. Liang (Ed.), Europe for the Europeans: The foreign and security policy of the populist radical right (pp. 33-54). Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Biancalana, C. (2020). Four Italian populisms. In P. Blokker & M. Anselmi (Eds.), Multiple Populisms: Italy as Democracy’s Mirror. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Bobba, G. (2019). Social media populism: Features and ‘likeability’ of lega nord communication on facebook. European Political Science, 18(1), 11–23. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1057/s41304-017-0141-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borriello, A., & Brack, N. (2019). ‘I want my sovereignty back!’ A comparative analysis of the populist discourses of podemos, the 5 star movement, the FN and UKIP during the economic and migration crises. Journal of European Integration, 41(7), 833–853. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/07036337.2019.1665658
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bracciale, R., & Martella, A. (2017). Define the populist political communication style: The case of Italian political leaders on Twitter. Information, Communication & Society, 20(9), 1310–1329. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2017.1328522
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunazzo, M., & Gilbert, M. (2017). Insurgents against brussels: euroscepticism and the right-wing populist turn of the lega nord since 2013. Journal of Modern Italian Studies, 22(5), 624–641. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/1354571X.2017.1389524
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bull, M., & Rhodes, M. (1997). ‘Between crisis and transition: Italian politics in the 1990ʹ. West European Politics, 20(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/01402389708425172
   Google Scholar
• Caiani, M., & Graziano, P. R. (2016). Varieties of populism: Insights from the Italian case. Italian Political Science Review/Rivista Italiana Di Scienza Politica, 46(2), 243–267. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/ipo.2016.6
   Google Scholar
• Capelli, F. (2018). Il futuro addosso. L’incertezza, la paura e il farmaco populista. goWare & Edizioni Guerini e Associati.
   Google Scholar
• Carvalho, J. (2019). Mainstream party strategies towards extreme right parties: The French 2007 and 2012 presidential elections. Government and Opposition, 54(2), 365–386. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/gov.2017.25
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiaramonte, A., Emanuele, V., Maggini, N., & Paparo, A. (2018). Populist success in a hung parliament: The 2018 general election in Italy. South European Society & Politics, 23(4), 479–501. A. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2018.1506513
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corbetta, P., & Vignati, R. (2014). Direct democracy and scapegoats: The five star movement and Europe. The International Spectator, 49(1), 53–64. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/03932729.2014.875822
   Google Scholar
• Cranmer, M. (2011). Populist communication and publicity: An empirical study of contextual differences in Switzerland. Swiss Political Science Review, 17(3), 286–307. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1662-6370.2011.02019.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Custodero, A., 18 giugnio 2018, “Censimento sui rom, quelli italiani purtroppo ce li dobbiamo tenere”. Scontro nel governo, Di Maio: “Incostituzionale””, La Repubblica. https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2018/06/18/news/salvini_rom_censimento–199319863/
   Google Scholar
• Damiani, M. (2020). Populist Radical Left Parties in Western Europe: Equality and Sovereignty. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• De Blasio, E., & Sorice, M. (2019). The rise of populist parties in Italy: Techno-populism between neo-liberalism and direct democracy. In E. Hidalgo-Tenorio, M.-Á. Benítez-Castro, & F. D. Cesare (Eds.), Populist Discourse: Critical Approaches to Contemporary Politics. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• De la Torre, C. (2010). Populist Seduction in Latin America. Center for International Studies, Ohio University: Ohio University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Decrestina, P. 17 dicembre 2018, “Sushi alle 9, pizza e birra a notte fonda: La “doppia” cena di Salvini nella sera del vertice di maggioranza”, Corriere della Sera. https://www.corriere.it/politica/18_dicembre_17/sushi-9-pizza-birra-notte-fonda-doppia-cena-salvini-sera-vertice-maggioranza-9d67132a-01e5-11e9-bf79-927a790c292e.shtml
   Google Scholar
• Diamanti, G., & Pregliasco, L. (2019). Fenomeno Salvini: Chi è, come comunica, perché lo votano. LIT EDIZIONI.
   Google Scholar
• Diamanti, I., & Lazar, M. (2018). Popolocrazia. La metamorfosi delle nostre democrazie. Laterza & Figli.
   Google Scholar
• Dicembre 2019, “Ferrara, arriva Salvini e le sardine tornano in piazza con i libri in mano”, La Repubblica. https://bologna.repubblica.it/cronaca/2019/12/09/news/le_sardine_tornano_in_piazza_a_ferrare_con_i_libri–243027428/
   Google Scholar
• Engesser, S., Ernst, N., Esser, F., & Büchel, F. (2017). Populism and social media: How politicians spread a fragmented ideology. Information, Communication & Society, 20(8), 1109–1126. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2016.1207697
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franzi, A., & Madron, A. (2019). Matteo Salvini: Italy, Europe and the New Right. Firenze: GoWare.
   Google Scholar
• gennaio 2020, “Salvini domina sui social, Bonaccini tra gli imprenditori. Ma la storia la fanno le Sardine”, La Repubblica. https://www.repubblica.it/dossier/politica/elezioni-regionali-2020-emilia-romagnacalabria/2020/01/20/news/elezioni_in_emilia_romagna_la_ricerca_salvini_domina_sui_social_bonaccini_tra_gli_imprenditori–246203721/
   Google Scholar
• Jagers, J., & Walgrave, S. (2007). Populism as political communication style. European Journal of Political Research, 46(3), 319–345. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-6765.2006.00690.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karavasilis, L. (2017). Perceptions of ‘populism’ and ‘anti-populism’ in greek public discourse during the crisis: The case of the website ‘anti-news”. Politik, 20(4), 4. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.7146/politik.v20i4.101535
   Google Scholar
• Lorenzetti, M. A. (2018). A cross-linguistic study of new populist language. In M. Kranert & G. Horan (Eds.), Doing Politics: Discursivity, Performativity and Mediation in Political Discourse (Vol. 80, pp. 153-178). John Benjamins Publishing Company.
   Google Scholar
• Luna, R. “Quel bacio di Salvini su Twitter”, 7 settembre 2020, La Repubblica, https://www.repubblica.it/dossier/stazione-futuro-riccardo-luna/2020/09/07/news/quel_bacio_di_salvini_su_twitter-266433918/
   Google Scholar
• Mastropaolo, A. (2008). A democracy bereft of parties: Anti-political uses of civil society in Italy. In B. Jobert & B. Kohler-Koch (Eds.), Changing Images of Civil Society (Vol. 11, pp. 32-46). Taylor & Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Miró, J. (2019). Beyond populism and institutionalism: Anti-populism and the management of austerity in Spain. Constellations, 26(1), 116–131. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8675.12386
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moffitt, B. (2016). The Global Rise of Populism: Performance, political style, and representation. Stanford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Moffitt, B. (2018). The populism/anti-populism divide in Western Europe. Democratic Theory, 5–12.
   Google Scholar
• Moffitt, B., & Tormey, S. (2014). Rethinking populism: Politics, mediatisation and political style. Political Studies, 62(2), 381–397. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.12032
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mondon, A. (2016). The Mainstreaming of the Extreme Right in France and Australia: A Populist Hegemony? Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Mosca, L., & Tronconi, F. (2019). Beyond left and right: The eclectic populism of the five star movement. West European Politics, 42(6), 1258–1283. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/01402382.2019.1596691
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mouffe, C. (2005). The end of politics and the challenge of right-wing populism. In F. Panizza (Ed.), Populism and the Mirror of Democracy (pp. 50-71). Verso.
   Google Scholar
• Mudde, C., & Rovira Kaltwasser, C. (2017). Populism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ostiguy, P. (2017). Populism: A socio-cultural approach. In C. R. Kaltwasser, et al. (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Populism (pp. 73-100). Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Otjes, S., & Louwerse, T. (2015). Populists in parliament: Comparing left-wing and right-wing populism in the Netherlands. Political Studies, 63(1), 60–79. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9248.12089
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ott, B. L., & Dickinson, G. (2019). The Twitter presidency: Donald J. Trump and the politics of White rage. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Panarari, M. (2020). Intellectuals and cultural populism. In P. Blokker & M. Anselmi (Eds.), Multiple Populisms: Italy as Democracy’s Mirror. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Pasquino, G., & Valbruzzi, M. (2019). The 2019 European Elections: A ‘second-order’ vote with ‘first-order’ effects. Journal of Modern Italian Studies, 24(5), 736–756. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/1354571X.2019.1681706
   Google Scholar
• Proglio, G. (2019). The Mediterranean Sea as a mirror and ghost of the colonial past: The role of cultural memory in the production of populist narratives in Italy. In C. De Cesari & A. Kaya (Eds.), European Memory in Populism: Representations of Self and Other. Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Revelli, M. (2015). Dentro e contro: Quando il populismo è di governo. Laterza & Figli Spa.
   Google Scholar
• Servignigni, C. 17 gennaio 2020, “Salvini e il video in cui ironizza sul discorso di un ragazzo dislessico. Le Sardine: «Cyberbullismo, ora farà querela»”, Corriere della Sera. https://www.corriere.it/politica/20_gennaio_16/salvini-video-cui-ironizza-discorso-un-ragazzo-dislessico-sardine-cyberbullismo-975700d6-3857-11ea-9d38-85b3dab5d683.shtml
   Google Scholar
• Stavrakakis, Y. (2014). The return of “the people”: Populism and anti-populism in the shadow of the European crisis. Constellations, 21(4), 505–517. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8675.12127
   Google Scholar
• Stockemer, D. (2017). The Front National in France: Continuity and Change Under Jean-Marie Le Pen and Marine Le Pen. Springer.
   Google Scholar
• ‘Statuto del Partito Democratico: Testo approvato dall’Assemblea Nazionale il 17 novembre 2019’ https://www.partitodemocratico.it/wp-content/uploads/Statuto-del-Partito-Democratico-RegistratoWEB.pdf
   Google Scholar
• 20 dicembre 2019, “Sardine, lettera a Repubblica dei quattro fondatori: “Noi e la libertà di non fare un partito”, La Repubblica, https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2019/12/20/news/sardine_bologna_piazza_maggiore_piazza_san_giovanni-243899533/
   Google Scholar
• Taggart, P. (2000). Populism: Concepts in the Social Sciences. Open University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Taggart, P. (2002). Populism and the pathology of representative politics. In Y. Mény & Y. Surel (Eds.), Democracies and the Populist Challenge (pp. 62-79) London: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Taguieff, P. A. (2014). Du diable en politique: Réflexions sur l’anti-lepénisme ordinaire. Editions du CNRS.
   Google Scholar
• Tintori, G. (2018). Ius soli the Italian way. The long and winding road to reform the citizenship law. Contemporary Italian Politics, 10(4), 434–450. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/23248823.2018.1544360
   Google Scholar
• Van Spanje, J., & Van Der Brug, W. (2009). Being intolerant of the intolerant. The exclusion of Western European anti-immigration parties and its consequences for party choice. Acta Politica, 44(4), 353–384. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1057/ap.2009.7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ventura, S. (2018). The Italian democratic party from merger to personalism. South European Society & Politics, 23(1), 181–196. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/13608746.2018.1440483
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waisbord, S., & Amado, A. (2017). Populist communication by digital means: Presidential Twitter in Latin America. Information, Communication & Society, 20(9), 1330–1346. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2017.1328521
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar