References
- Alger , C. F. 1997 . “ Transnational social movements, world politics, and global governance ” . In Transnational Social Movements and Global Politics , Edited by: Smith , J. , Chatfield , C. and Pagnuco , R. 260 – 275 . New York : Syracuse University Press .
- Amen , M. , Archer , K. and Bosman , M. 2006 . Relocating Global Cities: from the Center to the Margins , Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield Publishers .
- Amin , A. 2002 . Spatialities of globalisation . Environment and Planning A , 34 ( 3 ) : 385 – 399 .
- Anheier , H. , Glasius , M. and Kaldor , M. 2004 . Global Civil Society 2004/5 , Edited by: Anheier , H. , Glasius , M. and Kaldor , M. London : Sage .
- Arts , B. 2004 . The global-local nexus: NGOs and the articulation of scale . Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie , 95 ( 5 ) : 498 – 510 .
- Beaverstock , J. V. , Smith , R. G. and Taylor , P. J. 1999 . A Roster of World Cities GaWC Research Bulletin No. 5, http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/rb/rb5.html
- Bebbington , A. 2004 . NGOs and uneven development: geographies of development intervention . Progress in Human Geography , 28 ( 6 ) : 725 – 745 .
- Betsill , M. M. and Bulkeley , H. 2004 . Transnational networks and global environmental governance: The Cities for Climate Protection Program . International Studies Quarterly , 48 : 471 – 493 .
- Borja , J. and Castells , M. 1997 . Local and Global: The Management of Cities in the Information Age , London : Earthscan .
- Brenner , N. 1998 . Global cities, glocal states: global city formation and state territorial restructuring in contemporary Europe . Review of International Political Economy , 5 ( 1 ) : 1 – 37 .
- Brugmann , J. 2007 . “ Locating the ‘Local Agenda’: preserving public interest in the evolving urban world ” . In Scaling Urban Environmental Challenges: From Local to Global and Back , Edited by: Marcotullio , P. J. and McGranahan , G. 331 – 354 . London & Sterling , VA : Earthscan .
- Bunnell , T. , Kong , L. and Law , L. 2008 . “ Social and cultural geographies of South-East Asia ” . In Mapping Worlds: International Perspectives on Social and Cultural Geographies , Edited by: Kitchin , R. 131 – 145 . London, New York : Routledge .
- Calder , K. E. and de Freytas , M. 2009 . Global political cities as actors in twenty-first century international affairs . SAIS Review , 29 ( 1 ) : 79 – 97 .
- Castells , M. 2000a . Materials for an exploratory theory of the network society . British Journal of Sociology , 51 ( 1 ) : 5 – 24 .
- Castells , M. 2000b . The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture. Volume I. The Rise of the Network Society 2nd ed. (Malden, Oxford, Carlton: Blackwell Publishing)
- Castells , M. 2002 . Local and global: cities in the network society . Tijdschrift voor Economische en Sociale Geografie , 93 ( 5 ) : 548 – 558 .
- Castells , M. 2004 . The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture. Volume II. The Power of Identity , 2 , Malden, Oxford, Victoria : Blackwell Publishing .
- Castells , M. 2005 . Global governance and global politics . Political Science and Politics , 38 ( 1 ) : 9 – 16 .
- Castells , M. 2008 . The new public sphere: global civil society, communication networks, and global governance . The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences , 616 : 78 – 93 .
- Castells , M. 2009 . Communication Power , Oxford, New York : Oxford University Press .
- Derudder , B. 2006 . On conceptual confusion in empirical analyses of a transnational urban network . Urban Studies , 43 ( 11 ) : 2027 – 2046 .
- Derudder , B. , Taylor , P. J. , Ni , P. , De Vos , A. , Hoyler , M. , Hanssens , H. , Bassens , D. , Huang , J. , Witlox , F. and Yang , X. 2010 . Pathways of Change: Shifting Connectivities in the World City Network, 2000–2008 , GaWC Research Bulletin No. 310, http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawk/rb/rb310.html
- Dorian , J. P. , Franssen , H. T. and Simbeck , D. R. 2006 . Global challenges in energy . Energy Policy , 43 : 1984 – 1991 .
- Eckl , J. and Weber , R. 2007 . North-South? Pitfalls of dividing the world by words . Third World Quarterly , 28 ( 1 ) : 3 – 23 .
- Elmhorn , C. 2001 . Brussels, a Reflexive World City , Stockholm : Almqvist & Wiksell International .
- Ergazakis , K. , Metaxiotis , K. and Psarras , J. 2006 . Knowledge cities: the answer to the needs of knowledge-based development . Vine: The Journal of Information and Knowledge Management Systems , 36 ( 1 ) : 67 – 84 .
- Evers , H. and Korff , R. 2000 . Southeast Asian Urbanism. The Meaning and Power of Social Space , Singapore : Lit Verlag .
- Florida , R. 2005 . The world is spiky . Atlantic Monthly , October, pp. 48–51
- Florida , R. 2008 . Who's Your City: How the Creative Economy Is Making Where to Live the Most Important Decision of Your Life , New York : Basic Books .
- Friedmann , J. 1986 . The world city hypothesis . Development and Change , 17 ( 1 ) : 69 – 83 .
- Friedmann , J. and Wolff , G. 1982 . World city formation: an agenda for research and action . International Journal of Urban and Regional Research , 6 ( 3 ) : 309 – 344 .
- Fruttero , A. and Gauri , V. 2005 . The Strategic choices of NGOs: Location decisions in rural Bangladesh . The Journal of Development Studies , 41 : 759 – 787 .
- Glassman , J. 2002 . From Seattle (and Ubon) to Bangkok: The scales of resistance to corporate globalization . Environment and Planning D: Society and Space , 20 ( 5 ) : 513 – 533 .
- Graham , S. 1998 . The end of geography or the explosion of place? Conceptualizing space, place and information technology . Progress in Human Geography , 22 : 165 – 185 .
- Graham , S. 2002 . “ Communication grids: cities and infrastructure ” . In Global Networks: Linked Cities , Edited by: Sassen , S. 71 – 91 . New York, London : Routledge .
- Graham , S. 2004 . Beyond the ‘dazzling light’: from dreams of transcendence to the ‘remediation’ of urban life: a research manifesto . New Media Society , 6 ( 1 ) : 16 – 25 .
- Graham , S. 2005 . “ Strategies for networked cities ” . In The Network Society. A New Context for Planning , Edited by: Albrechts , L. and Mandelbaum , S. J. 95 – 109 . London , New York : Routledge .
- Graham , S. and Marvin , S. 2001 . Splintering Urbanism: Networked Infrastructures, Technological Mobilities and the Urban Condition , London , New York : Routledge .
- Grant , R. and Nijman , J. 2002 . Globalization and the corporate geography of cities in the less-developed world . Annals of the Association of American Geographers , 92 ( 2 ) : 320 – 340 .
- Gugler , J. 2004 . World Cities beyond the West: Globalization, Development and Inequality , Edited by: Gugler , J. Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town : Cambridge University Press .
- Hall , P. 1966 . World Cities , London : Weidenfeld and Nicholson .
- Hill , R. C. 2004 . Cities and nested hierarchies . International Social Science Journal , 56 ( 181 ) : 373 – 384 .
- Hodson , M. and Marvin , S. 2010 . Urbanism in the anthropocene: ecological urbanism or premium ecological enclaves? . City , 14 ( 3 ) : 298 – 313 .
- Jayne , M. 2004 . “ Globalization and third-tier cities: the European experience ” . In Urbanism and Globalization Edited by: Eckardt , F. and Hassenpflug , D. (Frankfurt am Main, Berlin, Bern, Brussels, New York, Oxford and Vienna: Peter Lang), pp. 65–86
- Jenkins , P. , Robson , P. and Cain , A. 2002 . Local responses to globalization and peripheralization in Luanda, Angola . Environment and Urbanization , 14 ( 1 ) : 115 – 127 .
- Katz , Michael B. 2009 . What is an American city? . Dissent , : 19 – 26 .
- Kern , K. and Bulkeley , H. 2009 . Cities, Europeanization and multi-level governance: governing climate change through transnational municipal networks . Journal of Common Market Studies , 47 ( 2 ) : 309 – 332 .
- Krätke , S. 2003 . Global media cities in a world-wide urban network . European Planning Studies , 11 ( 6 ) : 605 – 628 .
- Lai , K. P. Y. 2009 . New spatial logics in global cities research: networks, flows and new political spaces . Geography Compass , 3 ( 3 ) : 997 – 1012 .
- Leitner , H. 2004 . “ The politics of scale and networks of spatial connectivity: transnational interurban networks and the rescaling of political governance in Europe ” . In Scale and Geographic Inquiry. Nature, Society, and Method , Edited by: Sheppard , E. and McMaster , R. B. 236 – 255 . Malden, Oxford, Carlton : Blackwell Publishing .
- Lipschutz , R. 2005 . “ Global civil society and global governmentality: or, the search for politics and the state amidst the capillaries of social power ” . In Power in Global Governance , Edited by: Barnett , M. and Duvall , R. 229 – 248 . Cambridge, New York, Port Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town : Cambridge University Press .
- Mol , A. P. J. 2009 . Urban environmental governance innovations in China . Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability , 1 : 96 – 100 .
- Murray , W. A. 2006 . Geographies of Globalization , London, New York : Routledge .
- Nicholls , W. J. 2008 . The urban question revisited: the importance of cities for social movements . International Journal of Urban and Regional Research , 32 ( 4 ) : 841 – 859 .
- Orum , A. M. and Chen , X. 2003 . The World of Cities: Places in Comparative and Historical Perspective , Malden, Oxford, Melbourne, Berlin : Blackwell Publishing .
- Papadopoulos , A. G. 2006 . “ Brussels: pseudo-capital of Europe. Perspectives of Belgium's global city-in-the-making ” . In Cities in Transition , Edited by: Schneider-Sliwa , R. 251 – 271 . New York : Springer .
- Perrot , R. and Filippov , S. 2010 . Localisation strategies of firms in wind energy technology development . UNU-MERIT Working Paper Series, http://www.merit.unu.edu/publications/wppdf/2010/wp2010-047.pdf
- Portes , A. and Roberts , B. R. 2005 . The free-market city: Latin American urbanization in the year of the neoliberal experiment . Studies in Comparative International Development , 40 ( 1 ) : 43 – 82 .
- Prakash , A. and Gugerty , M. K. 2010 . “ Advocacy organizations and collective action: an introduction ” . In Advocacy Organizations and Collective Action , Edited by: Prakash , A. and Gugerty , M. K. 1 – 28 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
- Presas , L. M. S. 2004 . Transnational buildings in local environments. Ph.D. Dissertation, Wageningen University, Wageningen
- Presas , L. M. S. and Mol , A. P. J. 2006 . “ Greening transnational buildings: between global flows and local places ” . In Governing Environmental Flows: Global Challenges to Social Theory , Edited by: Spaargaren , G. , Mol , A. P. J. and Buttel , F. H. 303 – 326 . Cambridge , MA : MIT Press .
- Robinson , J. 2002 . Global and world cities: a view from off the map . International Journal of Urban and Regional Research , 26 ( 3 ) : 531 – 554 .
- Robinson , J. 2006 . Ordinary Cities: Between Modernity and Development , London, New York : Routledge .
- Rodriguez , J. and Martine , G. 2008 . “ Urbanization in Latin America and the Caribbean: experiences and lessons learned ” . In The New Global Frontier: Urbanization, Poverty and Environment in the 21st Century , Edited by: Martine , G. , McGranahan , G. , Montgomery , M. and Fernández-Castilla , R. 353 – 367 . London & Sterling , VA : Earthscan .
- Sassen , S. 1991 . The Global City: New York, London, Tokyo , Princeton : Princeton University Press .
- Sassen , S. 2000 . New frontiers facing urban sociology at the millennium . British Journal of Sociology , 51 ( 1 ) : 143 – 159 .
- Sassen , S. 2006 . Territory, Authority, Rights: From Medieval to Global Assemblages , Princeton : Princeton University Press .
- Sassen , S. 2007 . A Sociology of Globalization , New York, London : W.W. Norton & Company .
- Shatkin , G. 2007 . Global cities of the South: emerging perspectives on growth and inequality . Cities , 24 ( 1 ) : 1 – 15 .
- Short , J. R. 2004 . Global Metropolitan: Globalizing Cities in a Capitalist World , London, New York : Routledge .
- Short , J. R. , Kim , Y. , Kuus , M. and Wells , H. 1996 . The dirty little secret of world cities research: data problems in comparative analysis . International Journal of Urban and Regional Research , 20 ( 4 ) : 697 – 717 .
- Short , J. R. , Breitbach , C. , Buckman , S. and Essex , J. 2000 . From world cities to gateway cities: Extending the boundaries of globalization theory . City: Analysis of Urban Trends, Culture, Theory, Policy, Action , 4 ( 3 ) : 317 – 338 .
- Smith , J. 2002 . Bridging global divides? Strategic framing and solidarity in transnational social movement organizations . International Sociology , 17 ( 4 ) : 505 – 528 .
- Steger , M. 2002 . Globalism: The New Market Ideology , Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield .
- Steger , M. 2005 . Globalism: Market Ideology Meets Terrorism , Lanham , MD : Rowman & Littlefield .
- Swyngedouw , E. 2004 . Globalisation or ‘glocalisation’? Networks, territories and rescaling . Cambridge Review of International Affairs , 17 ( 1 ) : 25 – 48 .
- Taylor , P. J. 2004a . The new geography of global city society: NGOs in the world city network . Globalizations , 1 ( 2 ) : 265 – 277 .
- Taylor , P. J. 2004b . World City Network: A Global Urban Analysis , London : Routledge .
- Taylor , P. J. 2005 . Leading world cities: empirical evaluations of urban nodes in multiple networks . Urban Studies , 42 ( 9 ) : 1593 – 1608 .
- Taylor , P. J. and Lang , R. E. 2005 . U.S. cities in the ‘World City Network’ . The Brookings Institution, Survey series, http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Files/rc/reports/2005/02cities_taylor/20050222_worldcities.pdf
- Taylor , P. J. , Ni , P. , Derudder , B. , Hoyler , M. , Huang , J. , Lu , F. , Pain , K. , Witlox , F. , Yang , X. , Bassens , D. and Shen , W. 2010 . Measuring the World City network: new results and developments GaWC Research Bulletin 300, http://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/rb/rb300.html
- Teplova , T. 2006 . World economy trends and their implication for the city of Calgary , Ottawa : Canadian Policy Research Networks Inc . http://www.uquebec.ca/observgo/fichiers/17943_GLR1.pdf
- Toly , N. J. 2008 . Transnational municipal networks for climate stabilization: from global governance to global politics . Globalizations , 5 ( 3 ) : 341 – 356 .
- Union of International Associations . 2006 . Yearbook of International Organizations: Guide to Global and Civil Society Networks, 2006/2007 , Volume 5, Statistics, visualizations and patterns (München: K.G. Saur)
- van der Pluijm , R. and Melissen , J. 2007 . “ City diplomacy: the expanding role of cities in international politics, Clingendael Diplomacy Papers no. 10 ” . The Hague : Netherlands Institute of International Relations Clingendael . http://www.clingendael.nl/publications/2007/20070400_cdsp_paper_pluijm.pdf
- Vigar , G. , Graham , S. and Healey , P. 2005 . In search of the city in spatial strategies: past legacies, future imaginings . Urban Studies , 42 ( 8 ) : 1391 – 1410 .
- Vine , E. 2005 . An international survey of the energy service company (ESCO) industry . Energy Policy , 33 ( 5 ) : 691 – 704 .