1,875
Views
6
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

Participation without representation: Moroccans abroad at a time of unstable authoritarian rule

References

  • Anderson, L. (2006). Searching where the light shines: Studying democratization in the Middle East. Annual Review of Political Science, 9, 189–214. doi: 10.1146/annurev.polisci.9.072004.095345
  • Bank al-Maghrib.. (2017). Rapport annuel présenté à sa majesté le roi. Exercice 2016. Retrived from http://www.bkam.ma/Publications-statistiques-et-recherche/Publications-institutionnelles/Rapport-annuel-presente-a-sm-le-roi
  • Bauböck, R. (2007). Stakeholder citizenship and transnational political participation: A normative evaluation of external voting. Fordham Law Review, 75, 2393–2447.
  • Beck, U. (2003). Pouvoir et contre-pouvoir à l’heure de la mondialisation. Paris: Flammarion.
  • Belguendouz, A. (2009). Le Conseil de la communauté marocaine à l'étranger. Une nouvelle institution en débat. CARIM research report. Florence: Robert Schuman Centre for Advanced Studies – European University Institute.
  • Bennani-Chraïbi, M. (2017). « Le roi est bon, la classe politique est mauvaise » Un mythe à bout de souffle? Le Courrier de Tafra. Retrieved from http://tafra.ma/le-roi-est-bon-bout-de-souffle/
  • Bladi.net. (2009). Daba 2012 pour tous: l’appel de Paris. Retrieved from http://www.bladi.net/daba-2012-pour-tous.html
  • Brand, L. A. (2006). Citizens abroad: Emigration and the state in the Middle East and North Africa (Vol. 23). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Brand, L. A. (2010). Authoritarian states and voting from abroad: North African Experiences. Comparative Politics, 43, 81–99. doi: 10.5129/001041510X12911363510439
  • Brownlee, J. (2007). Authoritarianism in an age of democratization. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
  • Buehler, M. (2015). Continuity through co-optation: Rural politics and regime resilience in Morocco and Mauritania. Mediterranean Politics, 20, 364–385. doi: 10.1080/13629395.2015.1071453
  • Caillé, A. (2005). Démocratie, totalitarisme et parcellitarisme. Revue du Mauss, 25, 95–126. doi: 10.3917/rdm.025.0095
  • Camau, M. (2008). Le leadership politique aux confins des démocraties et des autoritarismes. In O. Dabène, V. Geisser, & G. Massardier (Eds.), Autoritarismes démocratiques et démocraties autoritaires au XXIe siècle (pp. 57–88). Paris: La Découverte.
  • Clark, J. (2004). Islam, charity and activism: Middle-class networks and social welfare in Egypt, Jordan and Yemen. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  • Collectif des Marocains du Monde – Bruxelles. (2011). Intégration dans la Constitution marocaine des droits citoyens des Marocains du Monde (Unpublished document obtained by the author at the Council for the Moroccan Community Abroad, available upon request).
  • Collyer, M. (Ed.). (2013a). Emigration nations: Policies and ideologies of emigrant engagement. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Collyer, M. (2013b). The Moroccan state and Moroccan citizens abroad. In M. Collyer (Ed.), Emigration nations: Policies and ideologies of emigrant engagement (pp. 175–195). New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Collyer, M., & King, R. (2015). Producing transnational space: International migration and the extra-territorial reach of state power. Progress in Human Geography, 39, 185–204. doi: 10.1177/0309132514521479
  • Consultative Commission for Human Rights.. (2007). Avant-projet d’Avis Consultatif adressé à La Haute Attention de Sa Majesté Le Roi. Sur la création d’un Conseil de la Communauté marocaine à l’étranger (CCME) (Unpublished document obtained by the author at the Council for the Moroccan Community Abroad, available upon request).
  • Council for the Moroccan Community Abroad. (2011, April 27). Communiqué de presse. Réformes constitutionnelles et politiques. Le CCME lance un vaste programme de consultations auprès des Marocain(e)s du monde (Unpublished document obtained by the author at the Council for the Moroccan Community Abroad, available upon request).
  • Council for the Moroccan Community Abroad. (2013). La a question de la participation et de la représentation politique des Marocains du monde. Casablanca: Éd. La Croisée des chemins.
  • Dabène, O., Geisser, V., & Massardier, G. (2008). Autoritarismes démocratiques et démocraties autoritaires au XXI e siècle. In O. Dabène, V. Geisser, & G. Massardier (Eds.), Autoritarismes démocratiques et démocraties autoritaires au XXIe siècle (pp. 7–26). Paris: La Découverte.
  • Dalmasso, E. (2014). Apolitical civil society and the constitutional debate in Morocco. In L. Anceschi, G. Gervasio, & A. Teti (Eds.), Informal power in the greater Middle East: Hidden geographies (pp. 145–158). London: Routledge.
  • De Haas, H. (2005). Migrants change the appearance of Morocco (No. 5). MDR working paper. Nijmegen: Centre for International Development Issues.
  • Desrues, T. (2012). Le mouvement du 20 février et le régime Marocain: Contestation, révision constitutionnelle et élections. L’Année du Maghreb, VIII, 359–389. doi: 10.4000/anneemaghreb.1537
  • Desrues, T. (2013). Mobilizations in a hybrid regime: The 20th February movement and the Moroccan regime. Current Sociology, 61, 409–423. doi: 10.1177/0011392113479742
  • Dowding, K., John, P., Mergoupis, T., & Vugt, M. (2000). Exit, voice and loyalty: Analytic and empirical developments. European Journal of Political Research, 37, 469–495.
  • Gamlen, A. (2014). Diaspora institutions and diaspora governance. International Migration Review, 48, S180–S217. doi: 10.1111/imre.12136
  • Gandhi, J. (2008). Political institutions under dictatorship. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Gandhi, J., & Lust-Okar, E. (2009). Elections under authoritarianism. Annual Review of Political Science, 12, 403–422. doi: 10.1146/annurev.polisci.11.060106.095434
  • Hermet, G. (1998). La trahison démocratique. Paris: Flammarion.
  • Hermet, G. (2007). L’Hiver de la démocratie ou le nouveau régime. Paris: Armand Colin.
  • Hirschman, A. O. (1978). Exit, voice, and the state. World Politics: A Quarterly Journal of International Relations,31, 90–107. doi: 10.2307/2009968
  • Hoffmann, B. (2010). Bringing Hirschman back in: ‘Exit’, ‘voice’, and ‘loyalty’ in the politics of transnational migration. The Latin Americanist, 54, 57–73. doi: 10.1111/j.1557-203X.2010.01067.x
  • Iskander, N. (2010). Creative state: Forty years of migration and development policy in Morocco and Mexico. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
  • Itzigsohn, J. (2000). Immigration and the boundaries of citizenship: The institutions of immigrants’ political transnationalism. International Migration Review,34, 1126–1154. doi: 10.2307/2675977
  • Jamal, A. A. (2007). Barriers to democracy. The other side of social capital in Palestine and the Arab world. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Lacroix, T. (2005). Les réseaux marocains du développement, géographie du transnational et politiques du territorial. Paris: Edition Science Po.
  • Lafleur, J. M. (2013). Transnational politics and the state: The external voting rights of diasporas. London: Routledge.
  • Le Goff, J. P. (2002). La démocratie post-totalitaire. Paris: Éd. la Découverte.
  • Les Marocains du Monde – Canada. (2011). Dimensions et enjeux, la migration marocaine et les réformes constitutionnelles (Unpublished document obtained by the author at the Council for the Moroccan Community Abroad, available upon request).
  • Levitsky, S., & Way, L. (2002). The rise of competitive authoritarianism. Journal of Democracy, 13, 51–65. doi: 10.1353/jod.2002.0026
  • Lewis, D. (2015). ‘Illiberal spaces’: Uzbekistan’s extraterritorial security practices and the spatial politics of contemporary authoritarianism. Nationalities Papers, 43, 140–159. doi: 10.1080/00905992.2014.980796
  • López, B. (2011). Entretien avec Mohammed Tozy. Réforme constitutionnelle au Maroc «Dans la Constitution de 2011, il y a une reconnaissance implicite au fait qu’elle est la conséquence d’un mouvement social, même si on a essayé de souligner que le train de réformes était déjà engagé depuis 2005. Afkar/Idée, Automne 16–20.
  • Madani, M., Maghraoui, D., & Zerhouni, S. (2012). The 2011 Moroccan constitution: A critical analysis. Stockholm: International IDEA.
  • Massardier, G. (2008). Les espaces non pluralistes dans les démocraties contemporaines. In O. Dabène, V. Geisser, & G. Massardier (Eds.), Autoritarismes démocratiques et démocraties autoritaires au XXIe siècle (pp. 29–56). Paris: La Découverte.
  • Michaelsen, M. (2016). Exit and voice in a digital age: Iran's exiled activists and the authoritarian state. Globalizations. doi:10.1080/14747731.2016.1263078
  • Mohammed VI. (2005, November 6). Discours de S.M. le Roi à l'occasion du 30ème anniversaire de la Marche Verte. Retrieved from http://www.maroc.ma/fr/discours-royaux/discours-de-sm-le-roi-%C3%A0-loccasion-du-30%C3%A8me-anniversaire-de-la-marche-verte
  • Mohammed VI. (2015, July 30). Texte intégral du discours royal à l'occasion du 16ème anniversaire de la Fête du Trône. Retrieved from http://www.maroc.ma/fr/discours-royaux/texte-integral-du-discours-royal-loccasion-du-16eme-anniversaire-de-la-fete-du-trone
  • Moss, D. M. (2016). The ties that bind: Internet communication technologies, networked authoritarianism, and ‘voice’ in the Syrian diaspora. Globalizations. doi:10.1080/14747731.2016.1263079
  • Mouvement Nouvel Elan MONE – Düsseldorf. (2011). Mémorandum présenté à la Commission Consultative pour la révision de la Constitution (Unpublished document obtained by the author at the Council for the Moroccan Community Abroad, available upon request).
  • O'Donnell, G. A. (1986). On the fruitful convergences of Hirschman’s exit, voice, and loyalty and shifting involvements: Reflections from the recent Argentine experience (No. 58). Notre Dame: Helen Kellogg Institute for International Studies, University of Notre Dame.
  • Østergaard-Nielsen, E. (2003a). International migration and sending countries: Perceptions, policies, and transnational relations. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Østergaard-Nielsen, E. (2003b). The politics of migrants’ transnational political practices. International Migration Review, 37, 760–786. doi: 10.1111/j.1747-7379.2003.tb00157.x
  • Pfaff, S., & Kim, H. (2003). Exit-voice dynamics in collective action: An analysis of emigration and protest in the East German revolution. American Journal of Sociology, 109, 401–444. doi: 10.1086/378342
  • Portes, A. (2003). Conclusion: Theoretical convergences and empirical evidence in the study of immigrant transnationalism. International Migration Review, 37, 874–892. doi: 10.1111/j.1747-7379.2003.tb00161.x
  • Pruzan-Jørgensen, J. E. (2010). Analyzing authoritarian regime legitimation: Findings from Morocco. Middle East Critique, 19, 269–286. doi: 10.1080/19436149.2010.514475
  • Réseau Marocain Transnational Migration et Développement EMCEMO – Amsterdam. (2011). Mémorandum des Associations et Cadres des Marocains du Monde (Unpublished document obtained by the author at the Council for the Moroccan Community Abroad, available upon request).
  • Royal Decree. (2008, February 7). N° 5602. Retrieved from http://www.sgg.gov.ma/L%C3%A9gislation/BulletinsOfficiels.aspx
  • Sater, J. N. (2009). Parliamentary elections and authoritarian rule in Morocco. The Middle East Journal, 63, 381–400. doi: 10.3751/63.3.12
  • Schedler, A. (2013). The politics of uncertainty: Sustaining and subverting electoral authoritarianism. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Szmolka, I. (2010). Party system fragmentation in Morocco. The Journal of North African Studies, 15, 13–37. doi: 10.1080/13629380902727569
  • Tsourapas, G. (2015). Why do states develop multi-tier emigrant policies? Evidence from Egypt. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 41, 2192–2214. doi: 10.1080/1369183X.2015.1049940
  • Wegner, E. (2011). Islamist opposition in authoritarian regimes: The party of justice and development in Morocco. New York, NY: Syracuse University Press.
  • Wikileaks. (2005, September 1). The King’s Royal Foundations and their role in Moroccan politics. Canonical ID: 05RABAT1842_a. Retrieved from https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/05RABAT1842_a.html
  • Wiktorowicz, Q. (2000). Civil society as social control: State power in Jordan. Comparative Politics,33, 43–61. doi: 10.2307/422423
  • Yabiladi. (2009). Mouvement Daba 2012: La diaspora marocaine revendique ses droits civiques. Retrieved from http://www.yabiladi.com/article-politique-1886.html
  • Yabiladi. (2011). Un train de retard: Le CCME entame des consultations de Marocains à l'étranger sur la constitution. Retrieved from http://www.yabiladi.com/articles/details/5354/train-retard-ccme-entame-consultations.html
  • List of quoted interviews
  • Members of the Consultative Commission for the Reform of the Constitution:
  • CCRC 1: Najib Ba Mohamed. Fez, 12 May 2015.
  • CCRC 2: Nadia Bernoussi. Rabat, 15 April 2015.
  • CCRC 3: Amina Bouayach. Rabat, 25 April 2015.
  • CCRC 4: Ahmed Herzenni. Rabat, 9 June 2015.
  • CCRC 5: Amina Messoudi. Rabat, 26 May 2015.
  • CCRC 6: Lahcen Oulhaj. Rabat, 14 April 2015.
  • CCRC 7: Abdellah Saaf. Rabat, 7 April 2015.
  • CCRC 8: Mohamed Tozy. Rabat, 23 April and 2 June 2015.
  • CCRC 9: Driss El Yazami. Rabat, 21 May 2015.
  • Other interview participants
  • CMLA 1: Member of the Council for Moroccans Living Abroad. Europe, 27 and 30 August 2015.
  • CMLA 2: Member of the Council for Moroccans Living Abroad, Europe, 15 May 2016.