A comparison between pro-anorexia and non-suicidal self-injury blogs: From symptom-based identity to sharing of emotions

References

• Adler, P. A., & Adler, P. (2008). The cyber worlds of self-injurers: Deviant communities, relationships and selves. Symbolic Interaction, 31(1), 33–56.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson-Butcher, D., Lasseigne, A., Ball, A., Brzozowski, M., Lehnert, M., & McCormick, B. L. (2010). Adolescent weblog use: Risky or protective? Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal, 27(1), 63–77.
   Google Scholar
• Bates, C. F. (2015). ‘I am a waste of breath, of space, of time’: Metaphors of self in a pro-anorexia group. Qualitative Health Research, 25(2), 189–204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bolasco, S. (1999). Analisi multidimensionale dei dati. Metodi, strategie e criteri d’interpretazione. [Multidimensional analysis of data: Methods, strategies and criteria for interpretation]. Roma: Editore Carocci.
   Google Scholar
• Borzekowski, D. L., Schenk, S., Wilson, J. L., & Peebles, R. (2010). e-Ana and e-Mia: A content analysis of pro-eating disorder web sites. American Journal of Public Health, 100(8), 1526–1534.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boursier, V., & Manna, V. (2018). Selfie expectancies among adolescents: Construction and validation of an instrument to assess expectancies toward selfies among boys and girls. Front. Psychol., 9, 839.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyd, D., Ryan, J., & Leavitt, A. (2011). Pro-self-harm and the visibility of youth-generated problematic content. A Journal of Law and Policy for the Information Society, 7(1), 1–31.
   Google Scholar
• Breen, A. V., Lewis, S. P., & Sutherland, O. (2013). Brief report: Non-suicidal self-injury in the context of self and identity development. Journal of Adult Development, 20, 57–62.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bresin, K., & Schoenleber, M. (2015). Gender differences in the prevalence of nonsuicidal self-injury: A meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 38, 55–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Briggs, S., Lemma, A., & Crouch, W. (2008). Relating to self-harm and suicide: Psychoanalytic perspectives on practice, theory and prevention. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• British Psychological Society (2013) Ethics guidelines for internet-mediated research. INF206/1.2013. Leicester: Author. Retrieved from: www.bps.org.uk/publications/policy-and-guidelines/research-guidelines-policy-documents/research-guidelines-poli
   Google Scholar
• Brodsky, S. R., & Giles, D. (2007). Inside the ‘Pro-ana’ community: A covert online participant observation. Eating Disorders, 15(2), 93–109.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bruch, H. (1978). The golden cage. The enigma of anorexia nervosa. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Bruner, J. (1991). The narrative construction of reality. Critical Inquiry, 18(1), 1–21.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Claes, L., Luyckx, K., Bijttebier, P., Turner, B., Ghandi, A., Smets, J., … Schoevaerts, K. (2015). Non‐suicidal self‐injury in patients with eating disorder: Associations with identity formation above and beyond anxiety and depression. European Eating Disorders Review, 23(2), 119–125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duggan, J. M., & Whitlock, J. (2012). An investigation of online behaviors: Self-injury behaviors in Cyber Space. In Y. Zheng (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Cyber Behavior (pp. 768–781). University at Albany, USA: IGI Global.
   Google Scholar
• Durkee, T., Kaess, M., Carli, V., Parzer, P., Wasserman, C., Floderus, B., … Wasserman, D. (2012). Prevalence of pathological internet use among adolescents in Europe: Demographic and social factors. Addiction, 107(12), 2210–2222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyson, M. P., Hartling, L., Shulhan, J., Chisholm, A., Milne, A., Sundar, P., et al. (2016). A systematic review of social media use to discuss and view deliberate self-harm acts. PLoS One, 11(5), e0155813.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Favazza, A. (1996). Bodies under siege: Self-mutilation and body modification in culture and psychiatry. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ferguson, H., & Klebanoff, S. (2014). The enigma of Ana: Lost or found in cyberspace? Journal of Infant, Child and Adolescent Psychotherapy, 13(3), 224–234.
   Google Scholar
• Foulkes, S. H. (1964). Therapeutic Group Analysis. London: George Allen & Unwin.
   Google Scholar
• Freud, S. (1921). Massenpsychologie und Ich-Analyse. Leipzig, Vienna and Zurich: Internationaler Psychoanalytischer Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Gabbard, G. O. (2001). Cyberpassion: E-rotic transference and the Internet. Psychoanalytic Quarterly, 70, 719–737.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gandhi, A., Luyckx, K., Maitra, S., Kiekens, G., Verschueren, M., & Claes, L. (2017). Directionality of effects between non-suicidal self-injury and identity formation: A prospective study in adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 109, 124–129.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gargiulo, A., & Margherita, G. (2016). Ferite nel virtuale: Dalla presentazione alla rappresentazione dell’autolesionismo. [Wounds in the virtual: From the presentation to the representation of the non suicidal self injury]. La Camera Blu Journal of Gender Studies, 14, 64–89.
   Google Scholar
• Gargiulo, A., Plener, P. L., Baus, N., Margherita, G., Brunner, R., Kaes, M., & Kapusta, N. (2014). Autolesività non suicidaria (NSSI) e Disturbo da Comportamento Suicidario (SBD) nella recente pubblicazione del DSM-5. [Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and suicidal behavior disorder (SBD) in DSM-5]. Minerva Psichiatrica, 55(2), 83–90.
   Google Scholar
• Giles, D. (2006). Constructing identities in cyberspace: The case of eating disorders. British Journal of Social Psychology, 45(3), 463–477.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffiths, M. D., & Kuss, D. J. (2015). Online addictions: Gambling, video gaming, and social networking. In S. S. Sundar (Ed.), The handbook of the psychology of communication technology (pp. 384–404). Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Hammersley, M., & Treseder, P. (2007). Identity as an analytic problem: Who’s who in ‘pro-ana’ websites? Qualitative Research, 7(3), 282–300.
   Google Scholar
• Harrison, A., Sullivan, S., Tchanturia, K., & Treasure, J. (2009). Emotion recognition and regulation in anorexia nervosa. Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy, 16(4), 348–356.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harshbarger, J. L., Ahlers-Schmidt, C. R., Mayans, L., Mayans, D., & Hawkins, J. H. (2009). Pro-anorexia websites: What a clinician should know. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 42(4), 367–370.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kernberg, O. F. (1984). Severe personality disorders. Psychotherapeutic strategies. New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kestemberg, E., Kestemberg, J., & Decobert, S. (1972). La faim et le corps. Paris: Presses Universitaires de France.
   Google Scholar
• Klonsky, E. D. (2007). The functions of deliberate self-injury: A review of the evidence. Clin Psychol Rev, 27(2), 226–239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klonsky, E. D., & Muehlenkamp, J. J. (2007). Self-Injury: A research review for the practitioner. Journal of Clinical Psychology: in Session, 63(11), 1045–1056.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lacan, J. (1949). The mirror stage as formative of the function of the I as revelled in the psychoanalytic experience. In J. Lacan (Ed.), Ecrits: A Selection (pp. 1–7). London: Tavistock.
   Google Scholar
• Lancia, F. (2004). Tools for text analysis. An introduction to the use of T-LAB. Milan: Franco Angeli.
   Google Scholar
• Lawrence, M. (2008). The anorexic mind. Tavistock CLINIC SERIES. London: Karnac Books.
   Google Scholar
• Lemma, A. (2010). Under the skin: A psychoanalytic study of body modification. East Sessex: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis, S. P., & Arbuthnott, A. E. (2013). Non-suicidal self-injury, eating disorders, and the internet. In L. Claes & J. J. Muehlenkamp (Eds.), Non-suicidal self-injury in eating disorders (pp. 273–293). Springer-Verlag, Berlin: Germany.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis, S. P., & Baker, T. G. (2011). The possible risks of self-injury web sites: A content analysis. Archives Suicide Research, 15(4), 390–396.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, S. P., & Seko, Y. (2016). A double-edged sword: A review of benefits and risks of online nonsuicidal self-injury activities. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 72(3), 249–262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyons, E. J., Mehl, M. R., & Pennebaker, J. W. (2006). Pro-anorexics and recovering anorexics differ in their linguistic internet self-presentation. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 60(3), 253–256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Margherita, G. (2013). Anoressie contemporanee. Dal digiuno ascetic ai blog Pro-Ana. Roma: Franco Angeli.
   Google Scholar
• Margherita, G., Boursier, V., Gargiulo, A., & Nicolò, G. (2017). Sognare e narrare la maternità: Un’analisi tematica dei sogni delle gestanti [Dreaming and narrating motherhood: A thematic analysis of pregnant women’s dreams]. Psicologia Clinica dello Sviluppo, 21(2), 237–255.
   Google Scholar
• Margherita, G., & Gargiulo, A. (2014). Attacks on the body in the virtual era: An analysis of blogs pro-anorexia and pro-self-injury. Avances en Psicologia Clinica, 2014. Amparo Díaz-Román, Eva Hita-Yáñez y Mª Teresa Ramiro, Asociación Española de Psicología Conductual (AEPC), 477–486.
   Google Scholar
• Margherita, G., Troisi, G., Tessitore, F., & Gargiulo, A. (2017). Teen mothers who are daughters of teen mothers: Psychological intergenerational dimensions of early motherhood. Children and Youth Services Review. doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2017.10.010
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marzi, A. (2016). Psychoanalysis, Identity and Internet. Explorations in Cyberspace. Karnac.
   Google Scholar
• Mitchell, K. J., Wells, M., Priebe, G., & Ybarra, M. L. (2014). Exposure to websites that encourage self-harm and suicide: Prevalence rates and association with actual thoughts of self-harm and thoughts of suicide in the United States. Journal of Adolescence, 37(8), 1335–1344.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norris, M. L., Boydell, K. M., Pinhas, L., & Katzman, D. K. (2006). Ana and the internet: A review of pro-anorexia websites. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 39(6), 443–447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pines, M. (1983). The Evolution of Group Analysis. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
   Google Scholar
• Polacco Williams, G. (1997). Internal landscapes and foreign bodies: Eating disorders and others pathologies. London: Duckworth.
   Google Scholar
• Rodham, K., Gavin, J., Lewis, S. P., St Dennis, J. M., & Bandalli, P. (2013). An investigation of the motivations driving the online representation of self-injury: A thematic analysis. Archives of Suicide Research : Official Journal of the International Academy for Suicide Research, 17(2), 173–183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rouleau, C. R., & von Ranson, K. M. (2011). Potential risks of pro-eating disorder websites. Clinical Psychology Review, 31(4), 525–531.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandler, J. (1994). Fantasy, defense and the representational world. Infant Mental Health Journal, 15, 1.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seko, Y., Kidd, S. A., Wiljer, D., & McKenzie, K. J. (2015). On the creative edge. Exploring motivations for creating nonsuicidal self-injury content online. Qualitative Health Research, 25(10), 1334–1346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Simpson, C. A., & Porter, G. L. (1981). Self-mutilation in children and adolescents. Bulletin of the Menninger Clinic, 45(5), 428–438.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skårderud, F. (2007). Eating one’s words, Part II: The embodied mind and reflective function in anorexia nervosa theory. European Eating Disorders Reviews, 15, 243–252.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smink, F. R. E., van Hoeken, D., & Hoek, H. W. (2012). Epidemiology of eating disorders: Incidence, prevalence and mortality rates. Current Psychiatry Reports, 14(4), 406–414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steiner, J. (1993). Psychic retreats. London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Talbot, T. S. (2010). The effects of viewing pro-eating disorder websites: A systematic review. West Indian Medical Journal, 59, 686–697.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tierney, S. (2006). The dangers and draw of online communication: Pro-anorexia websites and their implications for users, practitioners, and researchers. Eating Disorders, 14, 181–190.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tong, S. T., Heinemann-Lafave, D., Jeon, J., Kolodziej-Smith, R., & Warshay, N. (2013). The use of pro-ana blogs for online social support. Eating Disorders, 21(5), 408–422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turkle, S. (2011). Alone together: Why we expect more from technology and less from each other. New York: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Turp, M. (2007). Self-harm by omission: A question of skin containment. Psychodynamic Practice, 13(3), 229–244.
   Google Scholar
• Valencia-Agundo, F., Corbet Burcher, G., Ezpeleta, L., & Kramer, T. (2018). Nonsuicidal self-injury in community adolescents: A systematic review of prospective predictors, mediators and moderators. Journal of Adolescence, 65, 25–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volpe, U., Dell’Osso, B., Fiorillo, A., Mucic, D., & Aboujaoude, E. (2015). Internet-related psychopathology: Clinical phenotypes and perspectives in an evolving field. Giornale Italiano di Psicopatologia, 21(4), 406–414.
   Google Scholar
• Vrouva, I., Fonagy, P., Fearon, P. R. M., & Russow, T. (2010). The risk taking and self-harm inventory for adolescents: Development and psychometric evaluation. Psychological Assessment, 22(4), 852–865.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh, B. W. (2005). Treating self-injury: A practical guide. New York: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Whitlock, J. L., Lader, W., & Conterio, K. (2007). The internet and self-injury: What psychotherapists should know. Journal of Clinical Psychology: In Session, 63(11), 1135–1143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Winnicott, D. W. (1958). Collected papers: Through paediatrics to psycho-analysis. Oxford, EN: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Wolf, M., Theis, F., & Kordy, H. (2013). Language use in eating disorder blogs: Psychological implications of social online activity. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 20(10), 1–15.
   Google Scholar
• Wooldridge, T. (2014). The enigma of Ana: A psychoanalytic exploration of pro-anorexia internet forums. Journal of Infant, Child, and Adolescent Psychotherapy, 13(3), 202–216.
   Google Scholar
• Yeshua-Katz, D., & Martins, L. (2013). Communicating stigma: The pro-ana paradox. Health Communication, 28(5), 499–508.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar