Religion, the African Concept of the Individual, and Human Rights Discourse: An Analysis

References

• AKE , Claude . 1987 . The African context of human rights . Africa Today , 34 ( 142 ) : 5 – 13 .
   Google Scholar
• AN-NA’IM , Abdullah Ahmed . 1996a . “ Human rights in the Muslim world ” . In International Human Rights in Context: Law, Politics, Morals , Edited by: Steiner , Henry J. and Alston , Philip . 210 – 220 . Oxford : Clarendon Press .
   Google Scholar
• APPIAH , Kwame Anthony . 1992 . In My Father's House , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• ARCHER , Margaret S. 1988 . Culture and Agency: The Place of Culture in Social Theory , Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• BECKWITH , Francis and KOUKL , Gregory . 1998 . Relativism: Feet Firmly Planted in Mid-Air , Grand Rapids, MI : Baker Books .
   Google Scholar
• BENTHAM , Jeremy . 1948 . An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation , Oxford : Blackwell .
   Google Scholar
• BERGER , Peter . 1990 . The Sacred Canopy: Elements of a Sociological Theory of Religion , New York : Anchor Books .
   Google Scholar
• BUJO , Benezet . 2000 . Foundations of an African Ethic: Beyond the Universal Claims of Western Morality , New York : Crossroad .
   Google Scholar
• COHEN , David William and ODHIAMBO , E. S. Atieno . 1989 . Siaya: The Historical Anthropology of an African Landscape , Athens, OH : Ohio University Press .
   Google Scholar
• COHEN , David William and ODHIAMBO , E. S. Atieno . 1992 . Burying SM: The Politics of Knowledge and the Sociology of Power in Africa , Portsmouth, NH : Heinemann .
   Google Scholar
• DICKSON , Kwesi A. 1977 . Aspects of Religion and Life in Africa , Accra : Ghana Academy Arts and Sciences .
   Google Scholar
• DONNELLY , Jack . 2007 . The relative universality of human rights . Human Rights Quarterly , 29 : 281 – 306 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GYEKYE , Kwame . 1997 . Tradition and Modernity: Philosophical Reflections on the African Experience , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• GYEKYE , Kwame . 1995 . As Essay on African Philosophical Thought: The Akan Conceptual Scheme , Philadelphia, PA : Temple University Press .
   Google Scholar
• HACKETT , Rosalind I. J. 2005 . “ Human rights and religion: Contributing to the debate ” . In Human Rights, Democracy and Religion: In the Perspective of Cultural Studies, Philosophy, and the Study of Religions , Edited by: Binderup , Lars and Jensen , Tim . Odense : University of Southern Denmark .
   Google Scholar
• HADEN , Blaine . 1991, December . “ The battle for the body ” . In Independent Monthly
   Google Scholar
• KENYATTA , Jomo . 1962 . Facing Mount Kenya: The Tribal Life of the Gikuyu , New York : Vintage Books . (Originally published in 1938)
   Google Scholar
• KIPCHUMBA , Kemei . 2003, May 5 . 38 Girls Evade Circumcision . East African Standard , [Online]. Available: www.eastandard.net/headlines/news0505200301.htm [25 August 2004]
   Google Scholar
• MACINTYRE , Alasdair C. 2007 . After Virtue , third edition , Notre Dame : University of Notre Dame Press .
   Google Scholar
• MBITI , John S. 1969 . African Religions and Philosophy , Oxford : Heinemann .
   Google Scholar
• MENGITI , Ifeanyi A. 1984 . “ Person and community in African traditional thought ” . In African Philosophy: An Introduction , 3rd edition , Edited by: Wright , Richard A. Lanham, MD : University Press of America .
   Google Scholar
• MUTUA , Makau . 1995 . The Banjul Charter and the African cultural fingerprints: An evaluation of the language of duties . Virginia Journal of International Law , 35 : 339 – 380 .
   Google Scholar
• MUZAFFAR , Chandra . 2002 . Rights, Religion and Reform: Enhancing Human Dignity through Spiritual and Moral Transformations , London and New York : Routledge Curzon, Taylor and Francis Group .
   Google Scholar
• NIEBUHR , Reinhold . 1996 . The Nature and Destiny of Man , Vol. 1 , Louisville, KY : Westminster John Knox Press .
   Google Scholar
• OBIORA , L. Amede . 1997 . Bridges and barricades: Rethinking polemics and intransigence in the campaigns against female circumcision . Case Western Reserve Law Review , 47 ( 2 ) : 275 – 378 .
   Google Scholar
• OTIENO , Wambui Waiyaki . 1988 . Mau Mau's Daughter: A Life History , Boulder, CO : Lynne Reinner .
   Google Scholar
• POLLIS , Adamantia and SCHWAB , Peter . 1979 . “ Human rights: A Western concept with limited applicability ” . In Human Rights: Cultural and Ideological Perspectives , Edited by: Adamantia , Pollis and Peter , Schwab . 1 – 18 . New York : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• SENGHOR , Leopold S. 1964 . On African Socialism , Edited by: Cook , Mercer . New York : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• RAY , Benjamin . 2000 . African Religions: Symbol, Ritual, and Community , second edition , Upper Saddle River, NJ : Prentice Hall .
   Google Scholar
• STEINER , Henry J. and ALSTON , Philip . 1996 . International Human Rights in Context: Law, Politics, Morals , Oxford : Clarendon Press .
   Google Scholar
• TEMPELS , Placide . 1956 . Bantu Philosophie: Ontologie und Ethik , Heidelberg .
   Google Scholar
• VILLA-VICENCIO , Charles . 1999–2000 . Christianity and human rights . Journal of Law and Religion , 14 ( 2 ) : 579 – 600 .
   Google Scholar
• WAI , Dunstan M. 1979 . “ Human rights in Sub-Saharan Africa ” . In Human Rights: Cultural and Ideological Perspectives , Edited by: Adamantia , Pollis and Peter , Schwab . 115 – 144 . New York : Praeger .
   Google Scholar
• WANGILA , Mary Nyangweso . 2007 . Female Circumcision: The Interplay Religion, Culture, and Gender in Kenya , Maryknoll, NY : Orbis .
   Google Scholar
• WIREDU , Kwasi . 1996 . Cultural Universals and Particulars: An African Perspective , Bloomington and Indianapolis : Indiana University Press .
   Google Scholar
• WYNTER , Sylvia . 1997 . Genital mutilation or symbolic birth? Female circumcision, lost origins and the aculturalism of feminism/ Western thought . Case Western Reserve Review , 47 ( 2 ) : 501 – 553 .
   Google Scholar
• YOUNG , Marion Iris . 1992 . “ Five faces of oppression ” . In Rethinking Power , Edited by: Wartenberg , Thomas E. Albany, NY : State University of New York Press .
   Google Scholar