The domestic origins of human rights trials: A case study of the Second Boer War

References

• AKHAVAN, Payam. 2001. Beyond Impunity: Can International Criminal Justice Prevent Future Atrocities? American Journal of International Law American Journal of International Law, 95(1), 7–31.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AUSTRALIAN TOWN AND COUNTRY JOURNAL. (1902) The executed officers. [ Online]. Available: [11 April 2014].
   Google Scholar
• BARTELS, Larry. (1991) Constituency opinion and congressional policy making: The Reagan defense build up. The American Political Science Review, 85(2), 457–474.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BEAUMONT, Jacqueline. (2000) The times at war. In The South African War Reappraised, Donal Lowry (ed.) (Manchester: Manchester University Press).
   Google Scholar
• BELKNAP, Michal. (2013) The Vietnam War on Trial (Lawrence, KS: University of Kansas Press).
   Google Scholar
• BETTS, Richard K. 1994. The delusion of impartial intervention. Foreign Affairs, 20–33.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BLEWETT, Neil. (1965) The franchise in the United Kingdom 1885–1918. Past and Present, 32, 27–56.
   Google Scholar
• BRADLOW, Edna. (2003) Idealism and realism: Conan Doyle, imperialism and the Anglo-Boer War. African Historical Review, 35(1), 19–40.
   Google Scholar
• BRISBANE COURIER. (1902) Executed officers: Detailed reports on the trial: The five main charges. Available: http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/19180512.
   Google Scholar
• BRYANT, Hallman. (1987) “ Breaker” Morant in fact, fiction, and film. Literature/Film Quarterly, 15(3), 138–145.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• BURKE, Alfred. (1954, August 7) Melodrama of the Boer War. Sydney Morning Herald. Available: http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/18429202.
   Google Scholar
• CAROTHERS, Thomas. 2006. The backlash against democracy promotion. Foreign Affairs, 85(2), 55–68.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CARR, John Dickson. (1975) The Life of Sir Arthur Conan Doyle (New York City: Vintage Books).
   Google Scholar
• CHAMBERLAIN, Joseph. (1901) Letter to Lord Milner, April 10th 1901. [document]. The United Kingdom National Archives.
   Google Scholar
• CHURCHILL, Winston. (1901) Letter to Lord Milner, no date. [document]. The United Kingdom National Archives.
   Google Scholar
• CLARK, Ann M. (2010) Diplomacy of Conscience: Amnesty International and Changing Human Rights Norms (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press).
   Google Scholar
• COLLINS, Cath. (2010) Human rights trials in Chile during and after the “Pinochet Years.” International Journal of Transitional Justice, 4(1), 67–86.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• COPELAND, Hugh. (1938, June 11) A tragic memory of the Boer War. The Argus Weekend Magazine. Available: http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/11153462
   Google Scholar
• CORLEY, Christopher L. (2007) Effects on Public Opinion Support During War or Conflict (Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School).
   Google Scholar
• CUPIT, Geoffrey. (2000) When Does Justice Require Impartiality? Presented at the 50th Annual Conference of the Political Studies Association, London.
   Google Scholar
• CUTHBERTSON, Greg. (2000) Pricking the “nonconformist conscience”: Religion against the South African War. In The South African War Reappraised, Donal Lowry (ed.) (Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press).
   Google Scholar
• DAHL, Robert. (1967) Pluralist Democracy in the United States (Chicago, IL: Rand MacNally).
   Google Scholar
• DAVEY, Arthur. (1978) The British Pro-Boers, 1877–1902 (Cape Town: Tafelberg).
   Google Scholar
• DIXON, Paul. (2009a) “Hearts and Minds”? British counter-insurgency from Malaya to Iraq. The Journal of Strategic Studies, 32(3), 353–381.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DIXON, Paul. (2009b) “Hearts and Minds”? British Counter-insurgency strategy in Northern Ireland. The Journal of Strategic Studies, 32(3), 445–474.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EGNELL, Robert. (2010) Winning “Hearts and Minds”? A critical analysis of counter-insurgency operations in Afghanistan. Civil Wars, 12(3), 282–303.
   Google Scholar
• FALK, Richard. 1995. On Humane Governance: Toward a New Global Politics. (Cambridge, Polity Press).
   Google Scholar
• FERGUSON, Niall. (2002) Empire: The Rise and Demise of the British World Order and the Lessons for Global Power (New York: Basic Books).
   Google Scholar
• FINDLEY, Michael G., and YOUNG, Joseph K. 2007. Fighting fire with fire? How (not) to neutralize an insurgency. Civil Wars, 9(4), 378–401.
   Google Scholar
• FITZSIMMONS, M. (2008) Hard hearts and open minds? Governance identity and the intellectual foundations of counterinsurgency strategy. Journal of Strategic Studies, 31(3), 337–365.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FREEMAN, Samuel. 2006. The law of peoples, social cooperation, human rights, and distributive justice. Social Philosophy and Policy, 23(1), 29–68.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FUKUYAMA, Francis. 1992. The End of History and the Last Man. (London, Penguin).
   Google Scholar
• GALLUP. (1969) Gallup Poll #795. Available: http://www.worldcat.org/title/gallup-poll-795/oclc/177484353.
   Google Scholar
• GARTNER, Scott, and SEGURA, Gary. (1998) War, casualties, and public opinion. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 42(3), 278–300.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• GENEVA CONVENTIONS. (1977, June 8) Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I). (Geneva, Switzerland, International Committee of the Red Cross).
   Google Scholar
• GILLEY, Bruce. (2006) The determinants of state legitimacy: Results for 72 countries. International Political Science Review, 27(1), 47–71.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HARRIS, Paul. (2001) “Spin” on Boer atrocities. The Guardian. [ Online]. Available: [15 October 2014].
   Google Scholar
• HOBOLT, Sara Binzer, and KLEMMEMSEN, Robert. (2005) Responsive government? Public opinion and government policy preferences in Britain and Denmark. Political Studies, 53(2), 379–402.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• HULL, Isabel. (2005) Absolute Destruction: Military Culture and the Practices of War in Imperial Germany (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press).
   Google Scholar
• HUNEEUS, Alexandra. (2010) Judging from a guilty conscience: The Chilean judiciary's human rights turn. Law & Social Inquiry, 35(1), 99–135.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ISAACS, Isaac. 1902. Opinion of the Honorable Isaac A. Isaacs, K.C., M.P., RE The Case of Lieutenant Witton. (Melbourne, Australia, Edgerton and Moore, Printers).
   Google Scholar
• JONES, Bruce D. 2001. Peacemaking in Rwanda: The Dynamics of Failure. (Boulder, CO, Lynne Reinner).
   Google Scholar
• JOOSTE, Graham, and WEBSTER, Roger. (2002) Innocent Blood (Cape Town: New Africa Books).
   Google Scholar
• JORDAN, Joseph. (2014) How Long Does a Court-Martial Normally Take? (Joseph Jordan Esq, Attorney at Law). [Online].
   Google Scholar
• KAUFMANN, Chaim. D., and PAPE, Robert. (1999) Explaining costly international moral action: Britain's sixty-year campaign against the Atlantic Slave Trade. International Organization, 53(4), 631–668.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KECK, Margaret and SIKKINK, Kathryn. 1998. Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics. (Ithaca, NY, Cornell University Press).
   Google Scholar
• KIM, Hunjoon, and SIKKINK, Kathryn. 2008. Do Human Rights Trials Make a Difference? Presented at the Annual Meeting of International Studies Association, San Francisco, March.
   Google Scholar
• KIRSCHKE, James. (2008) Say who made her so: Breaker Morant and British Empire. Film & History: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Film and Television Studies, 38(2), 45–53.
   Google Scholar
• KITSON, Frank. 1970. Low Intensity Operations. (Harrisburg, PA, Stackpole Books).
   Google Scholar
• KRITZ, Neil J. (1996) Coming to terms with atrocities: A review of accountability mechanisms for mass violations of human rights. Law and Contemporary Problems, 59(4), 127–152.
   Google Scholar
• KRITZINGER Pieter, and MCDONALD, R. D. (1904/2007) In the Shadow of Death (Fairfield, IA: 1st World Library).
   Google Scholar
• KUPERMAN, Alan J. 2005. “The Moral Hazard of Humanitar ian Intervention: Lessons from the Balkans.” International Studies Quarterly, 52(1), 49–80.
   Google Scholar
• LAKE, Milli. (In press). Building the rule of war. International Organization.
   Google Scholar
• LANEGRAN, Kimberly Rae. (2005) Truth commissions, human rights trials, and the politics of memory. Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East, 25(1), 111–121.
   Google Scholar
• LIJPHART, Arend. (1984) Democracies: Patterns of Majoritarian and Consensus Government in Twenty-One Countries (New Haven CT: Yale University Press).
   Google Scholar
• LIKOTI, Fako Johnson. 2007. The 1998 military intervention in Lesotho: SADC peace mission or resource war? International Peacekeeping, 14(2), 251–263.
   Google Scholar
• LOS ANGELES TIMES. (2006). Civilian killings went unpunished. [August 6, 2006].
   Google Scholar
• LOWRY, Donal. (2000a). Introduction: Not just a “teatime war.” In The South African War Reappraised, Donal Lowry (ed.) (Manchester: Manchester University Press).
   Google Scholar
• LOWRY, Donal. (2000b). The wider impact of the South African War. In The South African War Reappraised, Donal Lowry (ed.) (Manchester: Manchester University Press).
   Google Scholar
• LUTZ, Ellen, and SIKKINK, Kathryn. (2001) Justice cascade: The evolution and impact of foreign human rights trials in Latin America. Chicago Journal of International Law, 2(1), 1–31.
   Google Scholar
• MANCHESTER GUARDIAN. (1901, July 23) Neville Chamberlain opinion piece. [July 23, 1901].
   Google Scholar
• MEERNIK, James. (2003) Victor's justice or the law? Judging and punishing at the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 47(2), 140–162.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MEERNIK, James. (2005) Justice and peace? How the International Criminal Tribunal affects societal peace in Bosnia. Journal of Peace Research, 42(3), 271–289.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MEERNIK, James D., NICHOLS, Angela, and KING, Kimi L. (2010) The impact of international tribunals and domestic trials on peace and human rights after civil war. International Studies Perspectives, 11(4), 309–334.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MEERNIK, James, POE, Steven, and SHAIKH, Erum. (2010) The use of military force to promote human rights. In Conflict Prevention and Peace Building in Post-War Societies: Sustaining the Peace, David Mason (ed.) (New York: Routledge).
   Google Scholar
• MILLER, Stephen M. 2010. Duty or crime? Defining acceptable behavior in the British Army in South Africa, 1899–1902. The Journal of British Studies, 49(2), 311–331.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MINOW, Martha. 1998. Between Vengeance and Forgiveness: Facing History After Genocide and Mass Violence. (Boston, MA, Beacon Press).
   Google Scholar
• MISHLER, William, and ROSE, Richard. (2001a) Political support for incomplete democracies: Realist vs. idealist theories and measures. International Political Science Review, 22(4), 303–321.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MISHLER, William, and ROSE, Richard. (2001b) What are the origins of political trust? Testing institutional and cultural theories in post-communist societies. Comparative Political Studies, 34(1), 30–62.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MOCKAITIS, Thomas R. 1990. The origins of British counter-insurgency. Small Wars & Insurgencies, 1(3), 209–225.
   Google Scholar
• MOCKAITIS, Thomas. (2003) Winning hearts and minds in the “War on Terrorism.” Small Wars and Insurgencies, 14(1), 21–38.
   Google Scholar
• MOCKAITIS Thomas. (2008) Iraq and the Challenge of Counterinsurgency (London: Praeger Security International).
   Google Scholar
• MONROE, Alan D. (1995) Public opinion and public policy, 1980–1993. Public Opinion Quarterly, 62(1), 6–28.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MORAVCSIK, Andrew. 1995. Explaining international human rights regimes: Liberal theory and Western Europe. European Journal of International Relations, 1(2), 157–189.
   Google Scholar
• MUELLER, John E. (1973) War, Presidents and Public Opinion (New York: John Wiley).
   Google Scholar
• MURDIE, Amanda, and DAVIS, David R. 2010. Problematic potential: The human rights consequences of peacekeeping interventions in civil wars. Human Rights Quarterly, 32(1), 49–72.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NEW YORK TIMES. (1971) Reports of its death have been greatly exaggerated.
   Google Scholar
• PAGE, Benjamin I., and SHAPIRO, Robert Y. (1983) Effects of public opinion on policy. American Political Science Review, 77(1), 175–190.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PAGE, Benjamin I., and SHAPIRO, Robert Y. (1992) The Rational Public: Fifty Years of Trends in American Policy Preferences (Chicago IL: University of Chicago Press).
   Google Scholar
• PAKENHAM, Thomas. (1979) The Boer War (New York: Random House).
   Google Scholar
• PATERSON, Banjo. (1939, February 2) An execution and a royal pardon. The Sydney Morning Herald. Available: http://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/17564428.
   Google Scholar
• PEKSEN, Dursun. (2012) Does foreign military intervention help human rights? Political Research Quarterly, 65(3), 558–571.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• PESKIN, Victor. (2005) Beyond victor's justice? The challenge of prosecuting the winners at the International Criminal Tribunals for the Former Yugoslavia and Rwanda. Journal of Human Rights, 4(2), 213–231.
   Google Scholar
• PESKIN, Victor. (2008) International Justice in Rwanda and the Balkans: Virtual Trials and the Struggle for State Cooperation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
   Google Scholar
• PION-BERLIN, David. (1994) To prosecute or to pardon? Human rights decisions in the Latin American Southern Cone. Human Rights Quarterly, 16(1), 105–130.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• POLLOCK, John. 2001. Kitchener. (London: Constable).
   Google Scholar
• POWER, Samantha. 2002. A problem from hell: America in the age of genocide. (New York, NY, Basic Books).
   Google Scholar
• PUAUX, Renee. (1918/2015). The German Colonies: What is to Become of Them? (London: Forgotten Books).
   Google Scholar
• RAY, James Lee. (1995) Democracy and International Conflict: An Evaluation of the Democratic Peace Proposition (Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press).
   Google Scholar
• REDMOND, Dara. (2006) Officer who exposed pacifist's murder. Irish Times. Available: http://www.irishtimes.com/opinion/officer-who-exposed-pacifist-s-murder-1.1043438.
   Google Scholar
• REITER, Dan, and STAM, Allan C., III. (1998) Democracy and battlefield military effectiveness. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 4(2), 259–277.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• RISSE, Thomas, and SIKKINK, Kathryn. (1999) The socialization of international human rights norms into domestic practices: Introduction. In The Power of Human Rights, Thomas Risse, Stephen C. Ropp, and Kathryn Sikkink (eds.) (New York: Cambridge University Press).
   Google Scholar
• ROBERTS, Frederick. (1902) Lord Roberts to Lieutenant-General Ian Hamilton 11, January 1902. In Lord Roberts and the War in South Africa 1899–1902, Andre Wessels (ed.) (London: Army Records Society).
   Google Scholar
• ROBERTSON, Geoffrey. (1999) Crimes Against Humanity: The Struggle for Global Justice (New York: The New Press).
   Google Scholar
• ROTHSTEIN, Bo. (2009) Creating political legitimacy electoral democracy versus quality of government. American Behavioral Scientist, 53(3), 311–330.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ROTHSTEIN, Bo, and TEORELL, Jan. (2008) What is quality of government: A theory of impartial political institutions. Governance, 21(2), 165–190.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SAUNDERS, Christopher. (2000) African attitudes to Britain and the empire before and after the South African War. In The South African War Reappraised, Donal Lowry (ed.) (Manchester: Manchester University Press).
   Google Scholar
• SEIBOLD, Birgit. (2011) Emily Hobhouse and the Reports on the Concentration Camps during the Boer War, 1899–1902: Two Different Perspectives (Columbia University Press).
   Google Scholar
• SIKKINK, Kathryn. (1993) Human rights, principled issue-networks, and sovereignty in Latin America. International Organization, 47(3), 411–441.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SIKKINK, Kathryn. (2011) The Justice Cascade: How Human Rights Prosecutions Are Changing World Politics (New York: W. W. Norton & Company).
   Google Scholar
• SIKKINK, Kathryn, and BOOTH-WALLING, Carrie. (2007) The impact of human rights trials in Latin America. Journal of Peace Research, 44(4), 427–445.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SKINNER, Gwynne. (2008) Nuremberg's legacy continues: The Nuremberg Trials' influence on human rights litigation in US Courts under the Alien Tort Statute. Albany Law Review, 71(1), 321–368.
   Google Scholar
• SLOANE, Robert D. 2007. The Expressive Capacity of International Punishment: The Limits of National Law Analogy and the Potential of International Criminal Law. Stanford Journal of International Law, 43 (Winter), 39–94.
   Google Scholar
• SMITH, Helmut. (2008) The Continuities of German History: Nation, Religion, and Race Across the Long Nineteenth Century (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
   Google Scholar
• SNYDER, Jack, and VINJAMURI, Leslie. (2003/2004) Trials and errors: Principle and pragmatism in strategies of international justice. International Security, 28(3), 5–44.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• STEAD, William Thomas. (1923) War Against War in South Africa (Cambridge, MA: Harvard Law Library).
   Google Scholar
• STOVER, Eric, and WEINSTEIN, Harvey M. (2004) My Neighbor, My Enemy: Justice and Community in the Aftermath of Mass Atrocity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press).
   Google Scholar
• STROMSETH, Jane, WIPPMAN, David, and BROOKS, Rosa. (2006) Can Might Make Rights?: Building the Rule of Law after Military Interventions (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press).
   Google Scholar
• STUBBS, Richard. (1989) Hearts and Minds in Guerrilla Warfare: The Malayan Emergency 1948–1960 (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press).
   Google Scholar
• TOUVAL, Saadia and ZARTMAN, William. 2001. International mediation in the post-cold war era. Turbulent peace: The challenges of managing international conflict. (Washington DC, The United States Institute of Peace).
   Google Scholar
• TOWNSVILLE DAILY BULLETIN. (1954) Harry Morant. Available: http://trove.nla.gov.au/ndp/del/article/62543001.
   Google Scholar
• UNITED STATES MARINE CORPS. 1940. Small Wars Manual. (Washington, DC, Government Printing Office).
   Google Scholar
• USA TODAY. 2005. American Attitudes on Iraq Similar to Vietnam.
   Google Scholar
• VANE, Francis. (1929) Agin the Governments: Memories and Adventures of Sir Francis Fletcher Vane, Bt. (Oxfordshire, UK: Marston & Company).
   Google Scholar
• WALDORF, Lars. (2009) Mere pretense of justice: Complementarity, sham trials, and victor's justice at the Rwanda Tribunal. Fordham International Law Journal, 33(4), 1221–1277.
   Google Scholar
• WELLINGTON EVENING POST. (1902) Evidence in New Zealand: An eye-witnesses account of a brutal deed. Available: http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&cl=search&d=EP19020414.2.6&srpos=1&e=.
   Google Scholar
• WESSELS, Andre. (2006a) Lord Kitchener and the War in South Africa 1899–1902 (London: Army Records Society).
   Google Scholar
• WESSELS, Andre. (2006b) Lord Roberts and the War in South Africa 1899–1902 (London: Army Records Society).
   Google Scholar
• WITTON, George. (1907) Scapegoats of the Empire: The True Story of Breaker Morant's Bushveldt Carbineers (Sydney: Angus & Robertson).
   Google Scholar
• WLEZIEN, Christopher. (1996) Dynamics of representation: The case of US spending on defense. British Journal of Political Science, 26(1), 81–103.
   Google Scholar
• ZALAQUETT, Jose. (1991) Balancing ethical imperatives and political constraints: the dilemma of new democracies confronting past human rights violations. Hastings Law Journal, 43(6), 1425–1438.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar