Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in HIV-infected and HIV-exposed, uninfected children

References

• World Health Organisation. Pneumococcal Vaccines. WHO position paper – 2012. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2012;87:129–144.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liu L, Oza S, Hogan D, et al.Global, regional, and national causes of child mortality in 2000-13, with projections to inform post-2015 priorities: an updated systematic analysis. Lancet. 2015;385:430–440.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pneumonia: who fact sheet updated September 2016. World Health Organisation: media centre: factsheets. Available from: @http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs331/en/2016
   Google Scholar
• O’Brien K What is the current state of global pneumococcal epidemiology and how we should measure it? 10th International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Diseases (ISPPD-10), Jun 26-30, 2016
   Google Scholar
• Nunes MC, von Gottberg A, De Gouveia L, et al. The impact of antiretroviral treatment on the burden of invasive pneumococcal disease in South African children: a time series analysis. Aids. 2011;25:453–462.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Mollendorf C, Von Gottberg A, Tempia S, et al. Increased risk for and mortality from invasive pneumococcal disease in hiv-exposed but uninfected infants aged <1 year in South Africa, 2009-2013. Clin Infect Dis. 2015;60:1346–1356.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mao C, Harper M, McIntosh K, et al. Invasive pneumococcal infections in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. J Infect Dis. 1996;173:870–876.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andiman WA, Mezger J, Shapiro E. Invasive bacterial infections in children born to women infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1. J Pediatr. 1994;124:846–852.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farley JJ, King JC Jr, Nair P, et al. Invasive pneumococcal disease among infected and uninfected children of mothers with human immunodeficiency virus infection. J Pediatr. 1994;124:853–858.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madhi SA, Petersen K, Madhi A, et al. Impact of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 on the disease spectrum of streptococcus pneumoniae in South African children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2000;19:1141–1147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gesner M, Desiderio D, Kim M, et al. Streptococcus pneumoniae in human immunodeficiency virus type 1-infected children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1994;13:697–703.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King MD, Whitney CG, Parekh F, et al. Recurrent invasive pneumococcal disease: a population-based assessment. Clin Infect Dis. 2003;37:1029–1036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• European Collaborative, S. Mother-to-child transmission of HIV infection in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40:458–465.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• UNAIDS 2014 HIV and AIDS estimates, july 2015. UNICEF: Statistics by Topic /HIV/AIDS /EMTCT: Key Regional Charts and Figures - Eastern and Southern Africa. Available from: https://data.unicef.org/topic/hivaids/emtct/
   Google Scholar
• Koyanagi A, Humphrey JH, Ntozini R, et al. Morbidity among human immunodeficiency virus-exposed but uninfected, human immunodeficiency virus-infected, and human immunodeficiency virus-unexposed infants in Zimbabwe before availability of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2011;30:45–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adler C, Haelterman E, Barlow P, et al. Severe infections in HIV-exposed uninfected infants born in a European country. PLoS One. 2015;10:e0135375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baroncelli S, Galluzzo CM, Mancinelli S, et al. Antibodies against pneumococcal capsular polysaccharide in Malawian HIV-positive mothers and their HIV-exposed uninfected children. Infect Dis (Lond). 2016;48(4):317–321.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta A, Mathad JS, Yang WT, et al. Maternal pneumococcal capsular IgG antibodies and transplacental transfer are low in South Asian HIV-infected mother-infant pairs. Vaccine. 2014;32:1466–1472.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones CE, Naidoo S, De Beer C, et al. Maternal HIV infection and antibody responses against vaccine-preventable diseases in uninfected infants. JAMA. 2011;305:576–584.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiemann O, Casper W. Sind die spezifisch präcipitabelen substanzen der 3 pneumokokkentypen haptene? Zeitschr Hyg Infëcktionskr. 1927;108:220–257.
   Google Scholar
• Heidelberger M, Mac LC, Di Lapi MM. The human antibody response to simultaneous injection of six specific polysaccharides of pneumococcus. J Exp Med. 1948;88:369–372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geno KA, Gilbert GL, Song JY, et al. Pneumococcal capsules and their types: past, present, and future. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2015;28:871–899.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson HL, Deloria-Knoll M, Levine OS, et al. Systematic evaluation of serotypes causing invasive pneumococcal disease among children under five: the pneumococcal global serotype project. PLoS Med. 2010;7(10):e1000348.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grabenstein JD, Klugman KP. A century of pneumococcal vaccination research in humans. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2012;18(Suppl 5):15–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Noelle RJ, Snow EC. T helper cell-dependent B cell activation. Faseb J. 1991;5:2770–2776.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warnatz K. Dissecting CXCR5+ T cell populations–on the quest for a better understanding of B cell help during T dependent antibody responses. Eur J Immunol. 2006;36:1662–1664.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King JC Jr., Borkowsky W, Mahidhara N, et al. Group-specific antibody levels surrounding invasive pneumococcal illness in children infected with human immunodeficiency virus. J Infect Dis. 2000;181:1817–1821.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dinleyici EC, Yargic ZA. Pneumococcal conjugated vaccines: impact of PCV-7 and new achievements in the postvaccine era. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2008;7:1367–1394.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King JC Jr., Vink PE, Farley JJ, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of three doses of a five-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children younger than two years with and without human immunodeficiency virus infection. Pediatrics. 1997;99:575–580.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alderson MR. Status of research and development of pediatric vaccines for streptococcus pneumoniae. Vaccine. 2016;34:2959–2961.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prymula R, Schuerman L. 10-valent pneumococcal nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae PD conjugate vaccine: synflorix. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2009;8:1479–1500.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Drugs.com. [cited2016 Nov 2]. Available from: https://www.drugs.com/ppa/pneumococcal-7-valent-conjugate-vaccine.html
   Google Scholar
• Siber GR, Priehs C, Madore DV. Standardization of antibody assays for measuring the response to pneumococcal infection and immunization. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1989;8:S84–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feavers I, Knezevic I, Powell M, et al. Challenges in the evaluation and licensing of new pneumococcal vaccines, 7-8 July 2008, Ottawa, Canada. Vaccine. 2009;27:3681–3688.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for disease control. Prevention of pneumococcal disease among infants and children—use of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine and 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine—recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (acip). MMWR Morb Moratl Wkly Rep. 2010;59:1–18.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Madhi SA, Kuwanda L, Cutland C, et al. Quantitative and qualitative antibody response to pneumococcal conjugate vaccine among African human immunodeficiency virus-infected and uninfected children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2005;24:410–416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nachman S, Kim S, King J, et al. Safety and immunogenicity of a heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in infants with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection. Pediatrics. 2003;112:66–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madhi SA, Adrian P, Cotton MF, et al. Effect of HIV infection status and anti-retroviral treatment on quantitative and qualitative antibody responses to pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in infants. J Infect Dis. 2010;202:355–361.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madhi SA, Izu A, Violari A, et al. Immunogenicity following the first and second doses of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in HIV-infected and -uninfected infants. Vaccine. 2013;31:777–783.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madhi SA, Koen A, Jose L, et al. Vaccination with 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in infants according to HIV status. Medicine. 2017;96:e5881.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King JC Jr, Vink PE, Farley JJ, et al. Comparison of the safety and immunogenicity of a pneumococcal conjugate with a licensed polysaccharide vaccine in human immunodeficiency virus and non-human immunodeficiency virus-infected children. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1996;15:192–196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spoulou VI, Tsoumas DL, Papaevangelou VG, et al. Immunogenicity and immunological memory induced by a 7-valent pneumococcal crm197 conjugate vaccine in symptomatic HIV-1 infected children. Vaccine. 2005;23:5289–5293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abzug MJ, Pelton SI, Song LY, et al. Immunogenicity, safety, and predictors of response after a pneumococcal conjugate and pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine series in human immunodeficiency virus-infected children receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2006;25:920–929.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarrago D, Casal J, Ruiz-Contreras J, et al. Assessment of antibody response elicited by a 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in pediatric human immunodeficiency virus infection. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol. 2005;12:165–170.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thanee C, Pancharoen C, Likitnukul S, et al. The immunogenicity and safety of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in human immunodeficiency virus-infected Thai children. Vaccine. 2011;29:5886–5891.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bamford A, Kelleher P, Lyall H, et al. Serological response to 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children and adolescents with perinatally acquired HIV infection. Aids. 2014;28:2033–2043.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhorat AE, Madhi SA, Laudat F, et al. Immunogenicity and safety of the 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in HIV-infected individuals naive to pneumococcal vaccination. Aids. 2015;29:1345–1354.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for disease controland prevention. Revised classification system for human immunodeficiency virus infection in children less than 13 years of age. MMWR. 1994;43:1–10.
   Google Scholar
• Clutterbuck EA, Lazarus R, Yu LM, et al. Pneumococcal conjugate and plain polysaccharide vaccines have divergent effects on antigen-specific b cells. J Infect Dis. 2012;205:1408–1416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pollard AJ, Perrett KP, Beverley PC. Maintaining protection against invasive bacteria with protein-polysaccharide conjugate vaccines. Nat Rev Immunol. 2009;9:213–220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spoulou VI, Tsoumas DL, Papaevangelou VG, et al. Haemophilus influenzae type b conjugate vaccine-induced immunological memory in symptomatic HIV-1-infected children. Aids. 2003;17:1396–1398.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacLennan J, Obaro S, Deeks J, et al. Immunologic memory 5 years after meningococcal a/c conjugate vaccination in infancy. J Infect Dis. 2001;183:97–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sigurdardottir ST, Center KJ, Davidsdottir K, et al. Decreased immune response to pneumococcal conjugate vaccine after 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine in children. Vaccine. 2014;32:417–424.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frenck R Jr., Thompson A, Senders S, et al. 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in older children and adolescents either previously immunized with or naive to 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2014;33:183–189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King JC Jr., Vink PE, Chang I, et al. Antibody titers eight months after three doses of a five-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in HIV and non-HIV-infected children less than two years of age. Vaccine. 1998;16:361–365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madhi SA, Adrian P, Kuwanda L, et al. Long-term immunogenicity and efficacy of a 9-valent conjugate pneumococcal vaccine in human immunodeficient virus infected and non-infected children in the absence of a booster dose of vaccine. Vaccine. 2007;25:2451–2457.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madhi SA, Klugman KP, Kuwanda L, et al. Quantitative and qualitative anamnestic immune responses to pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in HIV-infected and HIV-uninfected children 5 years after vaccination. J Infect Dis. 2009;199:1168–1176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bobat R, Moodley D, Coutsoudis A, et al. The early natural history of vertically transmitted HIV-1 infection in African children from Durban, South Africa. Ann Trop Paediatr. 1998;18:187–196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klugman KP, Madhi SA, Huebner RE, et al. A trial of a 9-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children with and those without HIV infection. N Engl J Med. 2003;349:1341–1348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madhi SA, Kuwanda L, Cutland C, et al. The impact of a 9-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on the public health burden of pneumonia in HIV-infected and -uninfected children. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;40:1511–1518.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray GE, McIntyre JA, Lyons SF. Effect of breastfeeding on vertical transmission of HIV-1 in Soweto, South Africa [Abstract Th.C.413]. In the 11th International Conference on AIDS; July 7–12, 1996; Vancouver.
   Google Scholar
• Madhi SA, Kohler M, Kuwanda L, et al. Usefulness of c-reactive protein to define pneumococcal conjugate vaccine efficacy in the prevention of pneumonia. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2006;25:30–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen C, von Mollendorf C, de Gouveia L, et al. Effectiveness of 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine against invasive pneumococcal disease in HIV-infected and -uninfected children in South Africa: a matched case-control study. Clin Infect Dis. 2014;59:808–818.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madhi SA, Groome MJ, Zar HJ, et al. Effectiveness of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine against presumed bacterial pneumonia hospitalisation in HIV-uninfected South African children: a case-control study. Thorax. 2015;70:1149–1155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von Gottberg A, de Gouveia L, Tempia S, et al. Effects of vaccination on invasive pneumococcal disease in South Africa. N Engl J Med. 2014;371:1889–1899.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Department of Health, South Africa. ‘2010 National Antenatal Sentinel HIV and Syphilis Prevalence Survey in South Africa.’ [cited 2016 Nov 2].  Available from: http://www.hst.org.za/sites/default/files/hiv_aids_survey.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Siegrist CA. Mechanisms by which maternal antibodies influence infant vaccine responses: review of hypotheses and definition of main determinants. Vaccine. 2003;21:3406–3412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abzug MJ. Vaccination in the immunocompromised child: a probe of immune reconstitution. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 2009;28:233–236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Destefano F, Pfeifer D, Nohynek H. Safety profile of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines: systematic review of pre- and post-licensure data. Bull World Health Organ. 2008;86:373–380.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madhi SA, Cohen C, von Gottberg A. Introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine into the public immunization program in South Africa: translating research into policy. Vaccine. 2012;30(Suppl 3):C21–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flannery B, Heffernan RT, Harrison LH, et al. Changes in invasive pneumococcal disease among HIV-infected adults living in the era of childhood pneumococcal immunization. Ann Intern Med. 2006;144:1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunes MC, Madhi SA. Review on the immunogenicity and safety of PCV-13 in infants and toddlers. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2011;10:951–980.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar