Foot and mouth disease vaccine strain selection: current approaches and future perspectives

References

• Grubman MJ, Baxt B. Foot-and-mouth disease. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2004;17:465–493.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rweyemamu M, Roeder P, Mackay D, et al. Epidemiological patterns of foot-and-mouth disease worldwide. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2008;55:57–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knight-Jones TJ, Rushton J. The economic impacts of foot and mouth disease - what are they, how big are they and where do they occur? Prev Vet Med. 2013;112:161–173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davies G. The foot and mouth disease (FMD) epidemic in the United Kingdom 2001. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis. 2002;25:331–343.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belsham GJ. Distinctive features of foot-and-mouth-disease virus, a member of the picornavirus family - aspects of virus protein-synthesis, protein processing and structure. Prog Biophys Mol Biol. 1993;60:241–260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Domingo E, Escarmis C, Baranowski E, et al. Evolution of foot-and-mouth disease virus. Virus Res. 2003;91:47–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morelli MJ, Wright CF, Knowles NJ, et al. Evolution of foot-and-mouth disease virus intra-sample sequence diversity during serial transmission in bovine hosts. Vet Res. 2013;44:12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ayelet G, Soressa M, Sisay T, et al. FMD virus isolates: the candidate strains for polyvalent vaccine development in Ethiopia. Acta Tropica. 2013;126:244–248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borley DW, Mahapatra M, Paton DJ, et al. Evaluation and use of in-silico structure-based epitope prediction with foot-and-mouth disease virus. PLoS One. 2013;8:e61122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sangula AK, Siegismund HR, Belsham GJ, et al. Low diversity of foot-and-mouth disease serotype C virus in Kenya: evidence for probable vaccine strain re-introductions in the field. Epidemiol Infect. 2011;139:189–196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doel TR. FMD vaccines. Virus Res. 2003;91:81–99.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang M, Holland H, Clavijo A. Production of monoclonal antibodies against whole virus particles of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O and A and their potential use in quantification of intact virus for vaccine manufacture. Vaccine. 2008;26:3377–3382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knowles NJ, Samuel AR. Molecular epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease virus. Virus Res. 2003;91:65–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lea S, Hernandez J, Blakemore W, et al. The structure and antigenicity of a type-C foot-and-mouth-disease virus. Structure. 1994;2:123–139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aktas S, Samuel AR. Identification of antigenic epitopes on the foot and mouth disease virus isolate O1/Manisa/Turkey/69 using monoclonal antibodies. Rev Sci Tech. 2000;19:744–753.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crowther JR, Farias S, Carpenter WC, et al. Identification of a fifth neutralizable site on type O foot-and-mouth disease virus following characterization of single and quintuple monoclonal antibody escape mutants. J Gen Virol. 1993;74(Pt 8):1547–1553.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grazioli S, Fallacara F, Brocchi E. Mapping of antigenic sites of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype Asia 1 and relationships with sites described in other serotypes. J Gen Virol. 2013;94:559–569.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitson JD, McCahon D, Belsham GJ. Sequence analysis of monoclonal antibody resistant mutants of type O foot and mouth disease virus: evidence for the involvement of the three surface exposed capsid proteins in four antigenic sites. Virology. 1990;179:26–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahapatra M, Seki C, Upadhyaya S, et al. Characterisation and epitope mapping of neutralising monoclonal antibodies to A24 Cruzeiro strain of FMDV. Vet Microbiol. 2011;149:242–247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahapatra M, Aggarwal N, Cox S, et al. Evaluation of a monoclonal antibody-based approach for the selection of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccine strains. Vet Microbiol. 2008;126:40–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bari FD, Parida S, Asfor AS, et al. Prediction and characterization of novel epitopes of serotype A foot-and-mouth disease viruses circulating in East Africa using site-directed mutagenesis. J Gen Virol. 2015;96:1033–1041.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Opperman PA, Rotherham LS, Esterhuysen J, et al. Determining the epitope dominance on the capsid of a serotype SAT2 foot-and-mouth disease virus by mutational analyses. J Virol. 2014;88:8307–8318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asfor AS, Upadhyaya S, Knowles NJ, et al. Novel antibody binding determinants on the capsid surface of serotype O foot-and-mouth disease virus. J Gen Virol. 2014;95:1104–1116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paton DJ, Valarcher JF, Bergmann I, et al. Selection of foot and mouth disease vaccine strains–a review. Rev Sci Tech. 2005;24:981–993.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parida S. Vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease virus: strategies and effectiveness. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2009;8:347–365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cottral GE, Gailiunus P. Experimental multiple infection of animals with foot-and-mouth disease viruses. Proc 75th Annu Meeting US Anim Health Assoc. 1972;75:441–468.
   Google Scholar
• Black L, Nicholls MJ, Rweyemamu MM, et al. Foot-and-mouth disease vaccination: a multifactorial study of the influence of antigen dose and potentially competitive immunogens on the response of cattle of different ages. Res Vet Sci. 1986;40:303–307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyons NA, Ludi AB, Wilsden G, et al. Evaluation of a polyvalent foot-and-mouth disease virus vaccine containing A Saudi-95 against field challenge on large-scale dairy farms in Saudi Arabia with the emerging A/ASIA/G-VII viral lineage. Vaccine. 2017;35:6850–6857.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waters R, Ludi AB, Fowler VL, et al. Efficacy of a high-potency multivalent foot-and-mouth disease virus vaccine in cattle against heterologous challenge with a field virus from the emerging A/ASIA/G-VII lineage. Vaccine. 2018;36:1901–1907.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brehm KE, Kumar N, Thulke HH, et al. High potency vaccines induce protection against heterologous challenge with foot-and-mouth disease virus. Vaccine. 2008;26:1681–1687.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagendrakumar SB, Srinivasan VA, Madhanmohan M, et al. Evaluation of cross-protection between O1 Manisa and O1 Campos in cattle vaccinated with foot-and-mouth disease virus vaccine incorporating different payloads of inactivated O1 Manisa antigen. Vaccine. 2011;29:1906–1912.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sobrino F, Saiz M, Jimenez-Clavero MA, et al. Foot-and-mouth disease virus: a long known virus, but a current threat. Vet Res. 2001;32:1–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitching P, Hammond J, Jeggo M, et al. Global FMD control - Is it an option? 4th International Veterinary Vaccines and Diagnostics Conference. Oslo, NORWAY: Elsevier Sci Ltd; 2006. p. 5660–5664.
   Google Scholar
• Paton DJ, De Clercq K, Greiner M, et al. Application of non-structural protein antibody tests in substantiating freedom from foot-and-mouth disease virus infection after emergency vaccination of cattle. Vaccine. 2006;24:6503–6512.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Los Santos T, Diaz-San Segundo F, Rodriguez LL. The need for improved vaccines against foot-and-mouth disease. Curr Opin Virol. 2018;29:16–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattion N, Konig G, Seki C, et al. Reintroduction of foot-and-mouth disease in Argentina: characterisation of the isolates and development of tools for the control and eradication of the disease. Vaccine. 2004;22:4149–4162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahapatra M, Statham B, Li Y, et al. Emergence of antigenic variants within serotype A FMDV in the Middle East with antigenically critical amino acid substitutions. Vaccine. 2016;34:3199–3206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• OIE. Foot and mouth disease. In: Manual of diagnostic tests and vaccines for terrestrial animals. 6th ed. Paris, France; 2012. Available from: http://www.oie.int/en/standard-setting/terrestrial-manual/access-online/
   Google Scholar
• Maradei E, Malirat V, Beascoechea CP, et al. Characterization of a type O foot-and-mouth disease virus re-emerging in the year 2011 in free areas of the Southern Cone of South America and cross-protection studies with the vaccine strain in use in the region. Vet Microbiol. 2013;162:479–490.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horsington J, Zhang Z, Bittner H, et al. Early protection in sheep against intratypic heterologous challenge with serotype O foot-and-mouth disease virus using high-potency, emergency vaccine. Vaccine. 2015;33:422–429.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fishbourne E, Ludi AB, Wilsden G, et al. Efficacy of a high potency O-1 Manisa foot-and-mouth disease vaccine in cattle against heterologous challenge with a field virus from the O/ME-SA/Ind-2001 lineage collected in North Africa. Vaccine. 2017;35:2761–2765.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilna V, Hong NT, Geoffrey FT, et al. Efficacy of a high potency O1 Manisa monovalent vaccine against heterologous challenge with a FMDV O Mya98 lineage virus in pigs 4 and 7 days post vaccination. Vaccine. 2015;33:2778–2785.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pay TW, Hingley PJ. Foot and mouth disease vaccine potency tests in cattle: the interrelationship of antigen dose, serum neutralizing antibody response and protection from challenge. Vaccine. 1992;10:699–706.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCullough KC, De Simone F, Brocchi E, et al. Protective immune response against foot-and-mouth disease. J Virol. 1992;66:1835–1840.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnett PV, Statham RJ, Vosloo W, et al. Foot-and-mouth disease vaccine potency testing: determination and statistical validation of a model using a serological approach. Vaccine. 2003;21:3240–3248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunn CS, Samuel AR, Pullen LA, et al. The biological relevance of virus neutralisation sites for virulence and vaccine protection in the guinea pig model of foot-and-mouth disease. Virology. 1998;247:51–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rweyemamu MM, Booth JC, Head M, et al. Microneutralization tests for serological typing and subtyping of foot-and-mouth disease virus strains. J Hyg (Lond). 1978;81:107–123.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rweyemamu MM. Antigenic differentiation of foot and mouth disease virus strains by serum neutralisation. Thesis submitted to Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons, London. 1983. p. 160.
   Google Scholar
• Rweyemamu MM. Antigenic variation in foot-and-mouth disease: studies based on the virus neutralization reaction. J Biol Stand. 1984;12:323–337.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ferris NP, Donaldson AI. The world reference laboratory for foot and mouth disease: a review of thirty-three years of activity (1958–1991). Rev Sci Tech. 1992;11:657–684.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kitching RP, Rendle R, Ferris NP. Rapid correlation between field isolates and vaccine strains of foot-and-mouth disease virus. Vaccine. 1988;6:403–408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seki C, Robiolo B, Periolo O, et al. Rapid methodology for antigenic profiling of FMDV field strains and for the control of identity, purity and viral integrity in commercial virus vaccines using monoclonal antibodies. Vet Microbiol. 2009;133:239–251.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang M, Xu W, Goolia M, et al. Characterization of monoclonal antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O and application in identification of antigenic variation in relation to vaccine strain selection. Virol J. 2014;11:136.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pay TW, Hingley PJ. The use of serum neutralizing antibody assay for the determination of the potency of foot and mouth disease (FMD) vaccines in cattle. Dev Biol Stand. 1986;64:153–161.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mahapatra M, Hamblin P, Paton DJ. Foot-and-mouth disease virus epitope dominance in the antibody response of vaccinated animals. J Gen Virol. 2012;93:488–493.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bachmann MF, Kalinke U, Althage A, et al. The role of antibody concentration and avidity in antiviral protection. Science (New York, NY). 1997;276:2024–2027.
   Google Scholar
• Polack FP, Hoffman SJ, Crujeiras G, et al. A role for nonprotective complement-fixing antibodies with low avidity for measles virus in atypical measles. Nat Med. 2003;9:1209–1213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franco Mahecha OL, Ogas Castells ML, Combessies G, et al. Single dilution avidity-blocking ELISA as an alternative to the Bovine Viral Diarrhea virus neutralization test. J Virol Methods. 2011;175:228–235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saika S, Matsunaga T, Ogawa T, et al. [Gelatin particle agglutination (PA) antibody: comparison to neutralizing antibody (NT) and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) antibody and relationship to IgG avidity]. Kansenshogaku Zasshi J Jpn Assoc Infect Dis. 2008;82:310–316.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lavoria MA, Di-Giacomo S, Bucafusco D, et al. Avidity and subtyping of specific antibodies applied to the indirect assessment of heterologous protection against foot-and-mouth disease virus in cattle. Vaccine. 2012;30:6845–6850.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brito BP, Perez AM, Capozzo AV. Accuracy of traditional and novel serology tests for predicting cross-protection in foot-and-mouth disease vaccinated cattle. Vaccine. 2014;32:433–436.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith DJ, Lapedes AS, de Jong JC, et al. Mapping the antigenic and genetic evolution of influenza virus. Science (New York, NY). 2004;305:371–376.
   Google Scholar
• Cai Z, Zhang T, Wan XF. A computational framework for influenza antigenic cartography. PLoS Comput Biol. 2010;6:e1000949.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cai Z, Zhang T, Wan XF. Antigenic distance measurements for seasonal influenza vaccine selection. Vaccine. 2012;30:448–453.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harvey WT, Benton DJ, Gregory V, et al. Identification of low- and high-impact Hemagglutinin amino acid substitutions that drive antigenic drift of influenza A(H1N1) viruses. PLoS Pathog. 2016;12:e1005526.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ludi AB, Horton DL, Li Y, et al. Antigenic variation of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype A. J Gen Virol. 2014;95:384–392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis NS, Daly JM, Russell CA, et al. Antigenic and genetic evolution of equine influenza A (H3N8) virus from 1968 to 2007. J Virol. 2011;85:12742–12749.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Jong JC, Smith DJ, Lapedes AS, et al. Antigenic and genetic evolution of swine influenza A (H3N2) viruses in Europe. J Virol. 2007;81:4315–4322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horton DL, McElhinney LM, Marston DA, et al. Quantifying antigenic relationships among the lyssaviruses. J Virol. 2010;84:11841–11848.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans JS, Wu G, Selden D, et al. Utilisation of Chimeric Lyssaviruses to assess vaccine protection against highly divergent Lyssaviruses. Viruses. 2018;10(3). pii: E130. doi: 10.3390/v10030130.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li C, Hatta M, Burke DF, et al. Selection of antigenically advanced variants of seasonal influenza viruses. Nat Microbiology. 2016;1:16058.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reeve R, Blignaut B, Esterhuysen JJ, et al. Sequence-based prediction for vaccine strain selection and identification of antigenic variability in foot-and-mouth disease virus. PLoS Comput Biol. 2010;6:e1001027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maree FF, Blignaut B, Esterhuysen JJ, et al. Predicting antigenic sites on the foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid of the South African Territories types using virus neutralization data. J Gen Virol. 2011;92:2297–2309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reeve R, Borley DW, Maree FF, et al. Tracking the antigenic evolution of foot-and-mouth disease virus. PLoS One. 2016; 11.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rahman T, Mahapatra M, Laing E, et al. Evolutionary non-linear modelling for selecting vaccines against antigenically variable viruses. Bioinformatics. 2015;31:834–840.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galdo Novo S, Malirat V, Maradei ED, et al. Antigenic and immunogenic spectrum of foot-and-mouth disease vaccine strain O1 Campos against representative viruses of topotypes that circulated in Asia over the past decade. Vaccine. 2017;35:2303–2307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahapatra M, Yuvaraj S, Madhanmohan M, et al. Antigenic and genetic comparison of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O Indian vaccine strain, O/IND/R2/75 against currently circulating viruses. Vaccine. 2015;33:693–700.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lloyd-Jones K, Mahapatra M, Upadhyaya S, et al. Genetic and antigenic characterization of serotype O FMD viruses from East Africa for the selection of suitable vaccine strain. Vaccine. 2017;35:6842–6849.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahapatra M, Upadhyaya S, Aviso S, et al. Selection of vaccine strains for serotype O foot-and-mouth disease viruses (2007–2012) circulating in Southeast Asia, East Asia and Far East. Vaccine. 2017;35:7147–7153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park J-N, Lee S-Y, Chu J-Q, et al. Protection to homologous and heterologous challenge in pigs immunized with vaccine against foot-and-mouth disease type O caused an epidemic in East Asia during 2010/2011. Vaccine. 2014;32:1882–1889.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryoo S, Kim T, Nah JJ, et al. Complete genome sequence of a foot-and-mouth disease virus of serotype O isolated from Gimje, Republic of Korea, in 2016. Genome Announc. 2017;5.
   Google Scholar
• Subramaniam S, Mohapatra JK, Sharma GK, et al. Evolutionary dynamics of foot-and-mouth disease virus O/ME-SA/Ind2001 lineage. Vet Microbiol. 2015;178:181–189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knowles NJ, Bachanek-Bankowska K, Wadsworth J, et al. Outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease in Libya and Saudi Arabia during 2013 due to an exotic O/ME-SA/Ind-2001 lineage virus. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2016;63:E431–E5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Nardo A, Knowles NJ, Paton DJ. Combining livestock trade patterns with phylogenetics to help understand the spread of foot and mouth disease in sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East and Southeast Asia. Revue Scientifique Et Technique-Office International Des Epizooties. 2011;30:63–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subramaniam S, Mohapatra JK, Das B, et al. Genetic and antigenic analysis of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O responsible for outbreaks in India during 2013. Infect Genet Evol. 2015;30:59–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knowles NJ, Samuel AR, Davies PR, et al. Pandemic strain of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype O. Emerg Infect Dis. 2005;11:1887–1893.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knowles NJ, He J, Shang Y, et al. Southeast Asian foot-and-mouth disease viruses in Eastern Asia. Emerg Infect Dis. 2012;18:499–501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paton DJ, King DP, Knowles NJ, et al. Recent spread of foot-and-mouth disease in the Far East. Vet Rec. 2010;166:569–570.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knowles NJ, Nazem Shirazi MH, Wadsworth J, et al. Recent spread of a new strain (A-Iran-05) of foot-and-mouth disease virus type A in the Middle East. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2009;56:157–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Upadhyaya S, Ayelet G, Paul G, et al. Genetic basis of antigenic variation in foot-and-mouth disease serotype A viruses from the Middle East. Vaccine. 2014;32:631–638.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jamal SM, Ferrari G, Ahmed S, et al. Evolutionary analysis of serotype A foot-and-mouth disease viruses circulating in Pakistan and Afghanistan during 2002–2009. J Gen Virol. 2011;92:2849–2864.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bari FD, Parida S, Tekleghiorghis T, et al. Genetic and antigenic characterisation of serotype A FMD viruses from East Africa to select new vaccine strains. Vaccine. 2014;32:5794–5800.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biswal JK, Sanyal A, Rodriguez LL, et al. Foot-and-mouth disease: global status and Indian perspective. Indian J Anim Sci. 2012;82:109–131.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomson GR, Vosloo W, Bastos AD. Foot and mouth disease in wildlife. Virus Res. 2003;91:145–161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vosloo W, Boshoff K, Dwarka R, et al. The possible role that buffalo played in the recent outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease in South Africa. Ann N Y Acad Sci. 2002;969:187–190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brito BP, Rodriguez LL, Hammond JM, et al. Review of the global distribution of foot-and-mouth disease virus from 2007 to 2014. Transbound Emerg Dis. 2017;64:316–332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fargeaud D. Selection of vaccine strains of foot and mouth disease virus for use in southern Africa. Rev Sci Tech. 1995;14:521–538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar