References
- World Health Organization. Global measles and rubella strategic plan: 2012-2020. World Health Organization, Geneva, 2012. [cited 2020 Aug 19]. Available from https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/44855/9789241503396_eng.pdf?sequence=1
- Keja K, Chan C, Hayden G, et al. Expanded programme on immunization. World health Stat Q. 1988;41(2):59–63.
- Rasheed MAU, Hickman CJ, McGrew M, et al. Decreased humoral immunity to mumps in young adults immunized with MMR vaccine in childhood. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2019;116(38):19071–19076.
- World Health Organization. Mumps virus vaccines. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2007;82(7):51–60.
- World Health Organization. Global vaccine action plan 2011–2020. WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data. 2013. [cited 2020 Mar 12]. Available from https://www.who.int/immunization/global_vaccine_action_plan/GVAP_doc_2011_2020/en/
- Orenstein WA, Cairns L, Hinman A, et al. Measles and Rubella Global Strategic Plan 2012-2020 midterm review report: background and summary. Vaccine. 2018;36(Suppl 1):A35–A42.
- Measles & Rubella Initiative. The measles and rubella strategic framework 2021-2030. [cited 2021 Jan 6]. Available from https://measlesrubellainitiative.org/measles-rubella-strategic-framework-2021-2030/.
- World Health Organization. Immunization agenda 2030: a global strategy to leave no one behind. [cited 2021 Jan 05]. Available from https://www.who.int/teams/immunization-vaccines-and-biologicals/strategies/ia2030
- Bankamp B, Hickman C, Icenogle JP, et al. Successes and challenges for preventing measles, mumps and rubella by vaccination. Curr Opin Virol. 2019;34:110–116.
- Holzmann H, Hengel H, Tenbusch M, et al. Eradication of measles: remaining challenges. Med Microbiol Immunol. 2016;205(3):201–208.
- World Health Organization. WHO vaccine-preventable diseases: monitoring system. 2019 global summary. [cited 2020 Mar 13]. Available from http://apps.who.int/immunization_monitoring/globalsummary/schedules
- Demicheli V, Rivetti A, Debalini MG, et al. Vaccines for measles, mumps and rubella in children. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012(2):CD004407
- Sood A, Mitra M, Joshi HA, et al. Immunogenicity and safety of a novel MMR vaccine (live, freeze-dried) containing the Edmonston-Zagreb measles strain, the Hoshino mumps strain, and the RA 27/3 rubella strain: results of a randomized, comparative, active controlled phase III clinical trial. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2017;13(7):1523–1530.
- Hartfield M, Alizon S. Introducing the outbreak threshold in epidemiology. PLoS Pathog. 2013;9(6):e1003277.
- Guerra FM, Bolotin S, Lim G, et al. The basic reproduction number (R 0) of measles: a systematic review. Lancet Infect Dis. 2017;17(12):e420–e428.
- Delamater PL, Street EJ, Leslie TF, et al. Complexity of the basic reproduction number (R0). Emerg Infect Dis. 2019;25(1):1–4.
- Funk S, Knapp JK, Lebo E, et al. Combining serological and contact data to derive target immunity levels for achieving and maintaining measles elimination. BMC Med. 2019;17(1):180.
- Roberts L. Is measles next? Science. 2015;348(6238):958–961, 963.
- Edmunds WJ, Gay NJ, Kretzschmar M, et al. The pre-vaccination epidemiology of measles, mumps and rubella in Europe: implications for modelling studies. Epidemiol Infect. 2000;125(3):635–650.
- Lambert N, Strebel P, Orenstein W, et al. Rubella. Lancet. 2015;385(9984):2297–2307.
- Measles vaccines: WHO position paper – April 2017. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2017;92(17):205–227.
- Gavi. Application guidelines: gavi’s support to countries. [cited 2020 Mar 13]. Available from https://www.gavi.org/sites/default/files/document/support/Application%20guidelines%20for%20all%20types%20of%20Gavi%20Support.pdf
- World Health Organization. Immunization coverage. [cited 2021 Jan 06]. Available from https://www.who.int/en/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/immunization-coverage
- Patel MK, Goodson JL, Alexander JP Jr, et al. Progress Toward Regional Measles Elimination — worldwide, 2000–2019. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(45):1700–1705. DOI: 10.15585/mmwr.mm6945a6.
- Dabbagh A, Laws RL, Steulet C, et al. Progress Toward Regional Measles Elimination — worldwide, 2000–2017. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2018;67(47):1323–1329.
- Marshall HS, Plotkin S. The changing epidemiology of mumps in a high vaccination era. Lancet Infect Dis. 2019;19(2):118–119.
- Beleni A-I, Borgmann S. Mumps in the vaccination age: global epidemiology and the situation in Germany. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2018;15(8):1618.
- Grant GB, Reef SE, Patel M, et al. Progress in Rubella and Congenital Rubella Syndrome Control and Elimination — worldwide, 2000 – 2016. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2017;66(45):1256–1260 .
- Zimmerman LA, Muscat M, Singh S, et al. Progress toward measles elimination — European region, 2009–2018. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2019;68(17):396–401. DOI:10.15585/mmwr.mm6817a4.
- Coombes R. Europe steps up action against vaccine hesitancy as measles outbreaks continue. BMJ. 2017;359:j4803.
- Filia A, Bella A, Del Manso M, et al. Ongoing outbreak with well over 4,000 measles cases in Italy from January to end August 2017 − what is making elimination so difficult? Euro Surveill. 2017;22(37):30614.
- Cousins S. Measles: a global resurgence. Lancet Infect Dis. 2019;19(4):362–363.
- Grammens T, Schirvel C, Leenen S, et al. Ongoing measles outbreak in Wallonia, Belgium, December 2016 to March 2017: characteristics and challenges. Euro Surveill. 2017;22(17):30524.
- Lewnard JA, Grad YH. Vaccine waning and mumps re-emergence in the United States. Sci Transl Med. 2018;10(433):eaao5945.
- Westphal DW, Eastwood A, Levy A, et al. A protracted mumps outbreak in Western Australia despite high vaccine coverage: a population-based surveillance study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2019;19(2):177–184.
- Marlow M, Even S, Hoban MT, et al. Universities’ experience with mumps outbreak response and use of a third dose of MMR vaccine. J Am Coll Health. 2021;69(1):53-58.
- Veneti L, Borgen K, Borge KS, et al. Large outbreak of mumps virus genotype G among vaccinated students in Norway, 2015 to 2016. Euro Surveill. 2018;23(38):1700642.
- Aasheim ET, Inns T, Trindall A, et al. Outbreak of mumps in a school setting, United Kingdom, 2013. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2014;10(8):2446–2449.
- Barskey AE, Schulte C, Rosen JB, et al. Mumps outbreak in Orthodox Jewish communities in the United States. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(18):1704–1713.
- Javelle E, Colson P, Parola P, et al. Measles, the need for a paradigm shift. Eur J Epidemiol. 2019;34(10):897–915.
- Toffolutti V, McKee M, Melegaro A, et al. Austerity, measles and mandatory vaccination: cross-regional analysis of vaccination in Italy 2000–14. Eur J Public Health. 2019;29(1):123–127.
- Chen RT, Moses JM, Markowitz LE, et al. Adverse events following measles—mumps—rubella and measles vaccinations in college students. Vaccine. 1991;9(5):297–299.
- Briss PA, Fehrs LJ, Parker RA, et al. Sustained transmission of mumps in a highly vaccinated population: assessment of primary vaccine failure and waning vaccine-induced immunity. J Infect Dis. 1994;169(1):77–82.
- Hersh BS, Fine PEM, Kent WK, et al. Mumps outbreak in a highly vaccinated population. J Pediatr. 1991;119(2):187–193.
- Robertson SE, Cutts FT, Samuel R, et al. Control of rubella and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS) in developing countries, Part 2: vaccination against rubella. Bull World Health Organ. 1997;75(1):69–80.
- Lassi ZS, Naseem R, Salam RA, et al. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on immunization campaigns and programs: a systematic review. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021;18(3):988.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. COVID-19’s impact on measles vaccination coverage. Page last reviewed: November 11, 2020. [cited 2021 Mar 09]. Available from https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/measles/news/covid-impact-on-measles-vaccination.html
- Green BN, Johnson CD, Adams A. Writing narrative literature reviews for peer-reviewed journals: secrets of the trade. J Chiropr Med. 2006;5(3):101–117.
- World Health Organization. Guide for clinical case management and infection prevention and control during a measles outbreak. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. [cited 2021 Feb 03]. Available from https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/331599
- Phadke VK, Bednarczyk RA, Salmon DA, et al. Association between vaccine refusal and vaccine-preventable diseases in the United States: a review of measles and pertussis. JAMA. 2016;315(11):1149–1158.
- MacDonald NE. SAGE working group on vaccine hesitancy. vaccine hesitancy: definition, scope and determinants. Vaccine. 2015;33(34):4161–4164.
- World Health Organization. Report of the SAGE Working Group on Vaccine Hesitancy. Oct 2014.[cited 2020 Mar 16]. Available from http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2014/october/1_Report_WORKING_GROUP_vaccine_hesitancy_final.pdf
- Larson HJ, Clarke RM, Jarrett C, et al. Measuring trust in vaccination: a systematic review. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2018;14(7):1599–1609.
- Larson HJ, Jarrett C, Eckersberger E, et al. Understanding vaccine hesitancy around vaccines and vaccination from a global perspective: a systematic review of published literature, 2007–2012. Vaccine. 2014;32(19):2150–2159.
- Brown KF, Kroll JS, Hudson MJ, et al. Factors underlying parental decisions about combination childhood vaccinations including MMR: a systematic review. Vaccine. 2010;28(26):4235–4248.
- Jarrett C, Wilson R, O’Leary M, et al. Strategies for addressing vaccine hesitancy - A systematic review. Vaccine. 2015;33(34):4180–4190.
- Sadaf A, Richards JL, Glanz J, et al. A systematic review of interventions for reducing parental vaccine refusal and vaccine hesitancy. Vaccine. 2013;31(40):4293–4304.
- Montalti M, Kawalec A, Leoni E, et al. Measles immunization policies and vaccination coverage in EU/EEA countries over the last decade. Vaccines (Basel). 2020;8(1):86.
- D’Ancona F, D’Amario C, Maraglino F, et al. The law on compulsory vaccination in Italy: an update 2 years after the introduction. Euro Surveill. 2019;24(26):1900371.
- Torjesen I. German parliament votes to make measles vaccination mandatory. BMJ. 2019;367:l6558.
- Cantor JD. Mandatory measles vaccination in New York City - reflections on a bold experiment. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(2):101–103.
- Yang YT, Studdert DM. Linking immunization status and eligibility for welfare and benefits payments: the Australian “No Jab, No Pay” legislation. JAMA. 2017;317(8):803–804.
- Magurano F, Baggieri M, Mazzilli F, et al. Measles in Italy: viral strains and crossing borders. Int J Infect Dis. 2019;79:199–201.
- Rovida F, Brianese N, Piralla A, et al. Outbreak of measles genotype H1 in Northern Italy originated from a case imported from Southeast Asia, 2017. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2019;25(4):526–528.
- Heywood AE. Measles: a re-emerging problem in migrants and travellers. J Travel Med. 2018;25(1). https://doi.org/10.1093/jtm/tay118.
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Who is at risk for measles in the EU/EEA? Identifying susceptible groups to close immunity gaps towards measles elimination. Stockholm: ECDC; 2019. [cited 2020 Apr 16]. Available from https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/documents/RRA-Measles-EU-EEA-May-2019.pdf
- Barnett ED, Walker PF. Role of immigrants and migrants in emerging infectious diseases. Med Clin North Am. 2008;92(6):1447–1458.
- Mipatrini D, Stefanelli P, Severoni S, et al. Vaccinations in migrants and refugees: a challenge for European health systems. A systematic review of current scientific evidence. Pathog Glob Health. 2017;111(2):59–68.
- Abbas M, Aloudat T, Bartolomei J, et al. Migrant and refugee populations: a public health and policy perspective on a continuing global crisis. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control. 2018;7:113.
- Hargreaves S, Nellums LB, Ravensbergen SJ, et al. Divergent approaches in the vaccination of recently arrived migrants to Europe: a survey of national experts from 32 countries, 2017. Euro Surveill. 2018;23(41):1700772.
- George F, Valente J, Augusto GF, et al. Measles outbreak after 12 years without endemic transmission, Portugal, February to May 2017. Euro Surveill. 2017;22(23):30548.
- Currie J, Davies L, McCarthy J, et al. Measles outbreak linked to European B3 outbreaks, Wales, United Kingdom, 2017. Euro Surveill. 2017;22(42):17–00673.
- Hahné SJM, Nic Lochlainn LM, Van Burgel ND, et al. Measles outbreak among previously immunized healthcare workers, the Netherlands, 2014. J Infect Dis. 2016;214(12):1980–1986.
- Fiebelkorn AP, Seward JF, Orenstein WA. A global perspective of vaccination of healthcare personnel against measles: systematic review. Vaccine. 2014;32(38):4823–4839.
- Botelho-Nevers E, Cassir N, Minodier P, et al. Measles among healthcare workers: a potential for nosocomial outbreaks. Euro Surveill. 2011;16(2):19764.
- Haviari S, Benet T, Saadatian-Elahi M, et al. Vaccination of healthcare workers: a review. Hum Vaccin Immunother. 2015;11(11):2522–2537.
- Melenotte C, Zandotti C, Gautret P, et al. Measles: is a new vaccine approach needed? Lancet Infect Dis. 2018;18(10):1060–1061.
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Review of outbreaks and barriers to MMR vaccination coverage among hard-to-reach populations in Europe. Stockholm: ECDC; 2013. [cited 2020 Feb 26]. Available from https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/sites/default/files/media/en/publications/Publications/MMR-vaccination-hard-to-reach-population-review-2013.pdf
- Maltezou HC, Theodoridou K, Ledda C, et al. Vaccination of healthcare workers: is mandatory vaccination needed? Expert Rev Vaccines. 2019;18(1):5–13.
- Bianchi FP, Mascipinto S, Stefanizzi P, et al. Prevalence and management of measles susceptibility in healthcare workers in Italy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2020;19(7):611–620.
- Kopsidas J, Maroudi S, Tsopela GC, et al. Increasing healthcare workers’(HCW) uptake of seasonal influenza vaccination (SIV) in a tertiary pediatric hospital in Greece (ESP17-0994). 35th Annual Meeting of the European Society for Paediatric Infectious Diseases (ESPID 2017), Madrid, Spain, May 23-27, 2017.
- Hiller U, Mankertz A, Köneke N, et al. Hospital outbreak of measles - Evaluation and costs of 10 occupational cases among healthcare worker in Germany, February to March 2017. Vaccine. 2019;37(14):1905–1909.
- Rubella vaccines: WHO position paper. Wkly Epidemiol Rec. 2011;86(29):301–316.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP): use of vaccines and immune globulins for persons with altered immunocompetence. MMWR Recomm Rep. 1993;42(RR–4):1–18.
- Menson EN, Mellado MJ, Bamford A, et al. Guidance on vaccination of HIV-infected children in Europe. HIV Med. 2012;13(6):333–336.
- Summary of product characteristics PRIORIX. [cited 2020 Jul 16]. Available from https://gskpro.com/content/dam/global/hcpportal/en_MT/PDF/Homepage/Products/productlisting/priorix/PRIORIX-SPC-PL-PIL-JUN15.pdf
- Mutsaerts EAML, Nunes MC, Bhikha S, et al. Immunogenicity and safety of an early measles vaccination schedule at 6 and 12 months of age in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-unexposed and HIV-exposed, uninfected South African children. J Infect Dis. 2019;220(9):1529–1538.
- Mutsaerts EAML, Nunes MC, Van Rijswijk MN, et al. Measles immunity at 4.5 years of age following vaccination at 9 and 15-18 months of age among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected, HIV-exposed-uninfected, and HIV-unexposed children. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;69(4):687–696.
- Angel JB, Walpita P, Lerch RA, et al. Vaccine-associated measles pneumonitis in an adult with AIDS. Ann Intern Med. 1998;129(2):104–106.
- Duncan CJA, Mohamad SMB, Young DF, et al. Human IFNAR2 deficiency: lessons for antiviral immunity. Sci Transl Med. 2015;7(307):307ra154.
- Hambleton S, Goodbourn S, Young DF, et al. STAT2 deficiency and susceptibility to viral illness in humans. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2013;110(8):3053–3058.
- Grundy J, Biggs BA. The impact of conflict on immunisation coverage in 16 countries. Int J Health Policy Manag. 2019;8(4):211–221.
- Page KR, Doocy S, Reyna Ganteaume F, et al. Venezuela’s public health crisis: a regional emergency. Lancet. 2019;393(10177):1254–1260.
- Nandy R Immunization under fire. Unicef Connect. 2016 Apr 25. [cited 2020 Feb 24]. Available from https://blogs.unicef.org/blog/immunization-under-fire/
- Orenstein WA, Hinman A, Nkowane B, et al. Measles and rubella global strategic plan 2012–2020 midterm review. 2016. [cited 2020 Mar 16]. Available from http://www.who.int/immunization/sage/meetings/2016/october/1_MTR_Report_Final_Color_Sept_20_v2.pdf?ua=1
- Peyraud N, Quere M, Duc G, et al. A post-conflict vaccination campaign, Central African Republic. Bull World Health Organ. 2018;96(8):540–547.
- Gavi. On the frontline: gavi’s support to fragile states. [cited 2020 Mar 16]. Available from https://www.gavi.org/news/media-room/frontline-gavis-support-fragile-states
- World Health Organization. Maintaining essential health services: operational guidance for the COVID-19 context interim guidance. [cited 2020 Jul 06]. Available from https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/covid-19-operational-guidance-for-maintaining-essential-health-services-during-an-outbreak
- Bramer CA, Kimmins LM, Swanson R, et al. Decline in child vaccination coverage during the COVID-19 pandemic - Michigan Care Improvement Registry, May 2016-May 2020. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2020;69(20):630–631.
- Saxena S, Skirrow H, Bedford H. Routine vaccination during covid-19 pandemic response. BMJ. 2020;369:m2392.
- Marziano V, Poletti P, Trentini F, et al. Parental vaccination to reduce measles immunity gaps in Italy. Elife. 2019;8:e44942.
- Portnoy A, Jit M, Helleringer S, et al. Impact of measles supplementary immunization activities on reaching children missed by routine programs. Vaccine. 2018;36(1):170–178.
- Cutts FT, Dansereau E, Ferrari MJ, et al. Using models to shape measles control and elimination strategies in low- and middle-income countries: a review of recent applications. Vaccine. 2020;38(5):979–992.
- Zewdie A, Letebo M, Mekonnen T. Reasons for defaulting from childhood immunization program: a qualitative study from Hadiya zone, Southern Ethiopia. BMC Public Health. 2016;16(1):1240.
- Immunization Unit of the Pan American Health Organization. Measles elimination: field guide. Washington, D.C.: PAHO, 2005. (Scientific and Technical Publication No. 605). [cited 2020 Feb 26]. Available from http://new.paho.org/hq/dmdocuments/2010/FieldGuide_Measles_2ndEd_e.pdf
- Orenstein WA, Strebel PM, Papania M, et al. Measles eradication: is it in our future? Am J Public Health. 2000;90(10):1521–1525.
- Principi N, Esposito S. Mumps outbreaks: a problem in need of solutions. J Infect. 2018;76(6):503–506.
- Plotkin SA. Mumps: a Pain in the Neck. J Pediatric Infect Dis Soc. 2018;7(2):91–92.
- Cardemil CV, Dahl RM, James L, et al. Effectiveness of a third dose of MMR vaccine for mumps outbreak control. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(10):947–956.
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). CDC guidance for public health authorities on use of a 3rd dose of MMR vaccine during mumps outbreaks. [cited 2019 Nov 21]. Available from https://www.cdc.gov/mumps/health-departments/MMR3.html
- Kaaijk P, Wijmenga-Monsuur AJ, Van Houten MA, et al. A third dose of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine to improve immunity against mumps in young adults. J Infect Dis. 2020;221(6):902–909.
- Fiebelkorn AP, Coleman LA, Belongia EA, et al. Mumps antibody response in young adults after a third dose of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2014;1(3):ofu094.
- Vaccines Europe. From vaccines shortages to sustainable vaccine supply: vaccines Europe Position. [cited 2019 Nov 20]. Available from http://www.vaccineseurope.eu/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/VE-Paper_shortagesFIN-2.pdf
- Brinkman ID, De Wit J, Smits GP, et al. Early measles vaccination during an outbreak in the Netherlands: short-term and long-term decreases in antibody responses among children vaccinated before 12 months of age. J Infect Dis. 2019;220(4):594–602.
- Vashishtha VM, Yewale VN, Bansal CP, et al. IAP perspectives on measles and rubella elimination strategies. Indian Pediatr. 2014;51(9):719–722.
- Javed N, Saqib MAN, Hassan Bullo MM, et al. Seroprevalence of transplacentally acquired measles antibodies in unvaccinated infants at nine months of age and its relation to the feeding practices. BMC Infect Dis. 2019;19(1):587.
- Principi N, Esposito S. Early vaccination: a provisional measure to prevent measles in infants. Lancet Infect Dis. 2019;19(11):1157–1158.
- van der Maas, Woudenberg T, Hahne SJ, et al. Tolerability of early measles-mumps-rubella vaccination in infants aged 6–14 months during a measles outbreak in the Netherlands in 2013–2014. J Infect Dis. 2016;213(9):1466–1471.
- Hardt K, Bonanni P, King S, et al. Vaccine strategies: optimising outcomes. Vaccine. 2016;34(52):6691–6699.
- Hansen JS, Thysen SM, Rodrigues A, et al. Is early measles vaccination associated with stronger survival benefits than later measles vaccination? BMC Public Health. 2018;18(1):984.
- Do VA, Biering-Sorensen S, Fisker AB, et al. Effect of an Early Dose of Measles Vaccine on Morbidity Between 18 Weeks and 9 Months of Age: a Randomized, Controlled Trial in Guinea-Bissau. J Infect Dis. 2017;215(8):1188–1196.
- Smits G, Stabell Benn C, Whittle H, et al. Maternal measles antibodies and their influence on all-cause mortality following measles vaccination: an alternative to measure very low maternal antibody levels. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;68(10):1758–1760.
- Esposito S, Principi N, Cornaglia G. Barriers to the vaccination of children and adolescents and possible solutions. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2014;20:25–31.
- Expert Panel on effective ways of investing in Health (EXPH). Preliminary report on vaccination programmes and health systems in Europe, 2018 Sept 26. [cited 2020 Aug 17]. Available from https://ec.europa.eu/health/sites/health/files/expert_panel/docs/020_vaccinationpgms_en.pdf
- The King’s Fund. Understanding pressures in general practice. 2016. [cited 2020 Feb 27]. Available from https://www.kingsfund.org.uk/sites/default/files/field/field_publication_file/Understanding-GP-pressures-Kings-Fund-May-2016.pdf
- Wighton K Access to children’s GP appointments linked to use of emergency departments. Imperial College London News. Published on 2016 Jan 20. [cited 2020 Feb 27]. Available from https://www.imperial.ac.uk/news/170333/access-childrens-gp-appointments-linked-emergency/
- The National Institute for Health and Care Excellences (NICE). Quality standard topic: vaccine uptake in under 19s. Date of Quality Standards Advisory Committee meeting. 2016 Jun 29th. [cited 2020 Feb 27]. Available from https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/qs145/documents/briefing-paper
- Pereira JA, Quach S, Heidebrecht CL, et al. Barriers to the use of reminder/recall interventions for immunizations: a systematic review. BMC Med Inform Decis Mak. 2012;12:145.
- Chachou MJ, Mukinda FK, Motaze V, et al. Electronic and postal reminders for improving immunisation coverage in children: protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ Open. 2015;5(10):e008310.
- Betsch C, Böhm R, Chapman GB. Using behavioral insights to increase vaccination policy effectiveness. Policy Insights Behav Brain Sci. 2015;2(1):61–73.
- Harvey H, Reissland N, Mason J. Parental reminder, recall and educational interventions to improve early childhood immunisation uptake: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Vaccine. 2015;33(25):2862–2880.
- Jacobson Vann JC, Szilagyi P. Patient reminder and patient recall systems to improve immunization rates. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2005;3:Cd003941.
- Williams N, Woodward H, Majeed A, et al. Primary care strategies to improve childhood immunisation uptake in developed countries: systematic review. JRSM Short Reports. 2011;2(10):81. DOI:10.1258/shorts.2011.011112.
- NHS England. Optimising your invite-reminder systems for childhood immunisations. 2017. [cited 2019 Feb 12]. Available from https://www.england.nhs.uk/london/wp-content/uploads/sites/8/2018/06/Good-Practice-Immunisation-Invite-Reminder-Guide.pdf
- Lonergan K, Latif A, Beaney T, et al. Implementing the evidence: are call/recall systems for immunisations feasible in general practice? Vaccine Immunol Open Access J. 2018;1:11–15.
- Crocker-Buque T, Edelstein M, Mounier-Jack S. Interventions to reduce inequalities in vaccine uptake in children and adolescents aged 19 years: a= systematic=/19years. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2017;71(1):87–97.
- Oyo-Ita A, Wiysonge CS, Oringanje C, et al. Interventions for improving coverage of childhood immunisation in low- and middle-income countries. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2016;7(7):CD008145.
- Driessen J, Olson ZD, Jamison DT, et al. Comparing the health and social protection effects of measles vaccination strategies in Ethiopia: an extended cost-effectiveness analysis. Soc Sci Med. 2015;139:115–122.
- Vandelaer J, Olaniran M. Using a school-based approach to deliver immunization—Global update. Vaccine. 2015;33(5):719–725.
- Perman S, Turner S, Ramsay AIG, et al. School-based vaccination programmes: a systematic review of the evidence on organisation and delivery in high income countries. BMC Public Health. 2017;17(1):252.
- Patel MK, Gibson R, Cohen A, et al. Global landscape of measles and rubella surveillance. Vaccine. 2018;36(48):7385–7392.
- Mokdad AH, Gagnier MC, Colson KE, et al. Missed opportunities for measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) immunization in Mesoamerica: potential impact on coverage and days at risk. PLoS One. 2015;10(10):e0139680.
- Carryn S, Feyssaguet M, Povey M, et al. Long-term immunogenicity of measles, mumps and rubella-containing vaccines in healthy young children: a 10-year follow-up. Vaccine. 2019;37(36):5323–5331.
- Gillet Y, Steri GC, Behre U, et al. Immunogenicity and safety of measles-mumps-rubella-varicella (MMRV) vaccine followed by one dose of varicella vaccine in children aged 15 months–2 years or 2–6 years primed with measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine. Vaccine. 2009;27(3):446–453.
- Johnson CE, Kumar ML, Whitwell JK, et al. Antibody persistence after primary measles-mumps-rubella vaccine and response to a second dose given at four to six vs. eleven to thirteen years. Pediatr Infect Dis J. 1996;15(8):687–692.
- Nic Lochlainn LM, De Gier B, Van Der Maas N, et al. Immunogenicity, effectiveness, and safety of measles vaccination in infants younger than 9 months: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Infect Dis. 2019;19(11):1235–1245.
- World Health Organization. WHO immunological basis for immunization series. Module 7: Measles. Update 2020. [cited 2021 Feb 12]. Available from https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/331533/9789241516655-eng.pdf?ua=1
- Paunio M, Hedman K, Davidkin I, et al. Secondary measles vaccine failures identified by measurement of IgG avidity: high occurrence among teenagers vaccinated at a young age. Epidemiol Infect. 2000;124(2):263–271.
- Haralambieva IH, Kennedy RB, Ovsyannikova IG, et al. Current perspectives in assessing humoral immunity after measles vaccination. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2019;18(1):75–87.
- Bitzegeio J, Majowicz S, Matysiak-Klose D, et al. Estimating age-specific vaccine effectiveness using data from a large measles outbreak in Berlin, Germany, 2014/15: evidence for waning immunity. Euro Surveill. 2019;24(17):1800529.
- Bangor‐Jones RD, Dowse GK, Giele CM, et al. A prolonged mumps outbreak among highly vaccinated Aboriginal people in the Kimberley region of Western Australia. Med J Aust. 2009;191(7):398–401.
- Vygen S, Fischer A, Meurice L, et al. Waning immunity against mumps in vaccinated young adults, France 2013. Euro Surveill. 2016;21(10):30156.
- Livingston KA, Rosen JB, Zucker JR, et al. Mumps vaccine effectiveness and risk factors for disease in households during an outbreak in New York City. Vaccine. 2014;32(3):369–374.
- Davidkin I, Jokinen S, Broman M, et al. Persistence of measles, mumps, and rubella antibodies in an MMR-vaccinated cohort: a 20-year follow-up. J Infect Dis. 2008;197(7):950–956.
- Rubin SA, Link MA, Sauder CJ, et al. Recent mumps outbreaks in vaccinated populations: no evidence of immune escape. J Virol. 2012;86(1):615–620.
- Hamami D, Cameron R, Pollock KG, et al. Waning immunity is associated with periodic large outbreaks of mumps: a mathematical modeling study of Scottish data. Front Physiol. 2017;8:233.
- Crooke SN, Haralambieva IH, Grill DE, et al. Seroprevalence and durability of rubella virus antibodies in a highly immunized population. Vaccine. 2019;37(29):3876–3882.
- Davidkin I, Peltola H, Leinikki P, et al. Duration of rubella immunity induced by two-dose measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccination A 15-year follow-up in Finland. Vaccine. 2000;18(27):3106–3112.
- Kung W-J, Shih C-T, Shih Y-L, et al. Faster waning of the rubella-specific immune response in young pregnant women immunized with MMR at 15 months. Am J Reprod Immunol. 2020;84(4):e13294.
- Hanna‐Wakim R, Yasukawa LL, Sung P, et al. Immune responses to mumps vaccine in adults who were vaccinated in childhood. J Infect Dis. 2008;197(12):1669–1675.
- Hyöty H, Räsänen L, Lehto M, et al. Cell-mediated and humoral immunity to mumps virus antigen. Acta Pathol Microbiol Immunol Scand C. 1986;94(5):201–206.
- Terada K, Hagihara K, Oishi T, et al. Cellular and humoral immunity after vaccination or natural mumps infection. Pediatr Int. 2017;59(8):885–890.
- Vandermeulen C, Clement F, Roelants M, et al. Evaluation of cellular immunity to mumps in vaccinated individuals with or without circulating antibodies up to 16 years after their last vaccination. J Infect Dis. 2009;199(10):1457–1460.
- Lambert ND, Haralambieva IH, Ovsyannikova IG, et al. Characterization of humoral and cellular immunity to rubella vaccine in four distinct cohorts. Immunol Res. 2014;58(1):1–8.
- O’Shea S, Best JM, Banatvala JE. Viremia, Virus excretion, and antibody responses after challenge in volunteers with low levels of antibody to rubella virus. J Infect Dis. 1983;148(4):639–647.
- Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Measles. Genetic analysis of measles virus. Lab Tools. Page last reviewed: 2020 Nov 5. [cited 2021 Mar 09]. Available from https://www.cdc.gov/measles/lab-tools/genetic-analysis.html
- Bellini WJ. Genetic diversity of wild-type measles viruses: implications for global measles elimination programs. Emerg Infect Dis. 1998;4(1):29–35.
- Rota PA, Brown K, Mankertz A, et al. Global distribution of measles genotypes and measles molecular epidemiology. J Infect Dis. 2011;204suppl 1:S514–523.
- Gastañaduy PA, Funk S, Lopman BA, et al. Factors associated with measles transmission in the United States during the postelimination era. JAMA Pediatr. 2020;174(1):56–62.
- Pacenti M, Maione N, Lavezzo E, et al. Measles virus infection and immunity in a suboptimal vaccination coverage setting. Vaccines (Basel). 2019;7(4):199.
- Cui A, Zhu Z, Hu Y, et al. Mumps epidemiology and mumps virus genotypes circulating in Mainland China during 2013-2015. PLoS One. 2017;12(1):e0169561.
- Gouma S, Sane J, Gijselaar D, et al. Two major mumps genotype G variants dominated recent mumps outbreaks in the Netherlands (2009–2012). J Gen Virol. 2014;95(5):1074–1082.
- Hindiyeh MY, Aboudy Y, Wohoush M, et al. Characterization of large mumps outbreak among vaccinated Palestinian refugees. J Clin Microbiol. 2009;47(3):560–565.
- Malayan J, Warrier A, Ramanan PV, et al. Unnoticeable mumps infection in India: does MMR vaccine protect against circulating mumps virus genotype C? Int J Biotechnol Bioeng. 2012;6:1011–1017.
- Park SH. Resurgence of mumps in Korea. Infection & Chemotherapy. 2015;47(1):1–11.
- Peltola H, Kulkarni PS, Kapre SV, et al. Mumps outbreaks in Canada and the United States: time for new thinking on mumps vaccines. Clin Infect Dis. 2007;45(4):459–466.
- Vermeire T, Barbezange C, Francart A, et al. Sera from different age cohorts in Belgium show limited cross-neutralization between the mumps vaccine and outbreak strains. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2019;25(7):907.e901–907.e906.
- Willocks LJ, Guerendiain D, Austin HI, et al. An outbreak of mumps with genetic strain variation in a highly vaccinated student population in Scotland. Epidemiol Infect. 2017;145(15):3219–3225.
- Dayan GH, Rubin S. Mumps outbreaks in vaccinated populations: are available mumps vaccines effective enough to prevent outbreaks? Clin Infect Dis. 2008;47(11):1458–1467.
- L’Huillier AG, Eshaghi A, Racey CS, et al. Laboratory testing and phylogenetic analysis during a mumps outbreak in Ontario, Canada. Virol J. 2018;15(1):98.
- Wei Y, Wilkinson K, Rusk R, et al. Large community mumps outbreak in Manitoba, Canada, September 2016–December 2018. Canada Commun Dis Rep. 2020;46(4):70–76.
- Gouma S, Ten Hulscher HI, Schurink-van ‘T Klooster TM, et al. Mumps-specific cross-neutralization by MMR vaccine-induced antibodies predicts protection against mumps virus infection. Vaccine. 2016;34(35):4166–4171. DOI:10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.06.063.
- May M, Rieder CA, Rowe RJ. Emergent lineages of mumps virus suggest the need for a polyvalent vaccine. Int J Infect Dis. 2018;66:1–4.
- Rappuoli R. Reverse vaccinology, a genome-based approach to vaccine development. Vaccine. 2001;19(17–19):2688–2691.
- Corbett KS, Edwards DK, Leist SR, et al. SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine design enabled by prototype pathogen preparedness. Nature. 2020;586(7830):567–571.
- Gilbert SC, Warimwe GM. Rapid development of vaccines against emerging pathogens: the replication-deficient simian adenovirus platform technology. Vaccine. 2017;35(35):4461–4464.
- Poudel A, Lau ETL, Deldot M, et al. Pharmacist role in vaccination: evidence and challenges. Vaccine. 2019;37(40):5939–5945.
- Bishai D, Johns B, Nair D, et al. The cost-effectiveness of supplementary immunization activities for measles: a stochastic model for Uganda. J Infect Dis. 2011;204Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S107–S115.
- Dabral M. Cost-effectiveness of supplementary immunization for measles in India. Indian Pediatr. 2009;46(11):957–962.
- Kaucley L, Levy P. Cost-effectiveness analysis of routine immunization and supplementary immunization activity for measles in a health district of Benin. Cost Eff Resour Alloc. 2015;13:14.
- World Health Organization. Mitigating the impact of COVID-19 on control of vaccine-preventable diseases: a health risk management approach focused on catch-up vaccination. Copenhagen: WHO Regional Office for Europe; 2020. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO. [cited 2021 Mar 03]. Available from https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/334248/WHO-EURO-2020-1086-40832-55187-eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
- Senessie C, Gage GN, Von Elm E. Delays in childhood immunization in a conflict area: a study from Sierra Leone during civil war. Conflict and Health. 2007;1:14.
- Eriksen J, Davidkin I, Kafatos G, et al. Seroepidemiology of mumps in Europe (1996–2008): why do outbreaks occur in highly vaccinated populations? Epidemiol Infect. 2013;141(3):651–666.
- Andersson U, Bird G, Britton S. A sequential study of human B lymphocyte function from birth to two years of age. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1981;70(6):837–842.
- Herrera OR, Thornton TA, Helms RA, et al. MMR vaccine: when is the right time for the second dose? J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther. 2015;20(2):144–148.
- Braeckman T, Theeten H, Roelants M, et al. Can Flanders resist the measles outbreak? Assessing vaccination coverage in different age groups among Flemish residents. Epidemiol Infect. 2018;146(8):1043–1047.
- Draeger E, Bedford HE, Elliman DAC. Should measles vaccination be compulsory? BMJ. 2019;365:l2359.
- Dubé E, Laberge C, Guay M, et al. Vaccine hesitancy: an overview. Hum Vaccines Immunother. 2013;9(8):1763–1773.
- Schnaith AM, Evans EM, Vogt C, et al. An innovative medical school curriculum to address human papillomavirus vaccine hesitancy. Vaccine. 2018;36(26):3830–3835.