COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness among immunocompromised populations: a targeted literature review of real-world studies

References

• OurWorldinData.org [Internet]. Statistics and research: coronavirus (COVID-19) vaccinations. London (England): Oxford; [cited 2021 Sep 30]. Available from: https://ourworldindata.org/covid-vaccinations
   Google Scholar
• Cdc.gov [Internet]. Atlanta (GA): centers for disease control and prevention. Science brief: COVID-19 vaccines and vaccination. Updated 2021 Sep 15. cited 2021 Oct 19]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/science/science-briefs/fully-vaccinated-people.html.
   Google Scholar
• Henry DA, Jones MA, Stehlik P, et al. Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines: findings from real-world studies. Med J Aust. 2021;215(4):149–151e1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polack FP, Thomas SJ, Kitchin N, et al., Safety and efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(27): 2603–2615.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baden LR, El Sahly HM, Essink B, et al., Efficacy and safety of the mRNA-1273 SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(5): 403–416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sadoff J, Gray G, Vandebosch A, et al., Safety and efficacy of single-dose Ad26.COV2.S vaccine against COVID-19. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(23): 2187–2201.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falsey AR, Sobieszczyk ME, Hirshch I, et al. Phase 3 safety and efficacy of AZD1222 (ChAdOx1 nCoV-19) COVID-19 vaccine. N Engl J Med. 2021 Sep 29;385(25):2348–2360. Online ahead of print.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cdc.gov [Internet]. Atlanta (GA): centers for disease control and prevention. Principles of epidemiology in public health practice, third edition: an introduction to applied epidemiology and biostatistics. [cited 2021 Oct 19]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/csels/dsepd/ss1978/lesson3/section6.html
   Google Scholar
• Reuters.com. [Internet]. London (England): Reuters staff; Factbox: countries weigh need for booster COVID-19 shots. 2021 Oct 5. cited 2021 Oct 19]. Available from: https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/countries-weigh-need-booster-covid-19-shots-2021-09-24
   Google Scholar
• Cdc.gov [Internet]. COVID-19 vaccines for moderately to severely immunocompromised people. Atlanta (GA): Centers for Disease Control and Prevention;. Updated. 2021 Sep 2 [cited 2021 Sep 30]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/recommendations/immuno.html. ** Of considerable importance: provides definition of moderately to severely immunocompromised individuals.
   Google Scholar
• Haidar G, Mellors JW. Improving the outcomes of immunocompromised patients with COVID-19. Clin Infect Dis. 2021;73(6):e1397–e1401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyarsky BJ, Werbel WA, Avery RK, et al. Immunogenicity of a single dose of SARS-CoV-2 messenger RNA vaccine in solid organ transplant recipients. JAMA. 2021;325(17):1784–1786.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yi SG, Knight RJ, Graviss EA, et al. Kidney transplant recipients rarely show an early antibody response following the first COVID-19 vaccine administration. Transplantation. 2021;105(7):e72–e73.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Agha ME, Blake M, Chilleo C, et al. Suboptimal response to coronavirus disease 2019 messenger RNA vaccines in patients with hematologic malignancies: a need for vigilance in the postmasking era. Open Forum Infect Dis. 2021;8(7):ofab353.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyarsky BJ, Ruddy JA, and Connolly CM, et al. Antibody response to a single dose of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine in patients with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases. Ann Rheum Dis. 2021 Mar 23;80(8):1098–1099 doi:https://doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-220289. annrheumdis-2021-220289. annrheumdis-2021-220289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee ARYB, Wong SY, Chai LYAC, et al. Efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines in immunocompromised patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. medRxiv. 2021 Oct 1. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.09.28.21264126. Preprint.
   Google Scholar
• Young-Xu Y, Korves C, Powell EI, et al. Coverage and effectiveness of mRNA SARS-CoV-2 vaccines among United States veterans. JAMA Network Open. 2021;4(10):e2128391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tenforde MW, Patel MM, Ginde AA, et al. Effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines for preventing Covid-19 hospitalizations in the United States. Clin Infect Dis. 2021 Aug 6; ciab687. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciab687. Online ahead of print.
   Google Scholar
• Tenforde MW, Self WH, Naioti EA, et al. Sustained effectiveness of Pfizer-BioNTech and moderna vaccines against COVID-19 associated hospitalizations among adults — United States, March–July 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021;70(34):1156–1162.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan N, Mahmud N. Effectiveness of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in a veterans affairs cohort of patients with inflammatory bowel disease with diverse exposure to immunosuppressive medications. Gastroenterology. 2021;161(3):827–836.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polinski JM, Weckstein AR, Batech M, et al. Effectiveness of the single-dose Ad26.COV2.S COVID vaccine. medRxiv. 2021 Sep 10. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.09.10.21263385. Preprint.
   Google Scholar
• Dagan N, Barda N, Kepten E, et al. BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine in a nationwide mass vaccination setting. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(15):1412–1423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barda N, Dagan N, Balicer RD. BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 vaccine in a nationwide mass vaccination setting: reply. N Engl J Med. 2021;384:1970.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chodick G, Tene L, Rotem RS, et al. The effectiveness of the two-dose BNT162b2 vaccine: analysis of real-world data. Clin Infect Dis. 2021 May 17; ciab438. doi: https://doi.org/10.1093/cid/ciab438. Online ahead of print.
   Google Scholar
• Yelin I, Katz R, Herzel E, et al. Associations of the BNT162b2 COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness with patient age and comorbidities. medRxiv. 2021 May 24. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.03.16.21253686. Preprint.
   Google Scholar
• Whitaker HJ, Tsang RSM, Byford R, et al. Pfizer-BioNTech and Oxford AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine effectiveness and immune response among individuals in clinical risk groups. Khub.net. Posted July 2021. Preprint.
   Google Scholar
• Chemaitelly H, AlMukdad S, Paravila J, et al. SARS-CoV-2 vaccine effectiveness in immunosuppressed kidney transplant recipients. medRxiv. 2021 Aug 9. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.08.07.21261578. Preprint.
   Google Scholar
• Kemp SA, Collier DA, Datir RP, et al. SARS-CoV-2 evolution during treatment of chronic infection. Nature. 2021;592(7853):277–282.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Truong TT, Ryutov A, Pandey U, et al. Persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection and increasing viral variants in children and young adults with impaired humoral immunity. medRxiv. 2021 Mar 2. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.02.27.21252099. Preprint.
   Google Scholar
• Choi B, Choudhary MC, Regan J, et al. Persistence and evolution of SARS-CoV-2 in an immunocompromised host. N Engl J Med. 2020;383(23):2291–2293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avanzato VA, Matson MJ, Seifert SN, et al. Case study: prolonged infectious SARS-CoV-2 shedding from an asymptomatic immunocompromised individual with cancer. Cell. 2020;183(7):1901.e9–1912.e9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corey L, Beyrer C, Cohen MS, et al. SARS-CoV-2 variants in patients with immunosuppression. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(6):562–566.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: the PRISMA statement. Ann Intern Med. 2009;151(4):264–269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cochrane.org [Internet]. 10.3.2 Including unpublished studies in systematic reviews. The Cochrane Collaboration. [cited 2021 Nov 18]. Available from: https://handbook-5-1.cochrane.org/chapter_10/10_3_2_including_unpublished_studies_in_systematic_reviews.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Cochrane.org [Internet]. 6.2.2.5 other reviews, guidelines and reference lists as sources of studies. The Cochrane Collaboration. [cited 2021 Nov 18]. Available from: https://handbook-5-1.cochrane.org/chapter_6/6_2_2_5_other_reviews_guidelines_and_reference_lists_as.htm
   Google Scholar
• Covariants.org [Internet]. Munich (Germany): GISAID; Overview of variants in countries. [cited 2021 Dec 30]. Available from: https://covariants.org/per-country
   Google Scholar
• Nih.gov [Internet]. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) treatment guidelines. Bethesda (MD): National Institutes of Health; 2021. [cited 2021 Dec 30]. Available from: https://www.covid19treatmentguidelines.nih.gov
   Google Scholar
• Who.int [Internet]. COVID-19 clinical management: living guidance. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization; [cited 2021 Dec 30]. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/WHO-2019-nCoV-clinical-2021-1
   Google Scholar
• Rahmani K, Shavaleh R, Forouhi M, et al. Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines and post-vaccination SARS-COV 2 infection, hospitalization, and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. medRxiv. 2021 Nov 3. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.11.03.21265819. Preprint.
   Google Scholar
• Embi PJ, Levy ME, Naleway AL, et al. Effectiveness of 2-dose vaccination with mRNA COIVD-19 vaccines against COVID-19-associated hospitalizations among immunocompromised adults – nine states, January-September 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021;70(44):1553–1559.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galmiche S, Nguyen LBH, Tartour E, et al. Immunological and clinical efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines in immunocompromised populations: a systematic review. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2021 Nov 17. DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2021.09.036. Online ahead of print.
   Google Scholar
• Aslam S, Adler E, Mekeely K, et al. Clinical effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccination in solid organ transplants. Transpl Infect Dis. 2021;e13705.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Fusco M, Moran MM, Cane A, et al. Evaluation of COVID-19 vaccine breakthrough infections among immunocompromised patients fully vaccinated with BNT162b2. J Med Econ. 2021;24(1):1248–1260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cdc.gov [Internet]. Atlanta (GA): centers for disease control and prevention: advisory committee on immunization practices COVID-19: people with certain medical conditions. Updated. 2021 Aug 20 [cited 2021 Nov 22]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/people-with-medical-conditions.html
   Google Scholar
• Sentinelinitiative.org [Internet]. White Oak (MD): US Food and Drug Administration. Sentinel initiative: master protocol development: COVID-19 natural history. 2020 Oct 13 [cited 2021 Nov 22]. Available from: https://www.sentinelinitiative.org/methods-data-tools/methods/master-protocol-development-covid-19-natural-history
   Google Scholar
• Cdc.gov [Internet]. Atlanta (GA): centers for disease control and prevention: interim clinical considerations for use of COVID-19 vaccines currently approved or authorized in the United States. Updated. 2021 Dec 17 [cited 2021 Dec 22]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/covid-19/clinical-considerations/covid-19-vaccines-us.html
   Google Scholar
• Cdc.gov [Internet]. Atlanta (GA): centers for disease control and prevention: sara oliver-data and clinical considerations for additional doses in immunocompromised people. 2021 Jul 22 [cited 2021 Dec 22]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/acip/meetings/downloads/slides-2021-07/07-COVID-Oliver-508.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Who.int [Internet]. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization; WHO advisory group recommends extra COVID-19 vaccine dose for immunocompromised. [cited 2021 Dec 30]. Available from: https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/10/1102732
   Google Scholar
• Cdc.org [Internet]. Atlanta (GA): centers for disease control and prevention: COVID-19 vaccine booster shots. Updated. 2022 Jan 22 . [cited 2022 Jan 11]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/vaccines/booster-shot.html
   Google Scholar
• Tartof SY, Slezak JM, Puzniak L, et al. Effectiveness of a third dose of BNT162b2 mRNA COVID-19 vaccine in a large US health system: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2021 Dec 21;398(10309):1407–1416. Preprint.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hause AM, Baggs J, Gee J, et al. Safety monitoring of an additional dose of COVID-19 vaccine – United States, August 12-September 19, 2021. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021;70(39):1379–1384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canada.ca [Internet]. An Advisory Committee Statement (ACS) National Advisory Committee on Immunization (NACI). Interim guidance on booster COVID-19 vaccine doses in Canada. Public Health Agency of Canada. 29 Oct 2021. [cited 2022 Jan 20]. Available from: https://www.canada.ca/content/dam/phac-aspc/documents/services/immunization/national-advisory-committee-on-immunization-naci/recommendations-use-covid-19-vaccines/statement-guidance-booster-doses/statement-guidance-booster-doses.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Gov.UK [Internet]. Independent report: Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation (JCVI) advice on third primary dose vaccination. United Kingdom: Department of Health & Social Care. 1 Sep 2021. [cited 2022 Jan 20]. Available from: https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/third-primary-covid-19-vaccine-dose-for-people-who-are-immunosuppressed-jcvi-advice/joint-committee-on-vaccination-and-immunisation-jcvi-advice-on-third-primary-dose-vaccination#fn:2
   Google Scholar
• Ema.europa.eu [Internet]. Heterologous primary and booster COVID-19 vaccination: evidence based regulatory considerations. Amsterdam (The Netherlands): European Medicines Agency; 13 Dec 2021. [cited 2022 Jan 20]. Available from: https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/documents/report/heterologous-primary-booster-covid-19-vaccination-evidence-based-regulatory-considerations_en.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Andrews N, Stowe J, Kirsebom F, et al. Effectiveness of BNT162b2 (Comirnaty, PfizerBioNTech) COVID-19 booster vaccine against COVID-19 related symptoms in England: test negative case-control study. medRxiv. 2021 Nov 15.DOI:https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.11.15.21266341. Preprint.
   Google Scholar
• Immunization campaign against SARS-CoV-2: early estimates of the effectiveness of booster shots in Chile. Chile: Ministerio de Salud; Oct 2021. [cited 2022 Jan 20]. Available from: https://www.minsal.cl/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/2021-10-07-EFECTIVIDAD-DOSIS-DE-REFUERZO_ENG.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Tsai R, Hervey J, Hoffman K, et al. COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy and acceptance among individuals with cancer, autoimmune diseases, and other serious comorbid conditions: across-sectional internet-based survey. JMIR Public Health Surveill. 2021 Oct 20. https://doi.org/10.2196/29872. Online ahead of print.
   Google Scholar