Recombinant transmissible vaccines will be intrinsically contained despite the ability to superinfect

References

• Fenner F, Cairns J. Variation in virulence in relation to adaptaton to new hosts. In: Burnet F Stanley W, editors The viruses. Animal viruses. Vol. 3. NY: Academic Press; 1959. p. 225–249.
   Google Scholar
• Hanley KA. The double-edged sword: how evolution can make or break a live-attenuated virus vaccine. Evolution. 2011;4(4):635–643. Cited: in: PMID: 22468165. doi: 10.1007/s12052-011-0365-y
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lauring AS, Jones JO, Andino R. Rationalizing the development of live attenuated virus vaccines. Nat Biotechnol. 2010;28(6):573–579. Cited: in: PMID: 20531338. doi: 10.1038/nbt.1635
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabin AB. Paralytic poliomyelitis: old dogmas and new perspectives. Rev Infect Dis. 1981;3:543–564. Cited: in: PMID: 6269169. doi: 10.1093/clinids/3.3.543
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sabin AB. Oral poliovirus vaccine: history of its development and use and current challenge to eliminate poliomyelitis from the world. J Infect Dis. 1985;151(3):420–436. Cited: in: PMID: 2982959. doi: 10.1093/infdis/151.3.420
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nathanson N, Kew OM. From emergence to eradication: the epidemiology of poliomyelitis deconstructed. Am J Epidemiol. 2010;172:1213–1229. Cited: in: PMID: 20978089. doi: 10.1093/aje/kwq320
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farroway LN, Gorman S, Lawson MA, et al. Transmission of two Australian strains of murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) in enclosure populations of house mice (mus domesticus). Epidemiol Infect. 2005;133(4):701–710. Cited: in: PMID: 16050517. doi: 10.1017/S0950268805003717
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardy CM, Hinds LA, Kerr PJ, et al. Biological control of vertebrate pests using virally vectored immunocontraception. J Reprod Immunol. 2006;71(2):102–111. doi: 10.1016/j.jri.2006.04.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hardy CM. Current status of virally vectored immunocontraception for biological control of mice. Soc Reprod Fertil Suppl. 2007;63:495–506. Cited: in: PMID: 17566294.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Murphy AA, Redwood AJ, Jarvis MA. Self-disseminating vaccines for emerging infectious diseases. Expert Rev Vaccines. 2016;15(1):31–39. Cited: in: PMID: 26524478 doi: 10.1586/14760584.2016.1106942
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torres JM, Sánchez C, Ramírez MA, et al. First field trial of a transmissible recombinant vaccine against myxomatosis and rabbit hemorrhagic disease. Vaccine. 2001;19(31):4536–4543. Cited: in: PMID: 11483281. doi: 10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00184-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuda Y, Caposio P, Parkins CJ, et al. A replicating cytomegalovirus-based vaccine encoding a single Ebola virus nucleoprotein CTL epitope confers protection against Ebola virus. PloS Negl Trop Dis. 2011;5(8):e1275. Cited: in: PMID: 21858240. doi: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsuda Y, Parkins CJ, Caposio P, et al. A cytomegalovirus-based vaccine provides long-lasting protection against lethal Ebola virus challenge after a single dose. Vaccine. 2015;33:2261–2266. Cited: in: PMID: 25820063.doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.03.029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandbrink JB, Watson MC, Hebbeler AM, et al. Safety and security concerns regarding transmissible vaccines. Nat Ecol Evol. 2021;5(4):405–406. Cited: in: PMID: 33542476. doi: 10.1038/s41559-021-01394-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lentzos F, Rybicki EP, Engelhard M, et al. Eroding norms over release of self-spreading viruses. Science. 2022;375(6576):31–33. Cited: in: PMID: 34990258. doi: 10.1126/science.abj5593
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakker KM, Rocke TE, Osorio JE, et al. Fluorescent biomarkers demonstrate prospects for spreadable vaccines to control disease transmission in wild bats. Nat Ecol Evol. 2019;3(12):1697–1704. Cited: in: PMID: 31740844. doi: 10.1038/s41559-019-1032-x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nuismer SL, Althouse BM, May R, et al. Eradicating infectious disease using weakly transmissible vaccines. Proc Biol Sci. 2016;283:20161903. Cited: in: PMID: 27798311. 1841. doi: 10.1098/rspb.2016.1903
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nuismer SL, May R, Basinski A, et al. Controlling epidemics with transmissible vaccines. PLoS One. 2018;13(5):e0196978. Cited: in: PMID: 29746504. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196978
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nuismer SL, Bull JJ. Self-disseminating vaccines to suppress zoonoses. Nat Ecol Evol. 2020;4(9):1168–1173. Cited: in: PMID: 32719452. doi: 10.1038/s41559-020-1254-y
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Streicker DG, Bull JJ, Nuismer SL. Self-spreading vaccines: base policy on evidence. Science. 2022;375(6587):1362–1363. Cited: in: PMID: 35324312. doi: 10.1126/science.abo0238
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basinski AJ, Varrelman TJ, Smithson MW, et al. Evaluating the promise of recombinant transmissible vaccines. Vaccine. 2018;36(5):675–682. Cited: in: PMID: 29279283. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2017.12.037
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikolovski S, Lloyd ML, Harvey N, et al. Overcoming innate host resistance to vaccination: employing a genetically distinct strain of murine cytomegalovirus avoids vector-mediated resistance to virally vectored immunocontraception. Vaccine. 2009;27(38):5226–5232. Cited: in: PMID: 19591797. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.06.064
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffiths ME, Broos A, Bergner LM, et al. Longitudinal deep sequencing informs vector selection and future deployment strategies for transmissible vaccines. PLoS Biol. 2022;20(4):e3001580. Cited: in: PMID: 35439242. doi: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3001580
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varrelman TJ, Remien CH, Basinski AJ, et al. Quantifying the effectiveness of betaherpesvirus-vectored transmissible vaccines. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2022;119:e2108610119. Cited: in: PMID: 35046024. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2108610119
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffiths ME, Meza DK, Haydon DT, et al. Inferring the disruption of rabies circulation in vampire bat populations using a betaherpesvirus-vectored transmissible vaccine. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2023;120:e2216667120. Cited: in: PMID: 36877838. doi: 10.1073/pnas.2216667120
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipsitch M, Colijn C, Cohen T, et al. No coexistence for free: Neutral null models for multistrain pathogens. Epidemics. 2009;1(1):2–13. Cited: in: PMID: 21352747. doi: 10.1016/j.epidem.2008.07.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adam D. A guide to R — the pandemic’s misunderstood metric. Nature. 2020;583(7816):346–348. doi: 10.1038/d41586-020-02009-w
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Anderson RM, May RM. Infectious diseases of humans: dynamics and control. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1992.
   Google Scholar
• Keeling MJ, Rohani P. Modeling infectious diseases in humans and animals. Princeton (NJ): Princeton University Press; 2008.
   Google Scholar
• Quinn M, Erkes DA, Snyder CM. Cytomegalovirus and immunotherapy: opportunistic pathogen, novel target for cancer and a promising vaccine vector. Immunotherapy. 2016;8(2):211–221. Cited: in: PMID: 26786895. doi: 10.2217/imt.15.110
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gorman S, Lloyd ML, Smith LM, et al. Prior infection with murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) limits the immunocontraceptive effects of an MCMV vector expressing the mouse zona-pellucida-3 protein. Vaccine. 2008;26(31):3860–3869. Cited: in: PMID: 18573574. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.05.020
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Méndez AC, Rodríguez-Rojas C, Del Val M. Vaccine vectors: the bright side of cytomegalovirus. Med Microbiol Immunol. 2019;208(3–4):349–363. Cited: in: PMID: 30900089. doi: 10.1007/s00430-019-00597-7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yewdell JW.Individuals cannot rely on COVID-19 herd immunity: durable immunity to viral disease is limited to viruses with obligate viremic spread. PLoS Pathog. 2021;17(4):e1009509. Cited: in: PMID: 33901246. doi: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009509
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kucharski AJ, Andreasen V, Gog JR. Capturing the dynamics of pathogens with many strains. J Math Biol. 2016;72(1–2):1–24. Cited: in: PMID: 25800537. doi: 10.1007/s00285-015-0873-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaTourrette K, Garcia-Ruiz H. Determinants of virus variation, evolution, and Host adaptation. Pathogens. 2022;11(9):1039. Cited: in: PMID: 36145471. doi: 10.3390/pathogens11091039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bush RM, Bender CA, Subbarao K, et al. Predicting the evolution of human influenza a. Science. 1999;286(5446):1921–1925. Cited: in: PMID: 10583948 doi: 10.1126/science.286.5446.1921
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neher RA, Russell CA, Shraiman BI. Predicting evolution from the shape of genealogical trees. Elife. 2014;3:e03568. Cited: in: PMID: 25385532. doi: 10.7554/eLife.03568
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrat-Charlaix P, Huddleston J, Bedford T, et al. Limited predictability of amino acid substitutions in seasonal influenza viruses. Mol Biol Evol. 2021;38(7):2767–2777. Cited: in: PMID: 33749787. doi: 10.1093/molbev/msab065
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willemsen A, Zwart MP. On the stability of sequences inserted into viral genomes. Virus evol. 2019;5(2): vez045. Cited: in: PMID: 31741748. doi: 10.1093/ve/vez045
   Google Scholar