Middle finger and ball movements around ball release during baseball fastball pitching

References

• DiGiovine, N. M., Jobe, F. W., Pink, M., & Perry, J. (1992). An electromyographic analysis of the upper extremity in pitching. Journal of Shoulder and Elbow Surgery, 1, 15–25. doi:10.1016/S1058-2746(09)80011-6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Feltner, M., & Dapena, J. (1982). Dynamics of the shoulder and elbow joints of throwing arm during a baseball pitch. International Journal of Sport Biomechanics, 2, 235–259.
   Google Scholar
• Fleisig, G. S., Andrews, J. R., Dillman, C. J., & Escamilla, R. F. (1995). Kinetics of baseball pitching with implications about injury mechanisms. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 23, 233–239. doi:10.1177/036354659502300218
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagbarth, K., Bongiovanni, L. G., & Nordin, M. (1995). Reduced servo-control of fatigued human finger extensor and flexor muscles. Journal of Physiology, 485, 865–872. doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1995.sp020776
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hore, J., & Watts, S. (2011). Skilled throwers use physics to time ball release to the nearest millisecond. Jounral of Neurophysiology, 106, 2024–2033. doi:10.1152/jn.00059.2011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hore, J., Ritchie, R., & Watts, S. (1999). Finger opening in an overarm throw is not triggered by proprioceptive feedback from elbow extension or wrist flexion. Experimental Brain Research, 125, 302–312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hore, J., Watts, S., & Martin, J. (1996). Finger flexion does not contribute to ball speed in overarm throws. Journal of Sports Science, 14, 335–342. doi:10.1080/02640419608727719
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• doi:10.1007/s002210050686
   Google Scholar
• Hore, J., Watts, S., & Tweed, D. (1999). Prediction and compensation by an internal model for back forces during finger opening in an overarm throw. Journal of Neurophysiology, 82, 1187–1197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hore, J., Watts, S., Leschuk, M., & MacDougall, A. (2001). Control of finger grip forces in overarm throws made by skilled throwers. Journal of Neurophysiology, 86, 2678–2689.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jinji, T., & Sakurai, S. (2006). Direction of spin axis and spin rate of the pitched baseball. Sports Biomechanics, 5, 197–214. doi:10.1080/14763140608522874
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinoshita, H., Obata, S., Nasu, D., Kadota, K., & Matsuo, T. (2014, July 12–16). Finger forces during baseball pitching. Proceeding of the 32nd Conference of the International Society of Biomechanics in Sports [USB-memory]. Johnson City, TN. Retrieved February 26, 2016, from International Society of Biomechanics https://ojs.ub.uni-konstanz.de/cpa/article/view/6039/5519
   Google Scholar
• Matsuo, T., Escamilla, R. F., Fleisig, G. S., Barrentine, S. W., & Andrews, J. R. (2001). Comparison of kinematic and temporal parameters between different pitch velocity groups. Journal of Applied Biomechanics, 17, 1–13.10.1123/jab.17.1.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsuo, T., Jinji, T., Hirayama, D., Nasu, D., & Ozaki, H. (2016). Radio-ulnar joint supinates around ball release during baseball fastball pitching. Sports Biomechanics, 15, 220–233. doi:10.1080/14763141.2016.1159725
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCue, F. C., III, Nguyen, D. T., & Schultz, R. O. (1998). Fingertip injuries in athletes. Sports Medicine and Arthroscopy Review, 6, 306–314.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nagami, T., Morohoshi, J., Higuchi, T., Hakata, H., Naito, S., & Kanosue, K. (2011). Spin on fastballs thrown by elite baseball pitchers. Medicine and Science for Sports and Exercise, 43, 2321–2327. doi:10.1249/MSS.0b013e318220e728
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruchelsman, D. E., & Lee, S. K. (2009). Neurovascular injuries of the hand in athletes. Current Orthopaedic Practice, 20, 409–415. doi:10.1097/BCO.0b013e3181a902f9
   Google Scholar
• Takahashi, K., Ae, M., Fujii, N., Shimada, K., & Ozaki, T. (2000). Increase in the ball velocity and the forces exerted on the ball by the fingers of the hand (in Japanese). Japanese Journal of Biomechanics in Sports and Exercise, 4, 116–124.
   Google Scholar
• Vicon Motion Systems. (2002). Preparation_v1_2. In Vicon Manual [Digital Editions version] (pp. 28–33), Oxford, UK: VICON.
   Google Scholar
• Wang, L. H., Kuo, L. C., Shih, S. W., Lo, K. C., & Su, F. C. (2013). Comparison of dominant hand range of motion among throwing types in baseball pitchers. Human Movement Science, 32, 719–729. doi:10.1016/j.humov.2013.01.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar