Long-term Tai Chi exercise increases body stability of the elderly during stair ascent under high and low illuminationFootnote^*

^*The manuscript is our own work. The manuscript has not been published, and is not under consideration for publication elsewhere. It will not be submitted elsewhere for publication before your final editorial decision. The manuscript contains nothing that is abusive, defamatory, libellous, obscene, fraudulent, or illegal.

References

• Antonio, P. J., & Perry, S. D. (2014). Quantifying stair gait stability in young and older adults, with modifications to insole hardness. Gait & Posture, 40, 429–434.10.1016/j.gaitpost.2014.05.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosse, I., Oberländer, K. D., Savelberg, H. H., Meijer, K., Brüggemann, G. P., & Karamanidis, K. (2012). Dynamic stability control in younger and older adults during stair descent. Human Movement Scencei, 31, 1560–1570.10.1016/j.humov.2012.05.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckley, J. G., Heasley, K., Scally, A., & Elliott, D. B. (2005). The effects of blurring vision on medio-lateral balance during stepping up or down to a new level in the elderly. Gait & Posture, 22, 146.10.1016/j.gaitpost.2004.08.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christina, K. A., & Cavanagh, P. R. (2002). Ground reaction forces and frictional demands during stair descent: Effects of age and illumination. Gait & Posture, 15, 153–158.10.1016/S0966-6362(01)00164-3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott, D. B., Foster, R. J., Whitaker, D., Scally, A. J., & Buckley, J. G. (2015). Analysis of lower limb movement to determine the effect of manipulating the appearance of stairs to improve safety: A linked series of laboratory-based, repeated measures studies. Public Health Research, 3, 1–56.10.3310/phr03080
   Google Scholar
• Gribble, P. A., Tucker, W. S., & White, P. A. (2007). Time-of-day influences on static and dynamic postural control. Journal of Athletic Training, 42, 35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gyllensten, A. L., Hui-Chan, C. W., & Tsang, W. W. (2010). Stability limits, single-leg jump, and body awareness in older Tai Chi practitioners. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 91, 215–220.10.1016/j.apmr.2009.10.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamel, K. A., Okita, N., Higginson, J. S., & Cavanagh, P. R. (2005). Foot clearance during stair descent: Effects of age and illumination. Gait & Posture, 21, 135.10.1016/j.gaitpost.2004.01.006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsue, B. J., & Su, F. C. (2014). Effects of age and gender on dynamic stability during stair descent. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 95, 1860.10.1016/j.apmr.2014.05.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, H. D. (2009). A comparison of the center of pressure during stair descent in young and healthy elderly adults. Journal of Physical Therapy Science, 21, 129–134.10.1589/jpts.21.129
   Google Scholar
• Li, F. (2014). Transforming traditional Tai Ji Quan techniques into integrative movement therapy-Tai Ji Quan: Moving for Better Balance. Journal of Sport & Health Science, 3, 9.10.1016/j.jshs.2013.11.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maciaszek, J. (2010). The Effects of Tai Chi on Body Balance in Elderly People u2014 A Review of Studies from the Early 21st Century. American Journal of Chinese Medicine, 38, 219.10.1142/S0192415X10007798
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maciaszek, J., & Osinski, W. (2012). Effect of Tai Chi on Body Balance: Randomized controlled trial in elderly men with dizziness. American Journal of Chinese Medicine, 40, 245.10.1142/S0192415X1250019X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mao, D. W., Li, J. X., & Hong, Y. (2006a). The duration and plantar pressure distribution during one-leg stance in Tai Chi exercise. Clinical Biomechanics, 21, 640.10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2006.01.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mao, D. W., Li, J. X., & Hong, Y. (2006b). Plantar pressure distribution during tai chi exercise. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 87, 814.10.1016/j.apmr.2006.02.035
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mccrory, J. L., Chambers, A. J., Daftary, A., & Redfern, M. S. (2014). Ground reaction forces during gait in pregnant fallers and non-fallers. Gait & Posture, 29, 143–148.
   Google Scholar
• Mian, O. S., Narici, M. V., Minetti, A. E., & Baltzopoulos, V. (2007). Centre of mass motion during stair negotiation in young and older men. Gait & Posture, 26, 463–469.10.1016/j.gaitpost.2006.11.202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novak, A. C., & Brouwer, B. (2011). Sagittal and frontal lower limb joint moments during stair ascent and descent in young and older adults. Gait & Posture, 33, 54–60.10.1016/j.gaitpost.2010.09.024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Novak, A. C., Komisar, V., Maki, B. E., & Fernie, G. R. (2016). Age-related differences in dynamic balance control during stair descent and effect of varying step geometry. Applied Ergonomics, 52, 275–284.10.1016/j.apergo.2015.07.027
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singhal, K., Kim, J., Casebolt, J., Lee, S., Han, K. H., & Kwon, Y. H. (2015). Gender difference in older adult’s utilization of gravitational and ground reaction force in regulation of angular momentum during stair descent. Human Movement Science, 41, 230–239.10.1016/j.humov.2015.03.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song, Q., Tian, X., Wong, D., Zhang, C., Sun, W., Cheng, P., & Mao, D. (2017). Effects of Tai Chi Exercise on body stability among the elderly during stair descent under different levels of illumination. Research in Sports Medicine, 25, 197.10.1080/15438627.2017.1282363
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song, Q., Xu, K., Bing, Y., Cui, Z., Wei, S., & Mao, D. (2015). Could insoles offload pressure? An evaluation of the effects of arch-supported functional insoles on plantar pressure distribution during race walking. Research in Sports Medicine, 23, 278.10.1080/15438627.2015.1040913
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song, Q., Yu, B., Zhang, C., Sun, W., & Mao, D. (2014). Effects of backpack weight on posture, gait patterns and ground reaction forces of male children with obesity during stair descent. Research in Sports Medicine, 22, 172–184.10.1080/15438627.2014.881823
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei, S. (2015). Effects of Exercise on Ankle Proprioception in Adult Women during 16 Weeks of Training and Eight Weeks of Detraining. Research in Sports Medicine, 23, 102–113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong, A. M., Lin, Y. C., Chou, S. W., Tang, F. T., & Wong, P. Y. (2001). Coordination exercise and postural stability in elderly people: Effect of Tai Chi Chuan. Archives of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, 82, 608–612.10.1053/apmr.2001.22615
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, C., Mao, D., Riskowski, J. L., & Song, Q. (2011). Strategies of stepping over obstacles: The effects of long-term exercise in older adults. Gait & Posture, 34, 191–196.10.1016/j.gaitpost.2011.04.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, C., Sun, W., Mao, D., & Song, Q. (2014). Effects of exercise on ankle proprioception during sixteen weeks of training and eight weeks of detraining in older adults. Paper presented at the 32 International Conference of Biomechanics in Sports, Johnson City, TN, USA.
   Google Scholar
• Zietz, D., Johannsen, L., & Hollands, M. (2011). Stepping characteristics and centre of mass control during stair descent: Effects of age, fall risk and visual factors. Gait & Posture, 34, 279.10.1016/j.gaitpost.2011.05.017
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar