The role of an ‘anti-angiogenic state’ in complications of pregnancy

References

• Li Z, Zhang Y, Ying M J, Kapoun A M, Shao Q, Kerr I, Lam A, O'Young G, Sannajust F, Stathis P, et al. Recombinant vascular endothelial growth factor 121 attenuates hypertension and improves kidney damage in a rat model of preeclampsia. Hypertension 2007; 50: 686–692
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folkman J. Angiogenesis inhibitors: A new class of drugs. Cancer Biol Ther 2003; 2: S127–133
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folkman J. Antiangiogenesis in cancer therapy—endostatin and its mechanisms of action. Exp Cell Res 2006; 312: 594–607
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folkman J. Angiogenesis: An organizing principle for drug discovery?. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2007; 6: 273–286
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray M J, Lessey B A. Embryo implantation and tumor metastasis: Common pathways of invasion and angiogenesis. Semin Reprod Endocrinol 1999; 17: 275–290
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Charnock-Jones D S, Kaufmann P, Mayhew T M. Aspects of human fetoplacental vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. I. Molecular regulation. Placenta 2004; 25: 103–113
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaufmann P, Mayhew T M, Charnock-Jones D S. Aspects of human fetoplacental vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. II. Changes during normal pregnancy. Placenta 2004; 25: 114–126
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayhew T M, Charnock-Jones D S, Kaufmann P. Aspects of human fetoplacental vasculogenesis and angiogenesis. III. Changes in complicated pregnancies. Placenta 2004; 25: 127–139
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gale N W, Yancopoulos G D. Growth factors acting via endothelial cell-specific receptor tyrosine kinases: VEGFs, angiopoietins, and ephrins in vascular development. Genes Dev 1999; 13: 1055–1066
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yancopoulos G D, Davis S, Gale N W, Rudge J S, Wiegand S J, Holash J. Vascular-specific growth factors and blood vessel formation. Nature 2000; 407: 242–248
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsumoto T, Claesson-Welsh L. VEGF receptor signal transduction. Sci STKE 2001; 2001: RE21
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ferrara N, Gerber H P, LeCouter J. The biology of VEGF and its receptors. Nat Med 2003; 9: 669–676
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coultas L, Chawengsaksophak K, Rossant J. Endothelial cells and VEGF in vascular development. Nature 2005; 438: 937–945
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alitalo K, Tammela T, Petrova T V. Lymphangiogenesis in development and human disease. Nature 2005; 438: 946–953
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pereira F A, Qiu Y, Zhou G, Tsai M J, Tsai S Y. The orphan nuclear receptor COUP-TFII is required for angiogenesis and heart development. Genes Dev 1999; 13: 1037–1049
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carmeliet P. Angiogenesis in life, disease and medicine. Nature 2005; 438: 932–936
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petit F G, Jamin S P, Kurihara I, Behringer R R, DeMayo F J, Tsai M J, Tsai S Y. Deletion of the orphan nuclear receptor COUP-TFII in uterus leads to placental deficiency. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2007; 104: 6293–6298
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carmeliet P, Ferreira V, Breier G, Pollefeyt S, Kieckens L, Gertsenstein M, Fahrig M, Vandenhoeck A, Harpal K, Eberhardt C, et al. Abnormal blood vessel development and lethality in embryos lacking a single VEGF allele. Nature 1996; 380: 435–439
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferrara N, Carver-Moore K, Chen H, Dowd M, Lu L, O'Shea K S, Powell-Braxton L, Hillan K J, Moore M W. Heterozygous embryonic lethality induced by targeted inactivation of the VEGF gene. Nature 1996; 380: 439–442
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark D E, Smith S K, He Y, Day K A, Licence D R, Corps A N, Lammoglia R, Charnock-Jones D S. A vascular endothelial growth factor antagonist is produced by the human placenta and released into the maternal circulation. Biol Reprod 1998; 59: 1540–1548
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou Y, McMaster M, Woo K, Janatpour M, Perry J, Karpanen T, Alitalo K, Damsky C, Fisher S J. Vascular endothelial growth factor ligands and receptors that regulate human cytotrophoblast survival are dysregulated in severe preeclampsia and hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and low platelets syndrome. Am J Pathol 2002; 160: 1405–1423
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reynolds L P, Redmer D A. Utero-placental vascular development and placental function. J Anim Sci 1995; 73: 1839–1851
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kendall R L, Wang G, Thomas K A. Identification of a natural soluble form of the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, FLT-1, and its heterodimerization with KDR. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1996; 226: 324–328
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyall F, Greer I A. The vascular endothelium in normal pregnancy and pre-eclampsia. Rev Reprod 1996; 1: 107–116
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cheung C Y. Vascular endothelial growth factor: Possible role in fetal development and placental function. J Soc Gynecol Investig 1997; 4: 169–177
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kupferminc M J, Daniel Y, Englender T, Baram A, Many A, Jaffa A J, Gull I, Lessing J B. Vascular endothelial growth factor is increased in patients with preeclampsia. Am J Reprod Immunol 1997; 38: 302–306
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyall F, Greer I A, Boswell F, Fleming R. Suppression of serum vascular endothelial growth factor immunoreactivity in normal pregnancy and in pre-eclampsia. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1997; 104: 223–228
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vuorela P, Hatva E, Lymboussaki A, Kaipainen A, Joukov V, Persico M G, Alitalo K, Halmesmäki E. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and placenta growth factor in human placenta. Biol Reprod 1997; 56: 489–494
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Athanassiades A, Lala P K. Role of placenta growth factor (PIGF) in human extravillous trophoblast proliferation, migration and invasiveness. Placenta 1998; 19: 465–473
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taylor R N, de Groot C J, Cho Y K, Lim K H. Circulating factors as markers and mediators of endothelial cell dysfunction in preeclampsia. Semin Reprod Endocrinol 1998; 16: 17–31
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Torry D S, Wang H S, Wang T H, Caudle M R, Torry R J. Preeclampsia is associated with reduced serum levels of placenta growth factor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1998; 179: 1539–1544
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desai J, Holt-Shore V, Torry R J, Caudle M R, Torry D S. Signal transduction and biological function of placenta growth factor in primary human trophoblast. Biol Reprod 1999; 60: 887–892
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayman R, Brockelsby J, Kenny L, Baker P. Preeclampsia: The endothelium, circulating factor(s) and vascular endothelial growth factor. J Soc Gynecol Investig 1999; 6: 3–10
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lash G E, Cartwright J E, Whitley G S, Trew A J, Baker P N. The effects of angiogenic growth factors on extravillous trophoblast invasion and motility. Placenta 1999; 20: 661–667
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reuvekamp A, Velsing-Aarts F V, Poulina I E, Capello J J, Duits A J. Selective deficit of angiogenic growth factors characterises pregnancies complicated by pre-eclampsia. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1999; 106: 1019–1022
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Torry D S, Ahn H, Barnes E L, Torry R J. Placenta growth factor: Potential role in pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol 1999; 41: 79–85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed A, Perkins J. Angiogenesis and intrauterine growth restriction. Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2000; 14: 981–998
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charnock-Jones D S, Burton G J. Placental vascular morphogenesis. Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2000; 14: 953–968
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hornig C, Barleon B, Ahmad S, Vuorela P, Ahmed A, Weich H A. Release and complex formation of soluble VEGFR-1 from endothelial cells and biological fluids. Lab Invest 2000; 80: 443–454
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ong S, Lash G, Baker P N. Angiogenesis and placental growth in normal and compromised pregnancies. Baillieres Best Pract Res Clin Obstet Gynaecol 2000; 14: 969–980
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tidwell S C, Ho H N, Chiu W H, Torry R J, Torry D S. Low maternal serum levels of placenta growth factor as an antecedent of clinical preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2001; 184: 1267–1272
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maulik D, Frances E J, Ragolia L. Fetal Growth Restriction: Pathogenic Mechanisms. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2006; 49(2)219–227
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Torry D S, Mukherjea D, Arroyo J, Torry R J. Expression and function of placenta growth factor: Implications for abnormal placentation. J Soc Gynecol Investig 2003; 10: 178–188
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tsatsaris V, Goffin F, Munaut C, Brichant J F, Pignon M R, Noel A, Schaaps J P, Cabrol D, Frankenne F, Foidart J M. Overexpression of the soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor in preeclamptic patients: Pathophysiological consequences. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88: 5555–5563
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maynard S, Epstein F H, Karumanchi S A. Preeclampsia and angiogenic imbalance. Annu Rev Med Oct 15, 2007, [Epub ahead of print]
   Google Scholar
• Maynard S E, Min J Y, Merchan J, Lim K H, Li J, Mondal S, Libermann T A, Morgan J P, Sellke F W, Stillman I E, et al. Excess placental soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 (sFlt1) may contribute to endothelial dysfunction, hypertension, and proteinuria in preeclampsia. J Clin Invest 2003; 111: 649–658
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine R J, Maynard S E, Qian C, Lim K H, England L J, Yu K F, Schisterman E F, Thadhani R, Sachs B P, Epstein F H, et al. Circulating angiogenic factors and the risk of preeclampsia. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 672–683
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaiworapongsa T, Romero R, Kim Y M, Kim G J, Kim M R, Espinoza J, Bujold E, Gonçalves L, Gomez R, Edwin S, et al. Plasma soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 concentration is elevated prior to the clinical diagnosis of pre-eclampsia. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2005; 17: 3–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaiworapongsa T, Romero R, Espinoza J, Bujold E, Mee K Y, Gonçalves L F, Gomez R, Edwin S. Evidence supporting a role for blockade of the vascular endothelial growth factor system in the pathophysiology of preeclampsia. Young Investigator Award. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004; 190: 1541–1547
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine R J, Lam C, Qian C, Yu K F, Maynard S E, Sachs B P, Sibai B M, Epstein F H, Romero R, Thadhani R, et al. Soluble endoglin and other circulating antiangiogenic factors in preeclampsia. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 992–1005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venkatesha S, Toporsian M, Lam C, Hanai J, Mammoto T, Kim Y M, Bdolah Y, Lim K H, Yuan H T, Libermann T A, et al. Soluble endoglin contributes to the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Nat Med 2006; 12: 642–649
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robinson C J, Johnson D D. Soluble endoglin as a second-trimester marker for preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007; 197: 174–175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staff A C, Braekke K, Johnsen G M, Karumanchi S A, Harsem N K. Circulating concentrations of soluble endoglin (CD105) in fetal and maternal serum and in amniotic fluid in preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007; 197: 176
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero R, Nien J K, Espinoza J, Todem D, Fu W, Chung H, Kusanovic J P, Gotsch F, Erez O, Mazaki-tovi S, et al. A longitudinal study of angiogenic (placental growth factor) and anti-angiogenic (soluble endoglin and soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1) factors in normal pregnancy and patients destined to develop preeclampsia and deliver a small for gestational age neonate. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2008; 21: 9–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaiworapongsa T, Espinoza J, Gotsch F, Kim Y M, Kim G J, Goncalves L F, Edwin S, Kusanovic J P, Erez O, Than N G, et al. The maternal plasma soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 concentration is elevated in SGA and the magnitude of the increase relates to Doppler abnormalities in the maternal and fetal circulation. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2008; 21: 25–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erez O, Romero R, Espinoza J, Fu W, Todem D, Kusanovic J P, Gotsch F, Edwin S, Nien J K, Chaiworapongsa T, et al. The change in concentrations of angiogenic and anti-angiogenic factors in maternal plasma between the first and second trimesters in risk assessment for the subsequent development of preeclampsia and SGA. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2008
   Google Scholar
• Koga K, Osuga Y, Yoshino O, Hirota Y, Ruimeng X, Hirata T, Takeda S, Yano T, Tsutsumi O, Taketani Y. Elevated serum soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (sVEGFR-1) levels in women with preeclampsia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003; 88: 2348–2351
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKeeman G C, Ardill J E, Caldwell C M, Hunter A J, McClure N. Soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 (sFlt-1) is increased throughout gestation in patients who have preeclampsia develop. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2004; 191: 1240–1246
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krauss T, Pauer H U, Augustin H G. Prospective analysis of placenta growth factor (PlGF) concentrations in the plasma of women with normal pregnancy and pregnancies complicated by preeclampsia. Hypertens Pregnancy 2004; 23: 101–111
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thadhani R, Mutter W P, Wolf M, Levine R J, Taylor R N, Sukhatme V P, Ecker J, Karumanchi S A. First trimester placental growth factor and soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 and risk for preeclampsia. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 770–775
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maynard S E, Venkatesha S, Thadhani R, Karumanchi S A. Soluble Fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 and endothelial dysfunction in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Pediatr Res 2005; 57: 1R–7R
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaiworapongsa T, Romero R, Kim Y M, Kim G J, Kim M R, Espinoza J, Bujold E, Gonçalves L, Gomez R, Edwin S, et al. Plasma soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 concentration is elevated prior to the clinical diagnosis of pre-eclampsia. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2005; 17: 3–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Redman C W, Sargent I L. Latest advances in understanding preeclampsia. Science 2005; 308: 1592–1594
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bdolah Y, Karumanchi S A, Sachs B P. Recent advances in understanding of preeclampsia. Croat Med J 2005; 46: 728–736
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine R J, Thadhani R, Qian C, Lam C, Lim K H, Yu K F, Blink A L, Sachs B P, Epstein F H, Sibai B M, et al. Urinary placental growth factor and risk of preeclampsia. JAMA 2005; 293: 77–85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajakumar A, Michael H M, Rajakumar P A, Shibata E, Hubel C A, Karumanchi S A, Thadhani R, Wolf M, Harger G, Markovic N. Extra-placental expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1, (Flt-1) and soluble Flt-1 (sFlt-1), by peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in normotensive and preeclamptic pregnant women. Placenta 2005; 26: 563–573
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine R J, Karumanchi S A. Circulating angiogenic factors in preeclampsia. Clin Obstet Gynecol 2005; 48: 372–386
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shibata E, Rajakumar A, Powers R W, Larkin R W, Gilmour C, Bodnar L M, Crombleholme W R, Ness R B, Roberts J M, Hubel C A. Soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 is increased in preeclampsia but not in normotensive pregnancies with small-for-gestational-age neonates: Relationship to circulating placental growth factor. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005; 90: 4895–4903
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Staff A C, Braekke K, Harsem N K, Lyberg T, Holthe M R. Circulating concentrations of sFlt1 (soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1) in fetal and maternal serum during pre-eclampsia. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 2005; 122: 33–39
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Espinoza J, Nien J K, Kusanovic J P, Goncalves L F, Medina L H, Gomez R, Romero R. The combined use of uterine artery Doppler and maternal plasma placental growth factor concentrations identifies patients at risk for early onset and/or severe preeclampsia. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2006; 28: 387–388
   Google Scholar
• Robinson C J, Johnson D D, Chang E Y, Armstrong D M, Wang W. Evaluation of placenta growth factor and soluble Fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 receptor levels in mild and severe preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006; 195: 255–259
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aggarwal P K, Jain V, Sakhuja V, Karumanchi S A, Jha V. Low urinary placental growth factor is a marker of pre-eclampsia. Kidney Int 2006; 69: 621–624
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine R J, Qian C, Maynard S E, Yu K F, Epstein F H, Karumanchi S A. Serum sFlt1 concentration during preeclampsia and mid trimester blood pressure in healthy nulliparous women. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006; 194: 1034–1041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crispi F, Dominguez C, Llurba E, Martin-Gallan P, Cabero L, Gratacos E. Placental angiogenic growth factors and uterine artery Doppler findings for characterization of different subsets in preeclampsia and in isolated intrauterine growth restriction. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2006; 195: 201–207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stepan H, Faber R. Elevated sFlt1 level and preeclampsia with parvovirus-induced hydrops. N Engl J Med 2006; 354: 1857–1858
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salahuddin S, Lee Y, Vadnais M, Sachs B P, Karumanchi S A, Lim K H. Diagnostic utility of soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase 1 and soluble endoglin in hypertensive diseases of pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007; 197: 28.e1–6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malamitsi-Puchner A, Boutsikou T, Economou E, Sarandakou A, Makrakis E, Hassiakos D, Creatsas G. Vascular endothelial growth factor and placenta growth factor in intrauterine growth-restricted fetuses and neonates. Mediators Inflamm 2005; 2005: 293–297
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boutsikou T, Malamitsi-Puchner A, Economou E, Boutsikou M, Puchner K P, Hassiakos D. Soluble vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-1 in intrauterine growth restricted fetuses and neonates. Early Hum Dev 2006; 82: 235–239
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Girardi G, Yarilin D, Thurman J M, Holers V M, Salmon J E. Complement activation induces dysregulation of angiogenic factors and causes fetal rejection and growth restriction. J Exp Med 2006; 203: 2165–2175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Padavala S, Pope N, Baker P, Crocker I. An imbalance between vascular endothelial growth factor and its soluble receptor in placental villous explants of intrauterine growth-restricted pregnancies. J Soc Gynecol Investig 2006; 13: 40–47
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wallner W, Sengenberger R, Strick R, Strissel P L, Meurer B, Beckmann M W, Schlembach D. Angiogenic growth factors in maternal and fetal serum in pregnancies complicated by intrauterine growth restriction. Clin Sci (Lond) 2007; 112: 51–57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Espinoza J, Nien J K, Kusanovic J P, Richani K, Gomez R, Kim C J, Mittal P, Chaiworapongsa T, Romero R. A role of the anti-angiogenic factor sVEGFR-1 in the ‘mirror syndrome’ (Ballantyne's syndrome). Am J Obstet Gynecol 2005; 193: S134
   Google Scholar
• Espinoza J, Romero R, Nien J K, Kusanovic J P, Richani K, Gomez R, Kim C J, Mittal P, Gotsh F, Erez O, et al. A role of the anti-angiogenic factor sVEGFR-1 in the ‘mirror syndrome’ (Ballantyne's syndrome). J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2006; 19: 607–613
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rana S, Venkatesha S, DePaepe M, Chien E K, Paglia M, Karumanchi S A. Cytomegalovirus-induced mirror syndrome associated with elevated levels of circulating antiangiogenic factors. Obstet Gynecol 2007; 109: 549–552
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Signore C, Mills J L, Qian C, Yu K, Lam C, Epstein F H, Karumanchi S A, Levine R J. Circulating angiogenic factors and placental abruption. Obstet Gynecol 2006; 108: 338–344
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumazaki K, Nakayama M, Suehara N, Wada Y. Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor, placental growth factor, and their receptors Flt-1 and KDR in human placenta under pathologic conditions. Hum Pathol 2002; 33: 1069–1077
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Espinoza J, Chaiworapongsa T, Romero R, Kim Y M, Kim G J, Nien J K, Kusanovic J P, Erez O, Bujold E, Gonçalves L F, et al. Unexplained fetal death: Another anti-angiogenic state. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2007; 20: 495–507
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Espinoza J, Romero R, Nien J K, Gomez R, Kusanovic J P, Gonçalves L F, Medina L, Edwin S, Hassan S, Carstens M, et al. Identification of patients at risk for early onset and/or severe preeclampsia with the use of uterine artery Doppler velocimetry and placental growth factor. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2007; 196: 326–313
   PubMedGoogle Scholar