References
- Tortori-Donati P, Rossi A, Cama A. Spinal dysraphism: a review of neuroradiological features with embryological correlations and proposal for a new classification. Neuroradiology. 2000;42:471–491.
- Moscoso G. Congenital structural defects if the brain. In: Levene MI, Chervenak FA, editors. Fetal and neonatal neurology and neurosurgery. 4th ed. Philadelphia (PA): Churchill Livingstone Elsevier; 2009. p. 222–265.
- Kahn L, Biro EE, Smith RD, et al. Spina bifida occulta and aperta: a review of current treatment paradigms. J Neurosurg Sci. 2015;59:79–90.
- Ghi T, Pilu G, Falco P, et al. Prenatal diagnosis of open and closed spina bifida. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2006;28:899–903.
- Nicolaides KH, Campbell S, Gabbe SG, et al. Ultrasound screening for spina bifida: cranial and cerebellar signs. Lancet. 1986;328:72–74.
- Sattar TS, Bannister CM, Russell SA, et al. Pre-natal diagnosis of occult spinal dysraphism by ultrasonography and post-natal evaluation by MR scanning. Eur J Pediatr Surg. 1998;8:31–33.
- Monteagudo A, Timor-Tritsch IE, Pilu G. Anomalies of dorsal induction. In: Timor-Tritsch IE, Monteagudo A, Pilu G, Malinger G, editors. Ultrasonography of the prenatal brain. 3rd ed. New York: McGraw Hill Medica; 2012. p. 179–226.
- Noronha Neto C, Rolland AS, Moraes Filho OB, et al. Validation of ultrasound diagnosis of fetal anomalies at a reference center in Pernambuco. Rev Assoc Med Bras. 1992;55:541–546.
- Sepulveda W, Wong AE, Sepulveda F, et al. Prenatal diagnosis of spina bifida: from intracranial translucency to intrauterine surgery. Childs Nerv Syst. 2017;33:1083–1099.
- International Society of Ultrasound in Obstetrics, Gynecology Education Committee. Sonographic examination of the fetal central nervous system: guidelines for performing the “basic examination” and the ‘fetal neurosonogram’. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2007;29:109–116.
- Zalel Y, Lehavi O, Aizenstein O, et al. Development of the fetal spinal cord: time of ascendance of the normal conus medullaris as detected by sonography. J Ultrasound Med. 2006;25:1397–1401. quiz 1402.
- Coleman BG, Langer JE, Horii SC. The diagnostic features of spina bifida: the role of ultrasound. Fetal Diagn Ther. 2015;37:179–196.
- Adzick NS, Thom EA, Spong CY, et al. A randomized trial of prenatal versus postnatal repair of myelomeningocele. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:993–1004.