Effects of birth spacing on adverse childhood health outcomes: evidence from 34 countries in sub-Saharan Africa

References

• Cheslack Postava K, Winter AS. Short and long interpregnancy intervals: correlates and variations by pregnancy timing among U.S. Women. Perspect Sex Reprod Health. 2015;47(1):19–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. Report of a WHO technical consultation on birth spacing. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO; 13–15 June 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Gemmill A, Lindberg LD. Short interpregnancy intervals in the United States. Obstet Gynecol. 2013;122(1):64–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCrory C, McNally S. The effect of pregnancy intention on maternal prenatal behaviours and parent and child health: results of an Irish cohort study. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2013;27(2):208–215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutstein SO. Effects of preceding birth intervals on neonatal, infant and under-five years mortality and nutritional status in developing countries: evidence from the demographic and health surveys. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2005;89:S7–S24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saumya R, John T, Ian A. Correlates of inter-birth intervals: implications of optimal birth spacing strategies in Mozambique. Population Council; 2006.
   Google Scholar
• McGuire C, Stephenson R. Community factors influencing birth spacing among married women in Uganda and Zimbabwe. Afr J Reprod Health. 2015;19(1):14–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheslack-Postava K, Liu K, Bearman PS. Closely spaced pregnancies are associated with increased odds of autism in California sibling births. Pediatrics. 2011;127(2):246–253
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts CL, Algert CS, Ford JB, et al. Association between interpregnancy interval and the risk of recurrent loss after a midtrimester loss. Hum Reprod. 2016;31(12):2834–2840.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kozuki N, Lee AC, Silveira MF, et al. The associations of birth intervals with small-for-gestational-age, preterm, and neonatal and infant mortality: a meta-analysis. BMC Public Health. 2013;13(Suppl 3):S3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Q, Dang S, Bai R, et al. Association between maternal interpregnancy interval after live birth or pregnancy termination and birth weight: a quantile regression analysis. Sci Rep. 2018 ;8(1):4130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Eijsden M, Smits LJ, van der Wal MF, et al. Association between short interpregnancy intervals and term birth weight: the role of folate depletion. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;88(1):147–153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Benoist B, World Health Organization, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (US). Worldwide prevalence of anaemia 1993–2005 of: WHO Global Database of anaemia [Internet]. Geneva: World Health Organization; [cited 2018 May 24]; 2008. Available from: http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2008/9789241596657_eng.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Cheslack-Postava K, Suominen A, Jokiranta E, et al. Increased risk of autism spectrum disorders at short and long interpregnancy intervals in Finland. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2014;53(10):1074–1081.e4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guide_to_DHS_Statistics_29Oct2012_DHSG1.pdf. [cited 2018 Apr 10]. Available from: https://www.dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/DHSG1/Guide_to_DHS_Statistics_29Oct2012_DHSG1.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Yaya S, Bishwajit G, Ekholuenetale M, et al. Inadequate utilization of prenatal care services, socioeconomic status, and educational attainment are associated with low birth weight in Zimbabwe. Front Public Health. 2017;5:35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• United Nations Children’s Fund, World Health Organization, The World Bank. UNICEFWHO-World Bank joint child malnutrition estimates. New York: United Nations Children’s Emergency Fund; Geneva: WHO; Washington, DC: The World Bank; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• Rutstein SO, Staveteig S. Making the demographic and health surveys wealth index comparable. Vol. 43.
   Google Scholar
• Midi H, Sarkar SK, Rana S. Collinearity diagnostics of binary logistic regression model. J Interdiscip Math. 2010;13(3):253–267.
   Google Scholar
• Fotso JC, Cleland J, Mberu B, et al. Birth spacing and child mortality: an analysis of prospective data from the Nairobi urban health and demographic surveillance system. J Biosoc Sci. 2013;45(6):779–798.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rachmi CN, Agho KE, Li M, et al. Stunting, underweight and overweight in children aged 2.0–4.9 years in Indonesia: prevalence trends and associated risk factors. PLoS One. 2016;11(5):e0154756.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahande MJ, Obure J. Effect of interpregnancy interval on adverse pregnancy outcomes in northern Tanzania: a registry-based retrospective cohort study. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth. 2016;16(1):140.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanley GE, Hutcheon JA, Kinniburgh BA, et al. Interpregnancy interval and adverse pregnancy outcomes: an analysis of successive pregnancies. Obstet Gynecol. 2017;129(3):408–415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dewey KG, Cohen RJ. Does birth spacing affect maternal or child nutritional status? A systematic literature review. Matern Child Nutr. 2007;3(3):151–173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DaVanzo J, Hale L, Razzaque A, et al. Effects of interpregnancy interval and outcome of the preceding pregnancy on pregnancy outcomes in MATLAB, Bangladesh. BJOG. 2007;114(9):1079–1087.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DaVanzo J, Razzaque A, Rahman M, et al. The effects of birth spacing on infant and child mortality, pregnancy outcomes, and maternal morbidity and mortality in MATLAB, Bangladesh.: 160.
   Google Scholar
• Shahjada A, Sharma B, Sharma S, et al. Effects of birth interval on nutritional status of underfive children in periurban area of Madhya Pradesh, India. Int J Med Sci Public Health. 2014;3(6):723.
   Google Scholar