References
- Say L, Chou D, Gemmill A, et al. Global causes of maternal death: a WHO systematic analysis. Lancet Glob Health. 2014;2(6):e323–e333.
- Oladapo OT, Adetoro OO, Ekele BA, et al. When getting there is not enough: a nationwide cross-sectional study of 998 maternal deaths and 1451 near-misses in public tertiary hospitals in a low-income country. BJOG. 2016;123(6):928–938.
- Tunçalp O, Hindin MJ, Souza JP, et al. The prevalence of maternal near miss: a systematic review. BJOG. 2012;119(6):653–661.
- Green L, Knight M, Seeney FM, et al. The epidemiology and outcomes of women with postpartum haemorrhage requiring massive transfusion with eight or more units of red cells: a national cross-sectional study. BJOG. 2016;123(13):2164–2170.
- Mantel GD, Buchmann E, Rees H, et al. Severe acute maternal morbidity: a pilot study of a definition for a near-miss. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1998;105(9):985–990.
- Knight M, UKOSS. Peripartum hysterectomy in the UK: management and outcomes of the associated haemorrhage. BJOG. 2007;114(11):1380–1387.
- Jayaratnam S, Burton A, Connan KF, et al. Maternal “near miss” at Royal Darwin Hospital: an analysis of severe maternal morbidity at an Australian regional tertiary maternity unit. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol. 2016;56(4):381–386.
- Sheldon WR, Blum J, Vogel JP, et al. Postpartum haemorrhage management, risks, and maternal outcomes: findings from the World Health Organization Multicountry Survey on Maternal and Newborn Health. BJOG. 2014;121(1):5–13.
- World Health Organization. WHO recommendations for the prevention and treatment of postpartum haemorrhage. Geneva (Switzerland): World Health Organization; 2012.
- Hunter DJ, Schulz P, Wassenaar W. Effect of carbetocin, a long-acting oxytocin analog on the postpartum uterus. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1992;52(1):60–67.
- Amsalem H, Aldrich CJ, Oskamp M, et al. Postpartum uterine response to oxytocin and carbetocin. J Reprod Med. 2014;59(3–4):167–173.
- Attilakos G, Psaroudakis D, Ash J, et al. Carbetocin versus oxytocin for the prevention of postpartum haemorrhage following caesarean section: the results of a double-blind randomised trial. BJOG. 2010;117(8):929–936.
- Dansereau J, Joshi AK, Helewa ME, et al. Double-blind comparison of carbetocin versus oxytocin in prevention of uterine atony after cesarean section. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999;180(3):670–676.
- Maged AM, Hassan AM, Shehata NA. Carbetocin versus oxytocin for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage after vaginal delivery in high risk women. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2016;29(4):532–536.
- Taheripanah R, Shoman A, Karimzadeh MA, et al. Efficacy of oxytocin versus carbetocin in prevention of postpartum hemorrhage after cesarean section under general anesthesia: a prospective randomized clinical trial. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2018;31(21):2807–2812.
- Elbohoty AE, Mohammed WE, Sweed M, et al. Randomized controlled trial comparing carbetocin, misoprostol, and oxytocin for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage following an elective cesarean delivery. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2016;134(3):324–328.
- Nirmala K, Zainuddin AA, Ghani NA, et al. Carbetocin versus syntometrine in prevention of post-partum hemorrhage following vaginal delivery. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2009;35(1):48–54.
- van der Nelson HA, Draycott T, Siassakos D, et al. Carbetocin versus oxytocin for prevention of post-partum haemorrhage at caesarean section in the United Kingdom: an economic impact analysis. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2017;210:286–291.
- Voon HY, Shafie AA, Bujang MA, et al. Cost effectiveness analysis of carbetocin during cesarean section in a high volume maternity unit. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2018;44(1):109–116.
- Widmer M, Piaggio G, Abdel-Aleem H, et al. Room temperature stable carbetocin for the prevention of postpartum haemorrhage during the third stage of labour in women delivering vaginally: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials. 2016;17(1):143.
- Kalafat E, Gokce A, Sukur E, et al. Efficacy of carbetocin in the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage following vaginal or cesarean delivery: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PROSPERO; 2018 CRD42018081803. Available from: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=81803.
- Henderson LK, Craig JC, Willis NS, et al. How to write a Cochrane systematic review. Nephrol (Carlton). 2010;15(6):617–624.
- NHS Centre for Reviews and Dissemination. Systematic reviews: CRD’s guidance for undertaking reviews in health care. York (UK): University of York; 2009.
- Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, et al. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses: the PRISMA statement. J Clin Epidemiol. 2009;62(10):1006–1012.
- Higgins JPT, Altman DG. Assessing risk of bias in included studies. In: Higgins JPT, Green S, editors. Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. Wiley; 2008. p. 187–241. doi:10.1002/9780470712184.ch8
- Higgins JP, Thompson SG, Deeks JJ, et al. Measuring inconsistency in meta-analyses. BMJ. 2003;327(7414):557–560.
- Sterne JAC, Egger M. Funnel plots for detecting bias in meta-analysis: guidelines on choice of axis. J Clin Epidemiol. 2001;54(10):1046–1055.
- Askar AA, Ismail MT, El-Ezz AA, et al. Carbetocin versus syntometrine in the management of third stage of labor following vaginal delivery. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2011;284(6):1359–1365.
- Borruto F, Treisser A, Comparetto C. Utilization of carbetocin for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage after cesarean section: a randomized clinical trial. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2009;280(5):707–712.
- Boucher M, Horbay GL, Griffin P, et al. Double-blind, randomized comparison of the effect of carbetocin and oxytocin on intraoperative blood loss and uterine tone of patients undergoing cesarean section. J Perinatol. 1998;18(3):202–207.
- Boucher M, Nimrod CA, Tawagi GF, et al. Comparison of carbetocin and oxytocin for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage following vaginal delivery: a double-blind randomized trial. J Obstet Gynaecol Can. 2004;26(5):481–488.
- Carrillo-Gaucín S, Torres-Gómez LG. Carbetocina y oxitocina: prevencioń de hemorragia posparto en pacientes con factores de riesgo para atoniá uterina [Carbetocin and oxytocin: prevention of postpartum hemorrhage in patients with risk factors for uterine atony]. Rev Med Inst Mex Seguro Soc. 2016;54(3):S284–S290. [Spanish]
- El Behery MM, El Sayed GA, El Hameed AA, et al. Carbetocin versus oxytocin for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage in obese nulliparous women undergoing emergency cesarean delivery. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2016;29(8):1257–1260.
- Elgafor el Sharkwy IA. Carbetocin versus sublingual misoprostol plus oxytocin infusion for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage at cesarean section in patients with risk factors: a randomized, open trail study. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2013;288(6):1231–1236.
- Fahmy NG, Yousef HM, Zaki HV. Comparative study between effect of carbetocin and oxytocin on isoflurane-induced uterine hypotonia in twin pregnancy patients undergoing cesarean section. Egypt J Anaesth. 2016;32(1):117–121.
- Fahmy AA, Fawzy M. Oxytocin infusion after oxytocin bolus and carbetocin bolus to reduce blood loss during and after caesarean section – A randomized clinical trial. Med J. 2015;83:79–83.
- Monte-Fenix AP, Vera TR, Gorgonio NN. Double-blind randomized controlled trial comparing the effect of carbetocin and oxytocin for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage among high risk women following vaginal delivery. Philipp J Obstet Gynecol. 2011;35:169–175.
- Jenkumwong P, Ratchanon S, Ouitrakul S. Double-blind randomized comparison of carbetocin versus oxytocin for decrease blood loss from cesarean section in low-risk uterine atony. J Preg Child Health. 2017;4:350.
- Kabir N, Akter D, Daisy TA, et al. Efficacy and safety of carbetocin in comparison to oxytocin in the active management of third stage of labour following vaginal delivery: an open label randomized control trial. Bangladesh J Obstet Gynecol. 2016;30(1):3–9.
- Ibrahim KAAM, Saad AS. Prevention of postpartum haemorrhage in patients with severe preeclampsia using carbetocin versus misoprostol. Apollo Med. 2017;14(2):117–122. doi:10.1016/j.apme.2017.02.008
- Leung SW, Ng PS, Wong WY, et al. A randomised trial of carbetocin versus syntometrine in the management of the third stage of labour. BJOG. 2006;113(12):1459–1464.
- Mohamed Maged A, Ragab AS, Elnassery N, et al. Carbetocin versus syntometrine for prevention of postpartum hemorrhage after cesarean section. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2017;30(8):962–966.
- Mannaerts D, Van der Veeken L, Coppejans H, et al. Adverse Effects of carbetocin versus oxytocin in the prevention of postpartum haemorrhage after caesarean section: a randomized controlled trial. J Preg. 2018;2018:1374150.
- Moertl MG, Friedrich S, Kraschl J, et al. Haemodynamic effects of carbetocin and oxytocin given as intravenous bolus on women undergoing caesarean delivery: a randomised trial. BJOG. 2011;118(11):1349–1356.
- Mohamed MA, Abdo AA, Ahmed ME, et al. Prophylactic B-Lynch suture (modified technique) versus prophylactic carbetocin and prophylactic oxytocin during cesarean section in women at high risk for atonic postpartum hemorrhage. J Evid-Based Womens Health J Soc. 2016;6(2):37–41.
- Mohamed HF, Mustafa GF, Ibrahim MA, et al. Comparative study between intravenous bolus dose of carbetocin versus oxytocin during caesarean delivery in healthy parturients on blood loss. Med J. 2015;83:167–172.
- Qui Y, Xie H. 卡谝縮宫素对阴道分娩产后出血预防作用 [The effect of carbetocin on preventing postpartum hemorrhage in vaginal delivery]. Fudan Univ J Med Sci. 2014;41:102–105. [Chinese]
- Razali N, Md Latar IL, Chan YK, et al. Carbetocin compared to oxytocin in emergency cesarean section: a randomized trial. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2016;198:35–39.
- Reyes OA. Carbetocina vs. oxitocina para la prevención de hemorragia posparto en pacientes grandes multíparas: estudio aleatorizado controlado [Carbetocin vs oxytocin for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage in grand multiparous patients: a randomized controlled trial]. Clin Investig Ginecol Obstet. 2011;38(1):2–7. [Spanish]
- Rosseland LA, Hauge TH, Grindheim G, et al. Changes in blood pressure and cardiac output during cesarean delivery: the effects of oxytocin and carbetocin compared with placebo. Anesthesiology. 2013;119(3):541–551.
- Samimi M, Imani-Harsini A, Abedzadeh-Kalahroudi M. Carbetocin vs. syntometrine in Prevention of postpartum hemorrhage: a Double Blind Randomized Control Trial. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2013;15(9):817–822.
- Su LL, Rauff M, Chan YH, et al. Carbetocin versus syntometrine for the third stage of labour following vaginal delivery – a double-blind randomised controlled trial. BJOG. 2009;116(11):1461–1466.
- Whigham CA, Gorelik A, Loughnan TE, et al. Carbetocin versus oxytocin to reduce additional uterotonic use at non-elective cesarean section: a double-blind, randomised trial. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2016;29(23):3866–3869.
- Jin B, Du Y, Zhang F, et al. Carbetocin for the prevention of postpartum hemorrhage: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2016;29(3):400–407.
- Su LL, Chong YS, Samuel M. Carbetocin for preventing postpartum haemorrhage. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012:CD005457.
- Stephens LC, Bruessel T. Systematic review of oxytocin dosing at caesarean section. Anaesthesiol Intensive Care. 2012;40(2):247–252.
- Gallos ID, Williams HM, Price MJ, et al. Uterotonic agents for preventing postpartum haemorrhage: a network meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2018;4:CD011689.
- Jansen JP, Naci H. Is network meta-analysis as valid as standard pairwise meta-analysis? It all depends on the distribution of effect modifiers. BMC Med. 2013;11:159.
- Gluck O, Mizrachi Y, Kovo M, et al. Major underestimation and overestimation of visual blood loss during cesarean deliveries: can they be predicted? Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2017;296(5):907–913.
- Mbachu II, Udigwe GO, Ezeama CO, et al. Effect of on-site training on the accuracy of blood loss estimation in a simulated obstetrics environment. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2017;137(3):345–349.
- Johar RS, Smith RP. Assessing gravimetric estimation of intraoperative blood loss. J Gynecol Surg. 1993;9(3):151–154.
- Subramaniam A, Abramovici AR, Szychowski JM, et al. Higher-dose oxytocin to prevent obstetric hemorrhage at vaginal delivery-does duration of infusion matter? Am J Perinatol. 2014;31(11):1003–1008.
- Löytved-Hardegg JJ, Brunner M, Ries JJ, et al. Replacement of oxytocin bolus administration by infusion: influences on postpartum outcome. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2016;293(6):1219–1225.
- Duffield A, McKenzie C, Carvalho B, et al. Effect of a high-rate versus a low-rate oxytocin infusion for maintaining uterine contractility during elective cesarean delivery: a prospective randomized clinical trial. Anesth Analg. 2017;124(3):857–862.
- Sheehan SR, Montgomery AA, Carey M, et al. Oxytocin bolus versus oxytocin bolus and infusion for control of blood loss at elective caesarean section: double blind, placebo controlled, randomised trial. BMJ. 2011;343:d4661.
- Torloni MR, Gomes Freitas C, Kartoglu UH, et al. Quality of oxytocin available in low- and middle-income countries: a systematic review of the literature. BJOG. 2016;123(13):2076–2086.