References
- Dalton KJ, Dawes GS, Patrick JE. The autonomic nervous system and fetal heart rate variability. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1983;146(4):456–462.
- Jensen EC, Bennet L, Guild SJ. The role of the neural sympathetic and parasympathetic systems in diurnal and sleep state-related cardiovascular rhythms in the late-gestation ovine fetus. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2009;297(4):R998–R1008.
- Wheeler T, Gennser G, Lindvall R, et al. Changes in the fetal heart rate associated with fetal breathing and fetal movement. BJOG. 1980;87(12):1068–1079.
- Patrick J, Campbell K, Carmichael L, et al. Influence of maternal heart rate and gross fetal body movements on the daily pattern of fetal heart rate near term. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1982;144(5):533–538.
- George S, Gunn AJ, Westgate JA, et al. Fetal heart rate variability and brain stem injury after asphyxia in preterm fetal sheep. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol. 2004;287(4):R925–R933.
- Lewis D, Downe S, FIGO Intrapartum Fetal Monitoring Expert Consensus Panel. FIGO consensus guidelines on intrapartum fetal monitoring: intermittent auscultation. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2015;131(1):9–12.
- Nunes I, Ayres-de-Campos D, Kwee A, et al. Prolonged saltatory fetal heart rate pattern leading to newborn metabolic acidosis. Clin Exp Obstet Gynecol. 2014;41(5):507–511.
- Cibils LA. Clinical significance of fetal heart rate patterns during labor. I. Baseline patterns. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1976;125(3):290–305.
- Gimovsky ML, Goh W, Fitzgerald K. Fetal monitoring casebook. The saltatory fetal heart rate pattern. J Perinatol. 1991;11(4):386–389.
- O'Brien-Abel NE, Benedetti TJ. Saltatory fetal heart rate pattern. J Perinatol. 1992;12(1):13–17.
- Cohn HE, Piasecki GJ, Jackson BT. The effect of fetal heart rate on cardiovascular function during hypoxemia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1980;138(8):1190–1199.
- Gracia-Perez-Bonfils A, Chandraharan E. Fetal oxygenation. In: Chandraharan E, editor. Handbook of CTG interpretation. From patterns to physiology. Cambridge (MA): Cambridge University Press; 2017. p. 6–12.
- Westgate JA, Wibbens B, Bennet L, et al. The intrapartum deceleration in center stage: a physiologic approach to the interpretation of fetal heart rate changes in labor. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2007;197(3):236.e1–236.11.
- Fletcher AJW, Gardner DS, Edwards CMB, et al. Development of the ovine fetal cardiovascular defense to hypoxemia towards full term. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2006;291(6):H3023–H3034.
- Itskovitz J, LaGamma EF, Rudolph AM. Heart rate and blood pressure responses to umbilical cord compression in fetal lambs with special reference to the mechanism of variable deceleration. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1983;147(4):451–457.
- Beard RW, Filshie GM, Knight CA, et al. The significance of the changes in the continuous fetal heart rate in the first stage of labour. BJOGG. 1971;78(10):865–881.
- Paul RH, Suidan AK, Yeh S, et al. Clinical fetal monitoring. VII. The evaluation and significance of intrapartum basehe fetal heart rate variability. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1975;123(2):206–210.
- Kozuma S, Watanabe T, Bennet L, et al. The effect of carotid sinus denervation on fetal heart rate variation in normoxia, hypoxia and post-hypoxia in fetal sheep. BJOG. 1997;104(4):460–465.
- Murotsuki J, Bocking AD, Gagnon R. Fetal heart rate patterns in growth-restricted fetal sheep induced by chronic fetal placental embolization. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1997;176(2):282–290.
- Parer JT, Dijkstra HR, Vredebregt PP, et al. Increased fetal heart rate variability with acute hypoxia in chronically instrumented sheep. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 1980;10(6):393–399.
- Westgate JA, Bennet L, Gunn AJ. Fetal heart rate variability changes during brief repeated umbilical cord occlusion in near term fetal sheep. BJOG. 1999;106(7):664–671.
- Ikeda T, Murata Y, Quilligan EJ, et al. Fetal heart rate patterns in postasphyxiated fetal lambs with brain damage. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1998;179(5):1329–1337.
- Yanamandra N, Chandraharan E. Saltatory and Sinusoidal fetal heart rate (FHR) Patterns and significance of FHR “Overshoots”. CWHR. 2014;9(3):175–182.
- Ayres-De-Campos D, Spong CY, Chandraharan E, et al. FIGO consensus guidelines on intrapartum fetal monitoring: cardiotocography. Int J Gynecol Obstet. 2015;131(1):13–24.
- Westgate JA, Bennet L, Gunn AJ. Fetal seizures causing increased heart rate variability during terminal fetal hypoxia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1999;181(3):765–766.
- Okamura M, Itakura A, Kurauchi O, et al. Fetal heart rate patterns associated with periventricular leukomalacia. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 1997;56(1):13–18.
- Kurahashi H, Okumura A, Kubota T, et al. Increased fetal heart rate variability in periventricular leukomalacia. Brain Dev. 2016;38(2):196–203.
- Rosén KG, Norén H, Carlsson A. FHR patterns that become significant in connection with ST waveform changes and metabolic acidosis at birth. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2019;32(19):3288–3293.
- Xie W, Archer A, Li C, et al. Fetal heart rate changes observed on the CTG trace during instrumental vaginal delivery. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2019;32(1):117–124.