References
- ACOG Task Force on Neonatal Encephalopathy. Executive summary: neonatal encephalopathy and neurologic outcome, second edition. Obstet Gynecol. 2014;123(4):896–901.
- MacLennan AH, Thompson SC, Gecz J. Cerebral palsy: causes, pathways, and the role of genetic variants. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015;213(6):779–788.
- Tagin MA, Woolcott CG, Vincer MJ, et al. Hypothermia for neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2012;166(6):558–566.
- Saling E. Das Kind im Bereich der Geburtshilfe: eine Einführung in Ausgewählte Aktuelle Fragen. Stuttgart: Thieme; 1966.
- Armstrong L, Stenson BJ. Use of umbilical cord blood gas analysis in the assessment of the newborn. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonat Ed. 2007;92(6):F430–F434.
- Goldaber KG, Gilstrap LC, Leveno KJ, et al. Pathologic fetal acidemia. Obstet Gynecol. 1991;78(6):1103–1107.
- Ross MG, Gala R. Use of umbilical artery base excess: algorithm for the timing of hypoxic injury. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002;187(1):1–9.
- Low JA. Determining the contribution of asphyxia to brain damage in the neonate. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2004;30(4):276–286.
- Malin GL, Morris RK, Khan KS. Strength of association between umbilical cord pH and perinatal and long term outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMJ. 2010;340:c1471.
- Peliowski-Davidovich A, Canadian Paediatric S, Fetus and Newborn Committee. Hypothermia for newborns with hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy. Paediatr Child Heal. 2012;17(1):41–46.
- Committee on Fetus and Newborn, Papile L-A, Baley JE, Benitz W, et al. Hypothermia and neonatal encephalopathy. Pediatrics. 2014;133(6):1146–1150.
- Garfinkle J, Wintermark P, Shevell MI, et al. Cerebral palsy after neonatal encephalopathy: how much is preventable?. J Pediatr. 2015;167(1):58–63.e1.
- Vesoulis ZA, Liao SM, Rao R, et al. Re-examining the arterial cord blood gas pH screening criteria in neonatal encephalopathy. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed. 2018;103(4):F377–F382.
- Shah PS, Ohlsson A, Perlman M. Hypothermia to treat neonatal hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy: systematic review. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2007;161(10):951–958.
- Olofsson P. Determination of base excess in umbilical cord blood at birth: accessory or excess? Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015;213(3):259–261.
- Mokarami P. Pitfalls in interpreting umbilical cord blood gases and lactate at birth. [doctoral thesis]. Lund, Sweden: Lund University; 2013.
- Berend K. Diagnostic use of base excess in acid–base disorders. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(15):1419–1428.
- Mokarami P, Wiberg N, Olofsson P. An overlooked aspect on metabolic acidosis at birth: blood gas analyzers calculate base deficit differently. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2012;91(5):574–579.
- Racinet C, Ouellet P, Charles F, et al. Neonatal metabolic acidosis at birth: in search of a reliable marker. Gynecol Obstet Fertil. 2016;44(6):357–362.
- Racinet C, Peresse JF, Richalet G, et al. Neonatal eucapnic pH at birth: application in a cohort of 5392 neonates. Gynecol Obstet Fertil. 2016;44(9):468–474.
- Kro GAB, Yli BM, Rasmussen S, et al. A new tool for the validation of umbilical cord acid–base data. BJOG Int J Obstet Gynaecol. 2010;117(12):1544–1552.
- Brackett NC, Cohen JJ, Schwartz WB. Carbon dioxide titration curve of normal man – effect of increasing degrees of acute hypercapnia on acid-based equilibrium. N Engl J Med. 1965;272(1):6–12.
- Andersen OS, Engel K. A new acid-base nomogram. An improved method for the calculation of the relevant blood acid-base data. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1960;12(2):177–186.
- CLSI. Blood gas and pH analysis and related measurements; approved guideline. CLSI document. C46-A2. 2nd ed. Wayne (PA): Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute; 2009.
- Nunn J. Nomenclature and presentation of hydrogen ion regulation data. In: Evans F, Gray T, editors. Modern trends in anaesthesia. 2nd ed. London: Butterworths; 1962.
- Jørgensen K, Astrup P. Standard bicarbonate, its clinical significance, and a new method for its determination. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 1957;9(2):122–132.
- Eisenberg M, Cummings R, Ho M. Code blue: cardiac arrest and resuscitation. Philadelphia (PA): Saunders; 1987.
- Blickstein I, Green T. Umbilical cord blood gases. Clin Perinatol. 2007;34(3):451–459.
- Racinet C, Ouellet P, Muraskas J, et al. Neonatal cord blood eucapnic pH: a potential biomarker predicting the need for transfer to the NICU. Arch Pediatr. 2019. Accepted for Publication.
- Better Outcome Registry & Network [Internet]. [cited 2019 Nov 8]. Available from: https://www.bornontario.ca/en/about-born/.
- Sarnat HB, Sarnat MS. Neonatal encephalopathy following fetal distress. A clinical and electroencephalographic study. Arch Neurol. 1976;33(10):696–705.
- Henderson LJ. Concerning the relationship between the strength of acids and their capacity to preserve neutrality. Am J Physiol Legacy Content. 1908;21(2):173–179.
- Zhou XH, Obuchowski NA, McClish DK. Statistical methods in diagnostic medicine. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley; 2011.
- Jacobs SE, Berg M, Hunt R, et al. Cooling for newborns with hypoxic ischaemic encephalopathy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;1(1):CD003311.
- Zou KH, O’Malley AJ, Mauri L. Receiver-operating characteristic analysis for evaluating diagnostic tests and predictive models. Circulation. 2007;115(5):654–657.
- Martin L. All you really need to know to interpret arterial blood gases. 2nd ed. Philadelphia (PA): Lippincott Williams & Wilkins; 1999. p. 254.
- Knutzen L, Svirko E, Impey L. The significance of base deficit in acidemic term neonates. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2015;213(3):373.e1–373.e7.
- Kofstad J. Base excess: A historical review – has the calculation of base excess been more standardised the last 20 years?. Clin Chim Acta. 2001;307(1–2):193–195.
- Pomerance JJ (ed.) Interpreting umbilical cord blood gases for clinicians caring for the fetus or newborn. 2nd ed. Glendora, CA: BNMG Publisher; 2012.
- Yeh P, Emary K, Impey L. The relationship between umbilical cord arterial pH and serious adverse neonatal outcome: analysis of 51,519 consecutive validated samples. BJOG. 2012;119(7):824–831.
- Youden WJ. Index for rating diagnostic tests. Cancer. 1950;3(1):32–35.
- De Paco C, Herrera J, Garcia C, et al. Effects of delayed cord clamping on the third stage of labour, maternal haematological parameters and acid–base status in fetuses at term. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2016;207:153–156.
- Westgate J, Garibaldi JM, Greene KR. Umbilical cord blood gas analysis at delivery: a time for quality data. BJOG. 1994;101(12):1054–1063.