Populism as a layered system: ideological, social identity, and psychodynamic perspectives

References

• Achen, C. H., and L. M. Bartels. 2016. Democracy for Realists: Why Elections do not Produce Responsive Government. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Adorno, T. W., E. Frenkel-Brunswick, D. J. Levinson, and R. N. Sanford. 1950. The Authoritarian Personality. New York: Harper-Row.
   Google Scholar
• Archer, M. S. 1995. Realist Social Theory: The Morphogenetic Approach. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Auerbach, C. 2020. “How is Democracy Possible? Critical Realist, Social Psychological and Psychodynamic Approaches.” Journal of Critical Realism 19 (3): 252–286s. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/14767430.2020.1758987.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben-Ghiat, R. 2020. Strongmen: Mussolini to the Present. New York: Norton.
   Google Scholar
• Benjamin, J. 2018. Beyond Doer and Done to: Recognition Theory, Intersubjectivity and the Third. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Bhaskar, R., B. Danermark, and L. Price. 2017. Interdisciplinarity and Wellbeing: A Critical Realist General Theory of Interdisciplinarity. London: Taylor & Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Bos, L., C. Schemer, N. Corbu, M. Hameleers, I. Andreadis, A. Schulz, D. Schmuck, R. Carsten, and N. Fawzi. 2020. “The Effects of Populism as a Social Identity Frame on Persuasion and Mobilisation: Evidence from a 15-Country Experiment.” European Journal of Political Research 59: 3–24.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casselman, B. 2017, January 9. “Stop Saying Trump’s Win Had Nothing To Do With Economics.” https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/stop-saying-trumps-win-had-nothing-to-do-with-economics/.
   Google Scholar
• CNN. 2017, February 9. “J. D. Vance: Trump Has Running Room with White Working Class.” https://www.cnn.com/2017/02/09/politics/axe-files-jd-vance-david- axelrod/index.html.
   Google Scholar
• deTocqueville, A. 2002. Democracy in America. Translated by H. C. Mansfield & D. Winthrop. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Durkheim, É. 1912. The Elementary Forms of the Religious Life. Translated by K. E. Fields. New York: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Everett, J., N. Faber, and M. Crockett. 2015. “Preferences and Beliefs in Ingroup Favoritism.” Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience 9: 15. doi:https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeden, M. 2003. Ideology: A Very Short Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Fromm, E. 1973. The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness. New York: Henry Holt.
   Google Scholar
• Fukuyama, F. 2018. Identity: The Demand for Dignity and the Politics of Resentment. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giraux.
   Google Scholar
• Guttman, A. 2003. Identity and Democracy. New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hobbes, T. 1651/1982. Leviathan. New York: Penguin.
   Google Scholar
• Hobfoll, S. E. 2018. Tribalism: The Evolutionary Origins of Fear Politics. New York: Palgrave MacMillan.
   Google Scholar
• Hochschild, A. R. 2016a. Strangers in Their Own Land: Anger and Mourning on the American Right. New York: The New Press.
   Google Scholar
• Hochschild, A. R. 2016b. “The Ecstatic Edge of Politics: Sociology and Donald Trump.” Contemporary Sociology 45 (6): 683–689.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman, L. 2018. “Psychoanalytic Perspectives on Populism.” Contemporary Psychoanalysis 54 (2): 266–289. doi:https://doi.org/10.1080/00107530.2018.1458347.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inglehart, R., and C. Welzel. 2005. Modernization, Cultural Change, and Democracy: The Human Development Sequence. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Janis, I. L. 1982. Groupthink: Psychological Studies of Policy Decisions and Fiascoes. Boston, MA: Wadsworth.
   Google Scholar
• Jardina, A. 2019. White Identity Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kaltwasser, C. R., P. A. Taggart, P. O. Espejo, and P. Ostiguy. 2017. The Oxford Handbook of Populism. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Klein, M. 1975a. Love, Guilt and Reparation: And Other Works 1921-1945. New York: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Klein, M. 1975b. Envy and Gratitude and Other Works, 1946–1963. New York: Free Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kohut, H. 1985. The Analysis of the Self: A Systematic Approach to the Psychoanalytic Treatment of Narcissistic Personality Disorders. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Laclau, E., and C. Mouffe. 1985. Hegemony and Socialist Strategy: Towards a Radical Democratic Politics. New York: Verso.
   Google Scholar
• Levine, D. P. 2018. Dark Fantasy: Regressive Movements and the Search for Meaning in Politics. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Likieman, M. 2001. Melanie Klein: Her Work in Context. New York: Continuum.
   Google Scholar
• Locke, J. 1689/2003). Two Treatises of Government and a Letter Concerning Toleration. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
   Google Scholar
• McAfee, N. 2019. Fear of Breakdown: Politics and Psychoanalysis. New York: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mead, G. H. 1934. Mind, Self, and Society: From the Standpoint of a Social Behaviorist. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Metzinger, T. 2003. Being No One: The Self-Model Theory of Subjectivity. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
   Google Scholar
• Milgram, S. 1974. Obedience to Authority: An Experimental View. New York: Harper & Row.
   Google Scholar
• Mirriam-Webster. n.d. Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary. Accessed July 17, 2021 from https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/grievance.
   Google Scholar
• Mudde, C., and C. R. Kaltwasser. 2017. Populism: A Very Short Introduction. New York: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Muldoon, R. 2016. Social Contract Theory for a Diverse World: Beyond Tolerance. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Norrie, A. 2010. Dialectic and Difference: Dialectical Critical Realism and the Grounds of Justice. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Norris, P., and R. Inglehart. 2019. Cultural Backlash: Trump, Brexit, and Authoritarian Populism. New York: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Ogden, T. 1986. The Matrix of the Mind: Object Relations and the Psychoanalytic Dialogue. New Jersey: Jason Aaronson.
   Google Scholar
• Post, J. M. 2004. Leaders and Their Followers in a Dangerous World. New York: Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Post, J. M. 2019. Dangerous Charisma: The Political Psychology of Donald Trump and His Followers. New York: Pegasus.
   Google Scholar
• Public trust in government: 1958-2019. 2019, April 11. https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2019/04/11/public-trust-in-government-1958-2019/.
   Google Scholar
• Rawls, J. 1987. A Theory of Justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rousseau, J.-J. 1762/1987. The Basic Political Writings. Translated by D. A. Cress. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett.
   Google Scholar
• Sembera, R. 2017. Metapsychology for Contemporary Psychoanalysis: Mind, World, and Self. New York, NY: Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group.
   Google Scholar
• Spruyt, B., G. Keppens, and F. V. Droogenbroeck. 2016. “.Who Supports Populism and What Attracts People to It?” Political Research Quarterly 69 (2): 225–346.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Studdert, D., and V. Walkerdine. 2016. Rethinking Community Research: Inter-Relationality, Communal Being and Commonality. London: Palgrave MacMillan.
   Google Scholar
• Tajfel, H., and J. C. Turner. 1979. “An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict.” In The Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations, edited by W. G. Austin and S. Worchel, 33–47. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
   Google Scholar
• Time. 2016, July 21. Donald Trump Acceptance Speech at the Republican Convention Transcript. Retrieved from https://time.com/4418493/republican-convention-donald-trump-transcript.
   Google Scholar
• Time. 2017, January 20. Donald Trump Inauguration Speech Transcript. https://time.com/4640707/donald-trump-inauguration-speech-transcript.
   Google Scholar
• Tormey, S. 2019. Populism: A Beginner’s Guide. London: Oneworld Publications.
   Google Scholar
• Urbanati, N. 2019. Me the People: How Populism Transforms Democracy. Cambridge: Mass.: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Vance, J. D. 2016. Hillbilly Elegy. New York: Harper Collins.
   Google Scholar
• Winnicott, D. W. 1982. Playing and Reality. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Zimbardo, P. 2007. The Lucifer Effect: Understanding How Good People Turn Evil. New York: Random House.
   Google Scholar
• Zizek, S. 2009. The Sublime Object of Ideology. 2nd ed. New York: Verso.
   Google Scholar