Phylogeography and population genetics of the riparian relict tree Pterocarya fraxinifolia (Juglandaceae) in the South Caucasus

References

• Akhani, H., Djamali, M., Ghorbanalizadeh, A., & Ramezani, E. (2010). Plant biodiversity of Hyrcanian relict forests, N Iran: An overview of the flora, vegetation, palaeoecology and conservation. Pakistan Journal of Botany, 42, 231–258. Retrieved from: http://www.pakbs.org/pjbot (accessed 19 April 2017).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akhani, H., & Salimian, M. (2003). An extant disjunct stand of Pterocarya fraxinifolia (Juglandaceae) in the central Zagros Mountains, W Iran. Willdenowia, 33, 113–120. Retrieved from: http://www.jstor.org (accessed 19 April 2017).
   Google Scholar
• Aldous, D. (2001). Stochastic models and descriptive statistics for phylogenetic trees, from Yule to today. Statistical Science, 16, 23–34. Retrieved from: http://www.jstor.org (accessed 19 April 2017).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alizade, A. A., Tagieva, E. N., & Bayramova, S. S. (2014). Пaлинострaтигрaфия и условия формировaния мaйкопской свиты Шaмaхa-Гобустaнской облaсти Аaербaйджaнa [Palynostratigraphy and environments of formation of Maykop suite of Shemakha-Gobustan region of Azerbaijan]. Vestnik Permskogo Universiteta: Paleontologiya i Stratigrafiya, 4, 8–21.
   Google Scholar
• Avşar, M. D. (2002). Comparison of some fruit characteristics of the two Caucasian wingnut (Pterocarya fraxinifolia (Poiret.) Spach.) communities in the Kahramanmaraş region. Kahramanmaraş Sütçüimam University Journal of Engineering Science, 5, 56–60.
   Google Scholar
• Bandelt, H. J., Forster, P., & Rohl, A. (1999). Median-joining networks for inferring intraspecific phylogenies. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 16, 37–48. doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026036
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benjamini, Y., & Hochberg, Y. (1995). Controlling the false discovery rate - a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B-Methodological, 57, 289–300. Retrieved from: http://www.jstor.org (accessed 19 April 2017).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berg, E. E., & Hamrick, J. L. (1994). Spatial and genetic-structure of 2 sandhills oaks - Quercus laevis and Quercus margaretta (Fagaceae). American Journal of Botany, 81, 7–14. Retrieved from: http://www.jstor.org (accessed 19 April 2017).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biltekin, D., Popescu, S. M., Suc, J. P., Quezel, P., Jimenez-Moreno, G., Yavuz, N., & Cagatay, M. N. (2015). Anatolia: A long-time plant refuge area documented by pollen records over the last 23 million years. Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 215, 1–22. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2014.12.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bittencourt, J. V. M., & Sebbenn, A. M. (2007). Patterns of pollen and seed dispersal in a small, fragmented population of the wind-pollinated tree Araucaria angustifolia in southern Brazil. Heredity, 99, 580–591. doi:10.1038/sj.hdy.6801019
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Botstein, D., White, R. L., Skolnick, M., & Davis, R. W. (1980). Construction of a genetic-linkage map in man using Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms. American Journal of Human Genetics, 32, 314–331. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (accessed 19 April 2017).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browicz, K. (1989). Chorology of the Euxinian and Hyrcanian element in the woody flora of Asia. Plant Systematics and Evolution, 162, 305–314. doi:10.1007/BF00936923
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browicz, K., & Zielinski, J. (1982). Chronology of trees and shrubs in south-west Asia and adjacent regions. Warsaw: Polish Scientific Publishers.
   Google Scholar
• Chaney, R. W. (1947). Tertiary Centers and Migration Routes. Ecological Monographs, 17, 139–148. doi:10.2307/1943260
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen, C., Durand, E., Forbes, F., & Francois, O. (2007). Bayesian clustering algorithms ascertaining spatial population structure: A new computer program and a comparison study. Molecular Ecology Notes, 7, 747–756. doi:10.1111/j.1471-8286.2007.01769.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christe, C., Kozlowski, G., Frey, D., Bétrisey, S., Maharramova, E., Garfì, G., … Naciri, Y. (2014). Footprints of past intensive diversification and structuring in the genus Zelkova (Ulmaceae) in south-western Eurasia. Journal of Biogeography, 41, 1081–1093. doi:10.1111/jbi.12276
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung, M. G., & Epperson, B. K. (2000). Clonal and spatial genetic structure in Eurya emarginata (Theaceae). Heredity, 84, 170–177. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2540.2000.00644.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cicek, E., & Tilki, F. (2008). Influence of stratification on seed germination of Pterocarya fraxinifolia (Poiret) Spach, a relic tree species. Research Journal of Botany, 3, 103–106. doi:10.3923/rjb.2008.103.106
   Google Scholar
• Corrado, P., & Magri, D. (2011). A late Early Pleistocene pollen record from Fontana Ranuccio (central Italy). Journal of Quaternary Science, 26, 335–344. doi:10.1002/jqs.1459
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dangl, G. S., Woeste, K., Aradhya, M. K., Koehmstedt, A., Simon, C., Potter, D., … McGranahan, G. (2005). Characterization of 14 microsatellite markers for genetic analysis and cultivar identification of walnut. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 130, 348–354. Retrieved from: http://journal.ashspublications.org (accessed 19 April 2017).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darriba, D., Taboada, G. L., Doallo, R., & Posada, D. (2012). jModelTest 2: More models, new heuristics and parallel computing. Nature Methods, 9, 772. doi:10.1038/nmeth.2109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Lafontaine, G., Ducousso, A., Lefevre, S., Magnanou, E., & Petit, R. J. (2013). Stronger spatial genetic structure in recolonized areas than in refugia in the European beech. Molecular Ecology, 22, 4397–4412. doi:10.1111/mec.12403
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denk, T., Frotzler, N., & Davitashvili, N. (2001). Vegetational patterns and distribution of relict taxa in humid temperate forests and wetlands of Georgia (Transcaucasia). Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 72, 287–332. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2001.tb01318.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drummond, A. J., Ho, S. Y. W., Phillips, M. J., & Rambaut, A. (2006). Relaxed phylogenetics and dating with confidence. Public Library of Science Biology, 4, e88. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0040088
   Google Scholar
• Drummond, A. J., Suchard, M. A., Xie, D., & Rambaut, A. (2012). Bayesian phylogenetics with BEAUti and the BEAST 1.7. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 29, 1969–1973. doi:10.1093/molbev/mss075
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Earl, D., & vonHoldt, B. (2012). StructureHarvester: A website and program for visualizing Structure output and implementing the Evanno method. Conservation Genetics Resources, 4, 359–361. doi:10.1007/s12686-011-9548-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ersts, P. J. (2013). Geographic distance matrix generator. American Museum of Natural History, Center for Biodiversity and Conservation. Retrieved from: http://biodiversityinformatics.amnh.org/open_source/gdmg (accessed 23 November 2013).
   Google Scholar
• Evanno, G., Regnaut, S., & Goudet, J. (2005). Detecting the number of clusters of individuals using the software Structure: A simulation study. Molecular Ecology, 14, 2611–2620. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2005.02553.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Excoffier, L., & Lischer, H. E. L. (2010). Arlequin suite ver 3.5: A new series of programs to perform population genetics analyses under Linux and Windows. Molecular Ecology Resources, 10, 564–567. doi:10.1111/j.1755-0998.2010.02847.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Excoffier, L., Smouse, P. E., & Quattro, J. M. (1992). Analysis of molecular variance inferred from metric distances amongst DNA haplotypes - application to human mitochondrial-DNA restriction data. Genetics, 131, 479–491. Retrieved from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov (accessed 19 April 2017).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eyles, N. (1993). Earth's glacial record and its tectonic setting. Earth-Science Reviews, 35, 1–248. doi:10.1016/0012-8252(93)90002-O
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan, D. M., Ye, L. J., Luo, Y., Hu, W., Tian, S., & Zhang, Z. Y. (2013). Development of microsatellite loci for Cyclocarya paliurus (Juglandaceae), a monotypic species in Subtropical China. Applications in Plant Sciences, 1, 1200524. doi:10.3732/apps.1200524
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Firsov, G. A. (1998). Pterocarya pterocarpa. In: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 1998: E.T32146A9683767. Retrieved from: http://www.iucnredlist.org (accessed 5 September 2015).
   Google Scholar
• Fu, Y.-X. (1997). Statistical tests of neutrality of mutations against population growth, hitchhiking and background selection. Genetics, 147, 915–925. Retrieved from: http://www.genetics.org (accessed 19 April 2017).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gavashelishvili, A., & Tarkhnishvili, D. (2016). Biomes and human distribution during the last Ice age. Global Ecology and Biogeography, 25, 563–574. doi:10.1111/geb.12437
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gavin, D. G., Fitzpatrick, M. C., Gugger, P. F., Heath, K. D., Rodríguez-Sánchez, F., Dobrowski, S. Z., … Williams, J. W. (2014). Climate refugia: Joint inference from fossil records, species distribution models and phylogeography. New Phytologist, 204, 37–54. doi:10.1111/nph.12929
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grossheim, A. A. (1926). Flora Talysha [Flora of Talysh]. Tiflis: Narkomzem AzSSR.
   Google Scholar
• Guiter, F., Andrieu-Ponel, V., de Beaulieu, J. L., Nicoud, G., Ponel, P., Blavoux, B., & Gandouin, E. (2008). Palynostratigraphy of some Pleistocene deposits in the Western Alps: A review. Quaternary International, 190, 10–25. doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2008.05.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gulisashvili, V. Z. (1961). Dendroflora Kavkaza [Denfroflora of the Caucasus]. Tbilisi: Izdatel'stvo AN GSSR.
   Google Scholar
• Hamrick, J. L. (2004). Response of forest trees to global environmental changes. Forest Ecology and Management, 197, 323–335. doi:10.1016/j.foreco.2004.05.023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamrick, J. L., & Godt, M. J. W. (1996). Effects of life history traits on genetic diversity in plant species. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Series B-Biological Sciences, 351, 1291–1298. Retrieved from: http://www.jstor.org (accessed 19 April 2017).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heuertz, M., Hausman, J. F., Hardy, O. J., Vendramin, G. G., Frascaria-Lacoste, N., & Vekemans, X. (2004). Nuclear microsatellites reveal contrasting patterns of genetic structure between western and southeastern European populations of the common ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.). Evolution, 58, 976–988. Retrieved from: http://www.jstor.org (accessed 19 April 2017).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hewitt, G. M. (1999). Post-glacial re-colonization of European biota. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 68, 87–112. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.1999.tb01160.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hipsley, C. A., & Müller, J. (2014). Beyond fossil calibrations: Realities of molecular clock practices in evolutionary biology. Frontiers in Genetics, 5, 138. doi:10.3389/fgene.2014.00138
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iljinskaya, I. A. (1953). Моногрaфия родa Pterocarya Kunth [A monograph of the genus Pterocarya Kunth]. Trudy Botanicheskogo Instituta imeni V.L. Komarova Akademii nauk SSSR, 10, 7–123.
   Google Scholar
• Jakobsson, M., & Rosenberg, N. A. (2007). CLUMPP: A cluster matching and permutation program for dealing with label switching and multimodality in analysis of population structure. Bioinformatics, 23, 1801–1806. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btm233
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joannin, S., Cornee, J. J., Munch, P., Fornari, M., Vasiliev, I., Krijgsman, W., … Chataigner, C. (2010). Early Pleistocene climate cycles in continental deposits of the Lesser Caucasus of Armenia inferred from palynology, magnetostratigraphy, and Ar-40/Ar-39 dating. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 291, 149–158. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2010.01.007
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jukes, T. H., & Cantor, C. R. (1969). Evolution of protein molecules. In H. M. Munro (Ed.), Mammalian protein metabolism (pp. 21–132). New York: Academic Press.
   Google Scholar
• Kalinowski, S. T. (2005). HP-rare 1.0: A computer program for performing rarefaction on measures of allelic richness. Molecular Ecology Notes, 5, 187–189. doi:10.1111/j.1471-8286.2004.00845.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalinowski, S. T., Taper, M. L., & Marshall, T. C. (2007). Revising how the computer program Cervus accommodates genotyping error increases success in paternity assignment. Molecular Ecology, 16, 1099–1106. doi:10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03089.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kolakovsky, A. A. (1961). Рaстительный мир Колхиды; [The plant world of Colchis]. Moscow: Publishing House of Moscow University.
   Google Scholar
• Koutsodendris, A., Müller, U. C., Pross, J., Brauer, A., Kotthoff, U., & Lotter, A. F. (2010). Vegetation dynamics and climate variability during the Holsteinian interglacial based on a pollen record from Dethlingen (northern Germany). Quaternary Science Reviews, 29, 3298–3307. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2010.07.024
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Legendre, P., & Legendre, L. (1998). Numerical ecology (2 ed.). Amsterdam: Elsevier Science BV.
   Google Scholar
• Leroy, S. A. G., & Arpe, K. (2007). Glacial refugia for summer-green trees in Europe and south-west Asia as proposed by ECHAM3 time-slice atmospheric model simulations. Journal of Biogeography, 34, 2115–2128. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2699.2007.01754.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Librado, P., & Rozas, J. (2009). DnaSP v5: A software for comprehensive analysis of DNA polymorphism data. Bioinformatics, 25, 1451–1452. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btp187
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maharramova, E. H., Safarov, H. M., Kozlowski, G., Borsch, T., & Muller, L. A. (2015). Analysis of nuclear microsatellites reveals limited differentiation between Colchic and Hyrcanian populations of the wind-pollinated relict tree Zelkova carpinifolia (Ulmaceae). American Journal of Botany, 102, 119–128. doi:10.3732/ajb.1400370
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McClintock, K. A., & Waterway, M. J. (1993). Patterns of allozyme variation and clonal diversity in Carex lasiocarpa and C. pellita (Cyperaceae). American Journal of Botany, 80, 1251–1263. Retrieved from: http://www.jstor.org (accessed 19 April 2017).
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLaughlin, J. F., Hellmann, J. J., Boggs, C. L., & Ehrlich, P. R. (2002). Climate change hastens population extinctions. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 99, 6070–6074. doi:10.1073/pnas.052131199
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milanovsky, E. E. (2000). The Plio-Pleistocene glaciation in eastern Europe, Siberia and the Caucasus: Evolution of thoughts. Eclogae Geologicaea Helvetiae, 93, 379–394. doi:10.5169/seals-168829
   Google Scholar
• Milanovsky, E. E. (2008). Origin and development of ideas on Pliocene and Quaternary glaciations in northern and eastern Europe, Iceland, Caucasus and Siberia. Geological Society of London, Special Publication, 301, 87–115. doi:10.1144/SP301.6
   Google Scholar
• Millerón, M., López de Heredia, U., Lorenzo, Z., Perea, R., Dounavi, A., Alonso, J., … Nanos, N. (2012). Effect of canopy closure on pollen dispersal in a wind-pollinated species (Fagus sylvatica L.). Plant Ecology, 213, 1715–1728. doi:10.1007/s11258-012-0125-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milne, R. I., & Abbott, R. J. (2002). The origin and evolution of tertiary relict floras. Advances in Botanical Research, 38, 281–314. doi:10.1016/S0065-2296(02)38033-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller, J., Müller, K., Neinhuis, C., & Quandt, D. (2010). PhyDE: Phylogenetic Data Editor. Retrieved from: http://www.phyde.de (accessed 13 February 2014).
   Google Scholar
• Nei, M. (1987). Molecular evolutionary genetics. New York: Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Oksanen, J., Blanchet, F. G., Kindt, R., Legendre, P., Minchin, P. R., O'Hara, R. B., … Wagner, H. (2015). vegan: Community Ecology Package, R package 2.2-1. Retrieved from: http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=vegan (accessed 15 March 2014).
   Google Scholar
• Petit, R. J., & Hampe, A. (2006). Some evolutionary consequences of being a tree. Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics, 37, 187–214. doi:10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.37.091305.110215
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pielou, E. C. (1969). An introduction to mathematical ecology. New York: John Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Polzin, T., & Daneshmand, S. V. (2003). On Steiner trees and minimum spanning trees in hypergraphs. Operations Research Letters, 31, 12–20. doi:10.1016/S0167-6377(02)00185-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pritchard, J. K., Stephens, M., & Donnelly, P. (2000). Inference of population structure using multilocus genotype data. Genetics, 155, 945–959. Retrieved from: http://www.genetics.org (accessed 19 April 2017).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Provan, J., & Bennett, K. D. (2008). Phylogeographic insights into cryptic glacial refugia. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 23, 564–571. doi:10.1016/j.tree.2008.06.010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R Core Team. (2013). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. Retrieved from: http://www.r-project.org/ (accessed 5 August 2013).
   Google Scholar
• Rambaut, A., & Drummond, A. J. (2007). Tracer, version 1.4. Retrieved from: http://tree.bio.ed.ac.uk/software/tracer/ (accessed 15 February 2014).
   Google Scholar
• Ramezani, E., Mohadjer, M. R. M., Knapp, H. D., Ahmadi, H., & Joosten, H. (2008). The late-Holocene vegetation history of the Central Caspian (Hyrcanian) forests of northern Iran. Holocene, 18, 307–321. doi:10.1177/0959683607086768
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robledo-Arnuncio, J. J., & Gil, L. (2005). Patterns of pollen dispersal in a small population of Pinus sylvestris L. revealed by total-exclusion paternity analysis. Heredity, 94, 13–22. doi:10.1038/sj.hdy.6800542
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg, N. A. (2004). Distruct: A program for the graphical display of population structure. Molecular Ecology Notes, 4, 137–138. doi:10.1046/j.1471-8286.2003.00566.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scharnweber, T., Rietschel, M., & Manthey, M. (2007). Degradation stages of the Hyrcanian forests in southern Azerbaijan. Archiv für Naturschutz und Landschaftsforschung, 46, 133–156. Retrieved from: http://www.succow-stiftung.de/paper.html (accessed 19 April 2017).
   Google Scholar
• Shatilova, I., Mchedlishvili, N., Rukhadze, L., & Kvavadze, E. (2011). The history of the flora and vegetation of Georgia (South Caucasus). Tbilisi: Georgian National Museum.
   Google Scholar
• Shaw, J., Lickey, E. B., Schilling, E. E., & Small, R. L. (2007). Comparison of whole chloroplast genome sequences to choose noncoding regions for phylogenetic studies in angiosperms: The tortoise and the hare III. American Journal of Botany, 94, 275–288. doi:10.3732/ajb.94.3.275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slatkin, M. (1995). A measure of population subdivision based on microsatellite allele frequencies. Genetics, 139, 457–462. Retrieved from: http://www.genetics.org (accessed 19 April 2017).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sosson, M., Rolland, Y., Müller, C., Danelian, T., Melkonyan, R., Kekelia, S., … Mosar, J. (2010). Subductions, obduction and collision in the Lesser Caucasus (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia), new insights. In M. Sosson, N. Kaymakci, R. Stephanson, F. Bergarat, & V. Storatchenoko (Eds.), Sedimentary basin tectonics from the Black Sea and Caucasus to the Arabian Platform (pp. 329–352). London: Geological Society of London.
   Google Scholar
• Stuchlik, L., & Kvavadze, E. (1998). Subfossil pollen spectra of flood-plain forest of Pterocarya pterocarpa in the Alazani valley (East Georgia). Acta Palaeobotanica, 38, 217–222. Retrieved from: http://bomax.botany.pl/pubs (accessed 19 April 2017).
   Google Scholar
• Taberlet, P., Gielly, L., Pautou, G., & Bouvet, J. (1991). Universal primers for amplification of 3 noncoding regions of chloroplast DNA. Plant Molecular Biology, 17, 1105–1109. doi:10.1007/BF00037152
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tagieva, E. N., Aleskerov, B. D., Veliev, S. S., & Kuliev, M. Y. (2013). Transformation of vegetation cover on the territory of Azerbaijan during the Pleistocene. Geography and Natural Resources, 34, 395–400. doi:10.1134/S187537281304015X
   Google Scholar
• Tajima, F. (1989). Statistical method for testing the neutral mutation hypothesis by DNA polymorphism. Genetics, 123, 585–595. Retrieved from: http://www.genetics.org (accessed 19 April 2017).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarkhnishvili, D., Gavashelishvili, A., & Mumladze, L. (2012). Palaeoclimatic models help to understand current distribution of Caucasian forest species. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 105, 231–248. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8312.2011.01788.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Oosterhout, C., Hutchinson, W. F., Wills, D. P. M., & Shipley, P. (2004). micro-checker: Software for identifying and correcting genotyping errors in microsatellite data. Molecular Ecology Notes, 4, 535–538. doi:10.1111/j.1471-8286.2004.00684.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venturas, M., Fuentes-Utrilla, P., Ennos, R., Collada, C., & Gil, L. (2013). Human-induced changes on fine-scale genetic structure in Ulmus laevis Pallas wetland forests at its SW distribution limit. Plant Ecology, 214, 317–327. doi:10.1007/s11258-013-0170-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waples, R. S. (2015). Testing for Hardy-Weinberg proportions: Have we lost the plot? Journal of Heredity, 106, 1–19. doi:10.1093/jhered/esu062
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webb, T. III, & Bartlein, P. J. (1992). Global changes during the last 3 million years: Climatic controls and biotic responses. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 23, 141–173. doi:10.1146/annurev.es.23.110192.001041
   Google Scholar
• Weir, B. S., & Cockerham, C. C. (1984). Estimating F-statistics for the analysis of population-structure. Evolution, 38, 1358–1370. doi:10.2307/2408641
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woeste, K. E. (2002). Heartwood production in a 35-year-old black walnut progeny test. Canadian Journal of Forest Research-Revue Canadienne De Recherche Forestiere, 32, 177–181. doi:10.1139/x01-177
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright, S. (1951). The genetical structure of populations. Annals of Eugenics, 15, 323–354. doi:10.1111/j.1469-1809.1949.tb02451.x
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xiang, X.-G., Wang, W., Li, R.-Q., Lin, L., Liu, Y., Zhou, Z.-K., … Chen, Z.-D. (2014). Large-scale phylogenetic analyses reveal fagalean diversification promoted by the interplay of diaspores and environments in the Paleogene. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 16, 101–110. doi:10.1016/j.ppees.2014.03.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zohary, M. (1973). Geobotanical foundations of the Middle East. Stuttgart, Amsterdam: Gustav Fischer Verlag, Swets & Zeitlinger.
   Google Scholar