Morphology and molecular phylogeny of two new species of Spirostrombidium (Ciliophora, Oligotrichia), with a key to the species of Spirostrombidium

References

• Agatha, S. (2004a). Evolution of ciliary patterns in the Oligotrichida (Ciliophora, Spirotricha) and its taxonomic implications. Zoology 107, 153–168. doi: 10.1016/j.zool.2004.02.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agatha, S. (2004b). A cladistic approach for the classification of oligotrichid ciliates (Ciliophora: Spirotricha). Acta Protozoologica 43, 201–207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agatha, S. (2011a). Global diversity of aloricate Oligotrichea (Protista, Ciliophora, Spirotricha) in marine and brackish sea water. Public Library of Science ONE 6, e22466. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022466
   Google Scholar
• Agatha, S. (2011b). Updated hypothesis on the evolution of oligotrichid ciliates (Ciliophora, Spirotricha, Oligotrichida) based on somatic ciliary patterns and ontogenetic data. European Journal of Protistology 47. 51–56. doi: 10.1016/j.ejop.2010.09.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agatha, S., & Riedel-lorjé, J. C. (2006). Redescription of Tintinnopsis cylindrica Daday, 1887 (Ciliophora: Spirotricha) and unification of tintinnid terminology. Acta Protozoologica 45, 137–151.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buddenbrock, A. C. (1922). über eine neue Strombidium-Art aus Helgoland (Str. Clavellinae). Archiv für Protistenkunde 45, 129–132.
   Google Scholar
• Caron, D., Countway, P., Jones, A., Kim, D., & Schnetzer A. (2012). Marine protistan diversity. Annual Review of Marine Science 4, 467–493.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corliss, J. O., & Snyder, R. A. (1986). A preliminary description of several new ciliates from the Antarctica, including Cohnilembus grassei n. sp. Protistologica 22, 39–46.
   Google Scholar
• Czapik, A. (1976). Strombidium grande Levander. Acta Protozoologica 15, 273–275.
   Google Scholar
• Dragesco, J. (1960). Ciliés mésopsammiques littoraux. Systématique, morphologie, écologie. Des Travaux de la Station Biologique de Roscoff (Nouvelle Série) 12, 1–356.
   Google Scholar
• Entz, G. (1884). Über Infusorien des Golfes von Neapel. Mitteilungen aus der Zoologischen Station zu Neapel 5, 289–444.
   Google Scholar
• Fauré-Fremiet, E. (1932). Strombidium calkinsi, a new thigmotactic species. Reprinted from Biological Bulletin 62, 201–204.
   Google Scholar
• Fauré-Fremiet, E. (1950). Écologie des Ciliés psammophiles littoraux. Reprinted from Biological Bulletin 84, 35–75.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fenchel, T. (2008). The microbial loop-25 years later. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology 366, 99–103.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao, F., Huang, J., Zhao, Y., Li, L. F., Liu, W. W., Miao, M., …Song, W. (2017). Systematic studies on ciliates (Alveolata, Ciliophora): progress and achievements based on molecular information. European Journal of Protistology 61, 409–423. doi: 10.1016/j.ejop.2017.04.009
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao, F., Li, J., Song, W., Xu, D., Warren, A., Yi, Y., & Gao, S. (2016a). Multi-gene-based phylogenetic analysis of oligotrich ciliates with emphasis on two dominant groups: cyrtostrombidiids and strombidiids (Protozoa, Ciliophora). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 105, 141–150. doi: 10.1016/j.ympev.2016.08.019
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gao, F., Warren, A., Zhang, Q., Gong, J., Miao, M., Sun, P.,…Song W. B. (2016b). The all-data-based evolutionary hypothesis of ciliated protists with a revised classification of the phylum Ciliophora (Eukaryota, Alveolata). Scientific Reports 6, 24874. doi: 10.1038/srep24874
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hada, Y. (1970). The protozoan plankton of the Antarctic and subantarctic seas. Japan Antarctic Research Expedition Scientific Reports 31, 1–51.
   Google Scholar
• Hall, T. A. (1999). BioEdit: a user-friendly biological sequence alignment editor and analysis program for Windows 95/98/NT. Nucleic Acids Symposium Series 41, 95–98.
   Google Scholar
• Jankowski, A. W. (1978). Revision of a system of class Polyhymenophora (Spirotricha). Tezisky Doklady Zoologischeski Institute Akademia NAUK SSSR 1978, 39–40 (in Russian).
   Google Scholar
• Kahl, A. (1932). Urtiere oder Protozoa I: Wimpertiere oder Ciliata (Infusoria) 3. Spirotricha. Tierwelt Deutschlands 25, 399–650.
   Google Scholar
• Lei, Y., Xu, K., & Song, W. B. (1999). Free-living ciliates from marine farming ponds. In: Song W. (Ed.), Progress in Protozoology, (pp, 269–295). Qingdao: Qingdao Ocean University Press (in Chinese).
   Google Scholar
• Li, J. M., Liu, W., Gao, S., Warren, A., & Song, W. B. (2013). Multigene-based analyses of the phylogenetic evolution of oligotrich ciliates, with consideration of the internal transcribed spacer 2 secondary structure of three systematically ambiguous genera. Eukaryotic Cell 12, 430–437. doi: 10.1128/EC.00270-12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, M. J., Gao, F., Al-Farraj, S. A., & Hu, X. (2016). Morphology and small subunit rRNA gene sequence of Uronemita parabinucleata n. sp. (Ciliophora, Uronematidae), with an improved generic diagnosis. European Journal of Protistology 54, 1–10. doi: 10.1016/j.ejop.2016.02.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, W., Jiang, J., Xu, Y., Pan, X., Qu, Z., Luo, X.,…Pan, H. (2017). Great diversity in marine ciliates: fauna studies in China seas during the years 2011–2016. European Journal of Protistology 61, 424–438. doi: 10.1016/j.ejop.2017.04.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, W., Xu, D., Lin, X., Li, J., Gong, J., Al-Rasheid K. A. S., & Song, W. B. (2009). Novistrombidium sinicum n. sp. and Novistrombidium orientale n. sp. (Protozoa: Ciliophora): two new oligotrich ciliates from a mangrove wetland, South China. The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 56, 459–465. doi: 10.1111/j.1550-7408.2009.00425.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, W., Xu, D., Ma, H., Al-Farraj, S. A., Warren, A., & Yi, Z. (2016). Taxonomy and molecular systematics of three oligotrich (s.l.) ciliates including descriptions of two new species, Strombidium guangdongense sp. nov. and Strombidinopsis sinicum sp. nov. (Protozoa, Ciliophora). Systematics and Biodiversity 14, 452–465. doi: 10.1080/14772000.2016.1162872
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, W., Yi, Z., Li, J., Warren, A., Al-Farraj, S. A., & Lin, X. (2013). Taxonomy, morphology and phylogeny of three new oligotrich ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Oligotrichia) from southern China. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 63, 4805–4817. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.052878-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, W., Yi, Z., Lin, X., Li, J., Al-Farraj, S. A., Al-Rasheid, K. A. S., & Song, W. B. (2015b). Morphology and molecular phylogeny of three new oligotrich ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora) from the South China Sea. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 174, 653–665. doi: 10.1111/zoj.12257
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, W., Yi, Z., Warren, A., Al-Rasheid, K. A. S., Al-Farraj, S. A., Lin, X., & Song, W. B. (2011). Taxonomy, morphology and molecular systematics of a new oligotrich ciliates, Williophrya maedai gen. nov., sp. nov., with redescriptions of Strombidium basimorphum and Pseudotontonia simplicidens (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Oligotrichia). Systematics and Biodiversity 9, 247–258. doi: 10.1080/14772000.2011.605812
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu, W., Yi, Z., Xu, D., Clamp, J. C., Li, J., Lin, X., & Song, W. B. (2015a). Two new genera of planktonic ciliates and insights into the evolution of the family Strombidiidae (Protista, Ciliophora, Oligotrichia). Public Library of Science ONE 10, e0131726. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0131726
   Google Scholar
• Lynn, D. H. (2008). The Ciliated Protozoa: Characterization, Classification, and Guide to the Literature. 3rd ed. Dordrecht: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Medlin, L., Elwood, H. J., Stickel, S., & Sogin, M. L. (1988). The characterization of enzymatically amplified eukaryotic 16S-like rRNA-coding regions. Gene, 71, 491–499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, M., Pfeiffer, W., & Schwartz, T. (2010). Creating the CIPRES Science Gateway for inference of large phylogenetic trees. In Proceedings of the Gateway Computing Environments Workshop (GCE) (pp. 1–8). New Orleans, LA.
   Google Scholar
• Nylander, J. A. A. (2004). MrModeltest. Uppsula: Evolutionary Biology Centre, Uppsala University.
   Google Scholar
• Pan, X., Bourland, W., & Song, W.B. (2013). Protargol synthesis: an in-house protocol. The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 60, 609–614.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petz, W., Song, W. B., & Wilbert, N. (1995). Taxonomy and ecology of the ciliate fauna (Protozoa, Ciliophora) in the endopagial and pelagial of the Weddell Sea, Antarctica. Stapfia 40, 1–223.
   Google Scholar
• Ronquist, F., & Huelsenbeck, J. P. (2003). MRBAYES 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics 19, 1572–1574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song, W., Li, J., Liu, W., Al-Rasheid, K. A. S., Hu, X., & Lin, X. (2015a). Taxonomy and molecular phylogeny of four Strombidium species, including description of S. pseudostylifer sp. nov. (Ciliophora, Oligotrichia). Systematics and Biodiversity 13, 76–92. doi: 10.1080/14772000.2014.970674
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song, W., Li, J., Liu, W., Jiang, J., Al-Rasheid, K. A. S., & Hu, X. (2013). Taxonomy, morphology and molecular systematics of three oligotrich ciliates, including a description of Apostrombidium parakielum spec. nov. (Ciliophora, Oligotrichia). International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 63, 1179–1191. doi: 10.1099/ijs.0.048314-0
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song, W., Zhao, X., Liu, W., Hu, X., Al-Farraj, S. A., Al-Rasheid, K. A. S.,…Warren, A. (2015b). Biodiversity of oligotrich ciliates in the South China Sea: description of three new Strombidium species (Protozoa, Ciliophora, Oligotrichia) with phylogenetic analyses. Systematics and Biodiversity 13, 608–623. doi: 10.1080/14772000.2015.1081992
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song, W. B. (2005). Taxonomic description of two new marine oligotrichous ciliates (Protozoa, Ciliophora). Journal of Natural History 39, 241–252. doi: 10.1080/0022293042000195966
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song, W. B., Wang, M., & Warren, A. (2000). Redescriptions of three marine ciliates, Strombidium elegans Florentin, 1901, Strombidium sulcatum Claparede & Lachmann, 1859 and Heterostrombidium paracalkinsi Lei, Xu & Song, 1999 (Ciliophora, Oligotrichida). European Journal of Protistology 36, 327–342.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stamatakis, A. (2014). RAxML Version 8: A tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies. Bioinformatics 30, 1312–1313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein, F. (1867). Der Organismus der Infusionsthiere nach eigenen Forschungen in systematischer Reihenfolge bearbeitet. II. Abtheilung. 1) Darstellung der neuesten Forschungsergebnisse über Bau, Fortpflanzung und Entwickelung der Infusionsthiere. 2) Naturgeschichte der heterotrichen Infusorien. Leipzig: Engelmann.
   Google Scholar
• Tamura, K., Dudley, J., Nei, M., & Kumar, S. (2007) MEGA 4: molecular evolutionary genetics analysis (MEGA) software Ver. 4.0. Molecular Biology and Evolution 24, 1596–1599.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsai, S. F., Chen, J. Y., & Chiang, K. P. (2015). Phylogenetic position of the genus Cyrtostrombidium, with a description of Cyrtostrombidium paralongisomum nov. spec. and a redescription of Cyrtostrombidium longisomum Lynn & Gilron, 1993 (Protozoa, Ciliophora) based on live observation, protargol impregnation, and 18s rDNA sequences. The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology 62, 239–248. doi: 10.1111/jeu.12173
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilbert, N. (1975). Eine verbesserte Technik der Protargolimprägnation für Ciliaten. Mikrokosmos 64, 171–179.
   Google Scholar
• Xu, D., Song, W. B., & Warren, A. (2006b). Morphology and infraciliature of two new species of marine oligotrich ciliates (Ciliophora: Oligotrichida) from China. Journal of Natural History 40, 1287–1299. doi: 10.1080/00222930600913925
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, D., Song, W. B., Lin, X., & Warren, A. (2006a). On two marine oligotrich ciliates, Spirostrombidium agathae spec. nov. and S. schizostomum (Kahl, 1932) n. comb. from China, with a key to the identification of seven well-characterized Spirostrombidium spp. (Ciliophora: Oligotrichida). Acta Protozoologica 45, 433–442.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu, Y., Fan, X., Al-Farraj, S. A., & Hu, X. (2017). Morphological description of two new ciliates (Ciliophora, Karyorelictea, Cryptopharyngidae): Apocryptopharynx discoidalis spec. nov. and Cryptopharynx minutus spec. nov. European Journal of Protistology 58, 77–86. doi: 10.1016/j.ejop.2016.11.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar