Clarifying the taxonomy of Gymnodinium fuscum var. rubrum from Bavaria (Germany) and placing it in a molecular phylogeny of the Gymnodiniaceae (Dinophyceae)

References

• Annenkova, N. V., Hansen, G., Moestrup, Ø., & Rengefors, K. (2015). Recent radiation in a marine and freshwater dinoflagellate species flock. The International Society for Microbial Ecology Journal, 9, 1821–1834. doi:10.1038/ismej.2014.267
   Google Scholar
• Annenkova, N. V., Lavrov, D. V., & Belikov, S. I. (2011). Dinoflagellates associated with freshwater sponges from the ancient Lake Baikal. Protist, 162, 222–236. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2010.07.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer, H. (1972). Willy Baumeister, Volksschullehrer und Forscher. Heimatliche Schule, 3, 37–41.
   Google Scholar
• Baumeister, W. (1938). Winterliche Protozoenwelt in Hochmoor-Kleingewässern. Mikrokosmos, 31, 111–114.
   Google Scholar
• Baumeister, W. (1957). Zur Kenntnis der Dinophyceen des Seeoner Gebietes (I). Archiv für Protistenkunde, 102, 1–20.
   Google Scholar
• Baumeister, W. (1958). Zur Kenntnis der Dinophyceen des Seeoner Gebietes (II). Archiv für Protistenkunde, 102, 258–264.
   Google Scholar
• Baumeister, W. (1967). Zur Kenntnis der Dinophyceen des Seeoner Gebietes (III). Arbeitsstätte Zur Erforschung des Lebens in Kleingewässern, Mitteilung, 5, 1–6.
   Google Scholar
• Bhaud, Y., Soyer-Gobillard, M. O., & Salmon, J. M. (1988). Transmission of gametic nuclei through a fertilization tube during mating in a primitive dinoflagellate, Prorocentrum micans Ehr. Journal of Cell Science, 89, 197–206.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourrelly, P. (1970). Les algues bleues et rouges les euglénides, peridiniens et cryptomandines. Paris: Boubée.
   Google Scholar
• Daugbjerg, N., Hansen, G., Larsen, J., & Moestrup, Ø. (2000). Phylogeny of some of the major genera of dinoflagellates based on ultrastructure and partial LSU rDNA sequence data, including the erection of three new genera of unarmoured dinoflagellates. Phycologia, 39, 302–317. doi:10.2216/i0031-8884-39-4-302.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dodge, J. D., & Crawford, R. M. (1969). Fine structure of Gymnodinium fuscum (Dinophyceae). New Phytologist, 68, 613–618. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1969.tb06465.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dogiel, V. (1906). Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Peridineen. Mittheilungen aus der Zoologischen Station zu Neapel, 18, 1–45.
   Google Scholar
• Ehrenberg, C. G. (1835). Dritter Beitrag zur Erkenntnis großer Organisation in der Richtung des kleinsten Raumes. Abhandlungen der Königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften in Berlin, 1833/Physikalische Klasse, 145–336.
   Google Scholar
• Ehrenberg, C. G. (1838). Zwölfte Familie: Kranzthierchen. In Die Infusionsthierchen als vollkommene Organismen, (pp 249–259). Leipzig: Voss.
   Google Scholar
• Elbrächter, M., & Drebes, G. (1978). Life-cycles, phylogeny and taxonomy of Dissodinium and Pyrocystis (Dinophyta). Helgoländer Wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen, 31, 347–366. doi:10.1007/BF02189487
   Google Scholar
• Gómez, F., López-García, P., & Moreira, D. (2009). Molecular phylogeny of the ocelloid-bearing dinoflagellates Erythropsidinium and Warnowia (Warnowiaceae, Dinophyceae). Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 56, 440–445. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2009.00420.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gómez, F., Moreira, D., & López-García, P. (2009). Life cycle and molecular phylogeny of the dinoflagellates Chytriodinium and Dissodinium, ectoparasites of copepod eggs. European Journal of Protistology, 45, 260–270. doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2009.05.004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottschling, M., Chacón, J., Žerdoner Čalasan, A., Neuhaus, S., Kretschmann, J., Stibor, H., & John, U. (in press). Phylogenetic placement of environmental sequences using taxonomically reliable databases helps to rigorously assess dinophyte biodiversity in Bavarian lakes (Germany). Freshwater Biology. doi:10.1111/fwb.13413
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottschling, M., & Plötner, J. (2004). Secondary structure models of the nuclear Internal Transcribed Spacer regions and 5.8S rRNA in Calciodinelloideae (Peridiniaceae) and other dinoflagellates. Nucleic Acids Research, 32, 307–315. doi:10.1093/nar/gkh168
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottschling, M., Söhner, S., Zinßmeister, C., John, U., Plötner, J., Schweikert, M., … Elbrächter, M. (2012). Delimitation of the Thoracosphaeraceae (Dinophyceae), including the calcareous dinoflagellates, based on large amounts of ribosomal RNA sequence data. Protist, 163, 15–24. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2011.06.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gu, H., Kirsch, M., Zinßmeister, C., Söhner, S., Meier, K. J. S., Liu, T., & Gottschling, M. (2013). Waking the dead: Morphological and molecular characterization of extant †Posoniella tricarinelloides (Thoracosphaeraceae, Dinophyceae). Protist, 164, 583–597. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2013.06.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guillard, R. R., & Lorenzen, C. J. (1972). Yellow-green algae with chlorophyllide c. Journal of Phycology, 8, 10–14. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.1972.tb03995.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen, G., Botes, L., & Salas, M. D. (2007). Ultrastructure and large subunit rDNA sequences of Lepidodinium viride reveal a close relationship to Lepidodinium chlorophorum comb. nov. (=Gymnodinium chlorophorum). Phycological Research, 55, 25–41. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1835.2006.00442.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen, G., & Flaim, G. (2007). Dinoflagellates of the Trentino Province, Italy. Journal of Limnology, 66, 107–141. doi:10.4081/jlimnol.2007.107
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen, G., Moestrup, Ø., & Roberts, K. R. (2000). Light and electron microscopical observations on the type species of Gymnodinium, G. fuscum (Dinophyceae). Phycologia, 39, 365–376. doi:10.2216/i0031-8884-39-5-365.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Höll, K. (1928). Oekologie der Peridineen. Studien über den Einfluß chemischer und physikalischer Faktoren auf die Verbreitung der Dinoflagellaten im Süßwasser. Jena: Fischer.
   Google Scholar
• Hoppenrath, M., Bachvaroff, T. R., Handy, S. M., Delwiche, C. F., & Leander, B. S. (2009). Molecular phylogeny of ocelloid-bearing dinoflagellates (Warnowiaceae) as inferred from SSU and LSU rDNA sequences. BioMedCentral Evolutionary Biology, 9, 116. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-9-116
   Google Scholar
• Hoppenrath, M., & Leander, B. S. (2007). Character evolution in polykrikoid dinoflagellates. Journal of Phycology, 43, 366–377. doi:10.1111/j.1529-8817.2007.00319.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoppenrath, M., & Leander, B. S. (2007). Morphology and phylogeny of the pseudocolonial dinoflagellates Polykrikos lebourae and Polykrikos herdmanae n. sp. Protist, 158, 209–227. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2006.12.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoppenrath, M., Yubuki, N., Bachvaroff, T. R., & Leander, B. S. (2010). Re-classification of Pheopolykrikos hartmannii as Polykrikos (Dinophyceae) based partly on the ultrastructure of complex extrusomes. European Journal of Protistology, 46, 29–37. doi:10.1016/j.ejop.2009.08.003
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huber-Pestalozzi, G. (1968). Dinophyceae. In Das Phytoplankton des Süßwassers. Systematik und Biologie 3, 94–303. Stuttgart: Schweizerbart.
   Google Scholar
• Izquierdo López, A., Kretschmann, J., Žerdoner Čalasan, A., & Gottschling, M. (2018). The many faces of Peridinium cinctum: Morphological and molecular variability in a common dinophyte. European Journal of Phycology, 53, 156–165. doi:10.1080/09670262.2017.1397198
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janofske, D. (2000). Scrippsiella trochoidea and Scrippsiella regalis, nov. comb. (Peridiniales, Dinophyceae): A comparison. Journal of Phycology, 36, 178–189. doi:10.1046/j.1529-8817.2000.98224.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang, N. S., Jeong, H. J., Moestrup, Ø., Lee, S. Y., Lim, A. S., Jang, T. Y., … Noh, J. H. (2014). Gymnodinium smaydae n. sp., a new planktonic phototrophic dinoflagellate from the coastal waters of Western Korea: Morphology and molecular characterization. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 61, 182–203. doi:10.1111/jeu.12098
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang, N. S., Jeong, H. J., Moestrup, Ø., & Park, T. G. (2011). Gyrodiniellum shiwhaense n. gen., n. sp., a new planktonic heterotrophic dinoflagellate from the coastal waters of Western Korea: Morphology and ribosomal DNA gene sequence. Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology, 58, 284–309. doi:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2011.00544.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katoh, K., & Standley, D. M. (2013). MAFFT multiple sequence alignment software version 7: Improvements in performance and usability. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 30, 772–780. doi:10.1093/molbev/mst010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim, K.-Y., Iwataki, M., & Kim, C.-H. (2008). Molecular phylogenetic affiliations of Dissodinium pseudolunula, Pheopolykrikos hartmannii, Polykrikos cf. schwartzii and Polykrikos kofoidii to Gymnodinium sensu stricto species (Dinophyceae). Phycological Research, 56, 89–92. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1835.2008.00489.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klebs, G. A. (1912). Über Flagellaten- und Algen-ähnliche Peridineen. Verhandlungen des Naturhistorisch-Medicinischen Vereins zu Heidelberg n.s, 11, 369–451.
   Google Scholar
• Kremp, A., Tahvanainen, P., Litaker, W., Krock, B., Suikkanen, S., Leaw, C. P., & Tomas, C. (2014). Phylogenetic relationships, morphological variation, and toxin patterns in the Alexandrium ostenfeldii (Dinophyceae) complex: Implications for species boundaries and identities. Journal of Phycology, 50, 81–100. doi:10.1111/jpy.12134
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kretschmann, J., Filipowicz, N. H., Owsianny, P. M., Zinßmeister, C., & Gottschling, M. (2015). Taxonomic clarification of the unusual dinophyte Gymnodinium limneticum Wołosz. (Gymnodiniaceae) from the Tatra Mountains. Protist, 166, 621–637. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2015.09.002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kretschmann, J., Žerdoner Čalasan, A., & Gottschling, M. (2018). Molecular phylogenetics of dinophytes harbouring diatoms as endosymbionts (Kryptoperidiniaceae, Peridiniales), with evolutionary interpretations and a focus on the identity of Durinskia oculata from Prague. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 118, 392–402. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2017.10.011
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kretschmann, J., Žerdoner Čalasan, A., Kusber, W.-H., & Gottschling, M. (2018). Still curling after all these years: Glenodinium apiculatum Ehrenb. (Peridiniales, Dinophyceae) repeatedly found at its type locality in Berlin (Germany). Systematics and Biodiversity, 16, 200–209. doi:10.1080/14772000.2017.1375045
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis, J., & Dodge, J. D. (2011). Phylum Dinophyta (Dinoflagellates). In John, D.M., Whitton, B.A., & Brook, A.J. (Eds.), The freshwater algal flora of the British Isles: An identification guide to freshwater and terrestrial algae (pp. 250–274). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lindemann, E. B. L. W. (1929). Experimentelle Studien über die Fortpflanzungserscheinungen der Süßwasserperidineen auf Grund von Reinkulturen. Archiv für Protistenkunde, 68, 1–104.
   Google Scholar
• Logares, R., Shalchian-Tabrizi, K., Boltovskoy, A., & Rengefors, K. (2007). Extensive dinoflagellate phylogenies indicate infrequent marine-freshwater transitions. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 45, 887–903. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2007.08.005
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsuoka, K., Kawami, H., Nagai, S., Iwataki, M., & Takayama, H. (2009). Re-examination of cyst-motile relationships of Polykrikos kofoidii Chatton and Polykrikos schwartzii Butschli (Gymnodiniales, Dinophyceae). Review of Palaeobotany and Palynology, 154, 79–90. doi:10.1016/j.revpalbo.2008.12.013
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller, M. A., Pfeiffer, W., & Schwartz, T. (2010). Creating the CIPRES Science Gateway for inference of large phylogenetic trees. In Proceedings of the Gateway Computing Environments Workshop (GCE), 1–8. New Orleans, US–LA.
   Google Scholar
• Moestrup, Ø. (2000). The flagellate cytoskeleton. Introduction of a general terminology for microtubular flagellar roots in protists. In B.S.C. Leadbeater & J.C. Green (Eds.), The flagellate cytoskeleton. Unity, diversity and evolution (pp. 69–94). London: Taylor & Francis.
   Google Scholar
• Moestrup, Ø., & Calado, A. J. (2018). Dinophyceae. Berlin: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Münichsdorfer, B. (1982). In memoriam Willy Baumeister. Mitteilungen der Zoologischen Gesellschaft Braunau, 4, 63–65.
   Google Scholar
• Onuma, R., Watanabe, K., & Horiguchi, T. (2015). Pellucidodinium psammophilum gen. & sp. nov. and Nusuttodinium desymbiontum sp. nov. (Dinophyceae), two novel heterotrophs closely related to kleptochloroplastidic dinoflagellates. Phycologia, 54, 192–209. doi:10.2216/14-103.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popovský, J., & Pfiester, L. A. (1990). Dinophyceae (Dinoflagellida). Stuttgart: Fischer.
   Google Scholar
• Reñé, A., Camp, J., & Garces, E. (2015). Diversity and phylogeny of Gymnodiniales (Dinophyceae) from the NW Mediterranean Sea revealed by a morphological and molecular approach. Protist, 166, 234–263. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2015.03.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ronquist, F., Teslenko, M., van der Mark, P., Ayres, D. L., Darling, A., Höhna, S., … Huelsenbeck, J. P. (2012). MrBayes 3.2: Efficient Bayesian phylogenetic inference and model choice across a large model space. Systematic Biology, 61, 539–542. doi:10.1093/sysbio/sys029
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saldarriaga Echavarría, J. F., Taylor, F. J. R., Keeling, P. J., & Cavalier-Smith, T. (2001). Dinoflagellate nuclear SSU rRNA phylogeny suggests multiple plastid losses and replacements. Journal of Molecular Evolution, 53, 204–213. doi:10.1007/s002390010210
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siebeck, O. (1990). 20 Jahre Limnologische Station Seeon des Zoologischen Instituts der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München 1970-1990. München: Limnologische Station < Seeon>.
   Google Scholar
• Stamatakis, A. (2014). RAxML version 8: A tool for phylogenetic analysis and post-analysis of large phylogenies. Bioinformatics, 30, 1312–1313. doi:10.1093/bioinformatics/btu033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein, S. F. N. R. v. (1883). Der Organismus der Infusionsthiere nach eigenen Forschungen in systematischer Reihenfolge bearbeitet 3.2. Leipzig: Engelmann.
   Google Scholar
• Takano, Y., Yamaguchi, H., Inouye, I., Moestrup, Ø., & Horiguchi, T. (2014). Phylogeny of five species of Nusuttodinium gen. nov. (Dinophyceae), a genus of unarmoured kleptoplastidic dinoflagellates. Protist, 165, 759–778. doi:10.1016/j.protis.2014.09.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takayama, H. (1985). Apical grooves of unarmored dinoflagellates. Bulletin of Plankton Society of Japan, 32, 129–140.
   Google Scholar
• Thompson, R. H. (1950). A new genus and new records of fresh-water Pyrrophyta in the Desmokontae and Dinophyceae. Lloydia, 13, 277–299.
   Google Scholar
• Tillmann, U., Hoppenrath, M., & Gottschling, M. (2019). Reliable determination of Prorocentrum micans Ehrenb. (Prorocentrales, Dinophyceae) based on newly collected material from the type locality. European Journal of Phycology, 54, 417–431. doi:10.1080/09670262.2019.1579925
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villeret, S. (1953). Quelques espèces d'Algues d'eau douce rares ou nouvelles. Bulletin de la Société Botanique de France, 100, 71–74. doi:10.1080/00378941.1953.10833164
   Google Scholar
• Wang, N., Luo, Z., Mertens, K. N., McCarthy, F. M. G., Gu, L., & Gu, H. (2017). Cyst-motile stage relationship and molecular phylogeny of a new freshwater dinoflagellate Gymnodinium plasticum from Plastic Lake. Phycological Research, 65, 312–321. doi:10.1111/pre.12190
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson, W. B. (1967). Forms of dinoflagellate Gymnodinium breve Davis in culture. Contributions in Marine Science, 12, 120–134.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wołoszyńska, J. (1924). O t. zw. “niciach śluzowatych” u Gymnodinium fuscum. Acta Societatis Botanicorum Poloniae, 2, 208–211. doi:10.5586/asbp.1924.012
   Google Scholar
• Yuasa, T., Horiguchi, T., Mayama, S., & Takahashi, O. (2016). Gymnoxanthella radiolariae gen. et sp. nov. (Dinophyceae), a dinoflagellate symbiont from solitary polycystine radiolarians. Journal of Phycology, 52, 89–104. doi:10.1111/jpy.12371
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zinßmeister, C., Söhner, S., Facher, E., Kirsch, M., Meier, K. J. S., & Gottschling, M. (2011). Catch me if you can: The taxonomic identity of Scrippsiella trochoidea (F.Stein) A.R.Loebl. (Thoracosphaeraceae, Dinophyceae). Systematics and Biodiversity, 9, 145–157. doi:10.1080/14772000.2011.586071
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar