The curious and intricate case of the European Hediste diversicolor (Annelida, Nereididae) species complex, with description of two new species

References

• Anker, J. (1950). Otto Friderich Müller’s Zoologia Danica. Library Research Monograph. 1 Munksgaard. 108.
   Google Scholar
• Artegiani, A., Gacic, M., Michelato, A., Kovacevic, V., Russo, A., Paschini, E., Scarazzato, P., & Smircic, A. (1993). The Adriatic Sea hydrography and circulation in spring and autumn (1985–1987). Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 40, 1143–1180. https://doi.org/10.1016/0967-0645(93)90065-U
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Astrin, J., Zhou, X., & Misof, B. (2013). The importance of biobanking in molecular taxonomy, with proposed definitions for vouchers in a molecular context. ZooKeys, 365, 67–70. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.365.5875
   Google Scholar
• Audzijonyte, A., Ovcarenko, I., Bastrop, R., & Väinölä, R. (2008). Two cryptic species of the Hediste diversicolor group (Polychaeta, Nereididae) in the Baltic Sea, with mitochondrial signatures of different population histories. Marine Biology, 155, 599–612. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-008-1055-3
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Augener, H. (1933). Polychaeten aus den Zoologischen Museen vonLeiden und Amsterdam. Zoologische Mededeelingen s’Rijks Museumvan Natuurlijke Historie Leiden, 15, 177–260.
   Google Scholar
• Avise, J. C., & Walker, D. (1999 Species realities and numbers in sexual vertebrates: Perspectives from an asexually transmitted genome [Paper presentation]. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 96, 992–995.
   Google Scholar
• Bakken, T., Hårsaker, K., Daverdin, M. (2021). Marine invertebrate collection NTNU University Museum. Version 1.1269. Norwegian University of Science and Technology. Occurrence dataset https://doi.org/10.15468/ddbs14 accessed via GBIF.org
   Google Scholar
• Bakken, T., Glasby, C. J., & Wilson, R. S. (2009). A review of paragnath morphology in Nereididae (Polychaeta). Zoosymposia, 2, 305–316. https://doi.org/10.11646/zoosymposia.2.1.21
   Google Scholar
• Bakken, T., & Wilson, R. S. (2005). Phylogeny of nereidids (Polychaeta, Nereididae) with paragnaths. Zoologica Scripta, 34, 507–547. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1463-6409.2005.00200.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartels-Hardege, H. D., & Zeeck, E. (1990). Reproductive behaviour of Nereis diversicolor (Annelida: Polychaeta). Marine Biology, 106, 409–412. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01344320
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouckaert, R., Heled, J., Kühnert, D., Vaughan, T., Wu, C. H., Xie, D., Suchard, M. A., Rambaut, A., & Drummond, A. J. (2014). BEAST 2: A Software Platform for Bayesian Evolutionary Analysis. PLoS Computational Biology, 10, e1003537. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003537
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowser, A. K., Diamond, A. W., & Addison, J. A. (2013). From Puffins to Plankton: A DNA-based analysis of a seabird food Chain in the Northern Gulf of Maine. PloS One, 8, e83152. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0083152
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breton, S., Dufresne, F., Desrosiers, G., & Blier, P. U. (2003). Population structure of two northern hemisphere polychaetes, Neanthes virens and Hediste diversicolor (Nereididae), with different life-history traits. Marine Biology, 142, 707–715. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-002-0992-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryan, G. W., & Hummerstone, L. G. (1971). Adaptation of the polychaete Nereis diversicolor to estuarine sediments containing high concentrations of heavy metals. I. General observations and adaptation to copper. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 51, 845–863. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315400018014
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bryan, G. W., & Hummerstone, L. G. (1973). Adaptation of the polychaete Hediste diversicolor to estuarine sediments containing high concentrations of zinc and cadmium. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 53, 839–857. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315400022517
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burlinson, F. C., & Lawrence, A. J. (2007). A comparison of acute and chronic toxicity tests used to examine the temporal stability of a gradient in copper tolerance of Hediste diversicolor from the Fal estuary, Cornwall, UK. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 54, 66–71. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2006.08.047
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carr, C. M., Hardy, S. M., Brown, T. M., Macdonald, T. A., & Hebert, P. D. N. (2011). A Tri-Oceanic Perspective: DNA barcoding reveals geographic structure and cryptic diversity in Canadian polychaetes. PloS One, 6, e22232. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0022232
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castresana, J. (2000). Selection of conserved blocks from multiple alignments for their use in phylogenetic analysis. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 17, 540–552. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026334
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cerca, J., Meyer, C., Stateczny, D., Siemon, D., Wegbrod, J., Purschke, G., Dimitrov, D., & Struck, T. H. (2020). Deceleration of morphological evolution in a cryptic species complex and its link to paleontological stasis. Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution, 74, 116–131. https://doi.org/10.1111/evo.13884
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chambers, S., & Garwood, P. (1992). Polychaetes from Scottish Waters: A guide to identification 3. Family Nereidae. National Museums of Scotland.
   Google Scholar
• Christensen, B. (1980). Animal cytogenetics, vol 2, Annelida. Gebrüder Borntraeger.
   Google Scholar
• Clarke, K. R., & Warwick, R. M. (2001). A further biodiversity index applicable to species lists: variation in taxonomic distinctness. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 216, 265–278. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps216265
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clement, M., Snell, Q., Walke, P., Posada, D., & Crandall, K. (2002 TCS: estimating gene genealogies [Paper presentation]. Proceedings 16th International Parallel and Distributed Processing Symposium, 7 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Conde-Vela, V. M., & Salazar-Vallejo S. I. (2015). Redescriptions of Nereis oligohalina (Rioja, 1946) and N. garwoodi González-Escalante & Salazar-Vallejo, 2003 and description of N. confusa sp. n. (Annelida, Nereididae). ZooKeys, 518, 15–49.
   Google Scholar
• Costa, F. O., & Carvalho, G. R. (2010). New insights into molecular evolution: prospects from the Barcode of Life Initiative (BOLI). Theory in Biosciences = Theorie in Den Biowissenschaften, 129, 149–157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuny, P., Miralles, G., Cornet-Barthaux, V., Acquaviva, M., Stora, G., Grossi, V., & Gilbert, F. (2007). Influence of bioturbation by the polychaete Nereis diversicolor on the structure of bacterial communities in oil contaminated coastal sediments. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 54, 452–459. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2006.12.008
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dales, R. P. (1950). The reproduction and larval development of Nereis diversicolor O. F. Müller. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 29, 321–360. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315400055405
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darriba, D., Taboada, G. L., Doallo, R., & Posada, D. (2012). jModelTest 2: more models, new heuristics and parallel computing. Nature Methods, 9, 772–772. https://doi.org/10.1038/nmeth.2109
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delić, T., Trontelj, P., Rendoš, M., & Fišer, C. (2017). The importance of naming cryptic species and the conservation of endemic subterranean amphipods. Scientific Reports, 7, 3391. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-02938-z
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desiderato, A., Costa, F. O., Serejo, C. S., Abbiati, M., Queiroga, H., & Vieira, P. E. (2019). Macaronesian islands as promoters of diversification in amphipods: The remarkable case of the family Hyalidae (Crustacea, Amphipoda). Zoologica Scripta, 48, 359–375. https://doi.org/10.1111/zsc.12339
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dupuis, J. R., Roe, A. D., & Sperling, F. A. H. (2012). Multi-locus species delimitation in closely related animals and fungi: one marker is not enough. Molecular Ecology, 21, 4422–4436. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2012.05642.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durou, C., Mouneyrac, C., & Amiard-Triquet, C. (2005). Tolerance to metals and assessment of energy reserves in the polychaete Nereis diversicolor in clean and contaminated estuaries. Environmental Toxicology, 20, 23–31. https://doi.org/10.1002/tox.20074
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Durou, C., Smith, B. D., Roméo, M., Rainbow, P. S., Mouneyrac, C., Mouloud, M., Gnassia-Barelli, M., Gillet, P., Deutch, B., & Amiard-Triquet, C. (2007). From biomarkers to population responses in Nereis diversicolor: Assessment of stress in estuarine ecosystems. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 66, 402–411. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2006.02.016
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Einfeldt, A. L., Doucet, J. R., & Addison, J. A. (2014). Phylogeography and cryptic introduction of the ragworm Hediste diversicolor (Annelida, Nereididae) in the Northwest Atlantic. Invertebrate Biology, 133, 232–241. https://doi.org/10.1111/ivb.12060
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faulwetter, S., Markantonatou, V., Pavloudi, C., Papageorgiou, N., Keklikoglou, K., Chatzinikolaou, E., Pafilis, E., Chatzigeorgiou, G., Vasileiadou, K., Dailianis, T., Fanini, L., Koulouri, P., & Arvanitidis, C. (2014). Polytraits: A database on biological traits of marine polychaetes. Biodiversity Data Journal, 2, e1024. https://doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.2.e1024
   Google Scholar
• Fauvel, P. (1923). Polychètes errantes. Faune de France, 5, 1–488.
   Google Scholar
• Fišer, C., Robinson, C. T., & Malard, F. (2018). Cryptic species as a window into the paradigm shift of the species concept. Molecular Ecology, 27, 613–635. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.14486
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fong, P. P., & Garthwaite, R. L. (1994). Allozyme electrophoretic analysis of the Hediste limnicola – H. diversicolor – H. japonica species complex (Polychaeta: Nereididae). Marine Biology, 118, 463–470. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00350303
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forsman, A. (2015). Rethinking phenotypic plasticity and its consequences for individuals, populations and species. Heredity, 115, 276–284. https://doi.org/10.1038/hdy.2014.92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friend, H. (1899). New British annelids. The Zoologist (Series 4) 3, 262–265.
   Google Scholar
• Fujisawa, T., & Barraclough, T. G. (2013). Delimiting species using single-locus data and the Generalized Mixed Yule Coalescent Approach: A revised method and evaluation on simulated data sets. Systematic Biology, 62, 707–724. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syt033
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fusco, G., & Minelli, A. (2010). Phenotypic plasticity in development and evolution: facts and concepts. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 365, 547–556. https://doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0267
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galil, B. S., Clark, P. F., & Carlton, J. T. (2011). In the Wrong Place—Alien Marine Crustacean: Distribution, Biology, and Impacts. Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Glasby, C. J. (2005). Polychaete Distribution Patterns Revisited: an historical explanation. Marine Ecology, 26, 235–245. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0485.2005.00059.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomes-dos-Santos, A., Hagemann, A., Valente, L., Malzahn, A. M., Monroig, Ó., Froufe, E., & Castro, L. F. C. (2021). Complete mitochondrial genome of the ragworm annelid Hediste diversicolor (of Müller, 1776) (Annelida: Nereididae). Mitochondrial DNA. Part B, Resources, 6, 2849–2851. https://doi.org/10.1080/23802359.2021.1970644
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gómez, A., & Lunt, D. H. (2007). Refugia within Refugia: Patterns of phylogeographic concordance in the Iberian Peninsula. In S. Weiss & N. Ferrand (Eds.), Phylogeography of Southern European Refugia (pp. 155–188). Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Gorley, C. K., & Clarke, K. (2006) PRIMER v6: user manual/tutorial. PRIMER-E, Plym-outh, UK.
   Google Scholar
• Grant, A., Hateley, J. G., & Jones, N. V. (1989). Mapping the ecological impact of heavy metals on the estuarine polychaete Nereis diversicolor using inherited metal tolerance. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 20, 235–238. https://doi.org/10.1016/0025-326X(89)90438-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grigorovich, I. A., Therriault, T. W., & MacIsaac, H. J. (2003). History of aquatic invertebrate invasions in the Caspian Sea. Biological Invasions, 5, 103–115. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1024050824073
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guindon, S., & Gascuel, O. (2003). A Simple, Fast, and Accurate Algorithm to Estimate Large Phylogenies by Maximum Likelihood. Systematic Biology, 52, 696–704. https://doi.org/10.1080/10635150390235520
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartmann-Schröder, G. (1996). Annelida, Borstenwürmer, Polychaeta. Gustav Fischer.
   Google Scholar
• Hateley, J. G., Grant, A., Taylor, S. M., & Jones, N. V. (1992). Morphological and other evidence on the degree of genetic differentiation between populations of Nereis diversicolor. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 72, 365–381. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0025315400037760
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hebert, P. D. N., Cywinska, A., Ball, S. L., & deWaard, J. R. (2003a Biological identifications through DNA barcodes [Paper presentation]. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 270, 313–321. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2002.2218
   Google Scholar
• Hebert, P. D. N., Ratnasingham, S., & de Waard, J. R. (2003b). Barcoding animal life: cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 divergences among closely related species. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 270, S96–S99. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2003.0025
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hewitt, G. M. (1999). Post-glacial re-colonization of European biota. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society, 68, 87–112. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8312.1999.tb01160.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hewitt, G. M. (2011). Mediterranean peninsulas: the evolution of hotspots. In F. E. Zachos & J. C. Habel (Eds.), Biodiversity Hotspots: Distribution and protection of conservation priority areas (pp. 123–147). Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Husemann, M., Schmitt, T., Zachos, F. E., Ulrich, W., & Habel, J. C. (2014). Palaearctic biogeography revisited: evidence for the existence of a North African refugium for Western Palaearctic biota. Journal of Biogeography, 41, 81–94. https://doi.org/10.1111/jbi.12180
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hutchings, P., & Kupriyanova, E. (2018). Cosmopolitan polychaetes – fact or fiction? Personal and historical perspectives. Invertebrate Systematics, 32, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1071/IS17035
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Izuka, A. (1908). On the breeding habit and development of Nereis japonica n. sp. Annotationes Zoologica Japonenses, 6, 295–305.
   Google Scholar
• Jörger, K. M., Norenburg, J. L., Wilson, N. G., & Schrödl, M. (2012). Barcoding against a paradox? Combined molecular species delineations reveal multiple cryptic lineages in elusive meiofaunal sea slugs. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 12, 245. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2148-12-245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katoh, K., & Standley, D. M. (2013). MAFFT Multiple Sequence Alignment Software Version 7: Improvements in Performance and Usability. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 30, 772–780. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/mst010
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kristensen, E. (1983). Ventilation and oxygen uptake by three species of Nereis (Annelida: Polychaeta). I. Effects of hypoxia. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 12, 289–297. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps012289
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar, S., Stecher, G., Li, M., Knyaz, C., & Tamura, K. (2018). MEGA X: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis across computing platforms. Molecular Biology and Evolution, 35, 1547–1549. https://doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msy096
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Langeneck, J., Englezou, C., Di Maggio, M., Castelli, A., & Maltagliati, F. (2021). Phylogeography of Aphanius fasciatus (Osteichthyes: Aphaniidae) in the Mediterranean Sea, with a focus on its conservation in Cyprus. Hydrobiologia, 848, 4093–4114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-021-04627-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lefébure, T., Douady, C. J., Gouy, M., & Gibert, J. (2006). Relationship between morphological taxonomy and molecular divergence within Crustacea: Proposal of a molecular threshold to help species delimitation. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 40, 435–447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2006.03.014
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leigh, J. W., & Bryant, D. (2015). Popart: full-feature software for haplotype network construction. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 6, 1110–1116. https://doi.org/10.1111/2041-210X.12410
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leppäkoski, E., & Olenin, S. (2000). Non-native Species and Rates of Spread: Lessons from the Brackish Baltic Sea. Biological Invasions, 2, 151–163. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1010052809567
   Google Scholar
• Librado, P., & Rozas, J. (2009). DnaSP v5: a software for comprehensive analysis of DNA polymorphism data. Bioinformatics (Oxford, England), 25, 1451–1452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lobo, J., Teixeira, M. A. L., Borges, L. M. S., Ferreira, M. S. G., Hollatz, C., Gomes, P. T., Sousa, R., Ravara, A., Costa, M. H., & Costa, F. O. (2016). Starting a DNA barcode reference library for shallow water polychaetes from the southern European Atlantic coast. Molecular Ecology Resources, 16, 298–313. https://doi.org/10.1111/1755-0998.12441
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maggs, C. A., Castilho, R., Foltz, D., Henzler, C., Jolly, M. T., Kelly, J., Olsen, J., Perez, K. E., Stam, W., Väinölä, R., Viard, F., & Wares, J. (2008). Evaluating Signatures of Glacial Refugia for North Atlantic Benthic Marine Taxa. Ecology, 89, S108–S122. https://doi.org/10.1890/08-0257.1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maltagliati, F., Massaro, L., Cossu, P., & Castelli, A. (2006). Morphological differentiation in the ragworm, Hediste diversicolor (Polychaeta, Nereididae), as revealed by variation of paragnath number and distribution. Italian Journal of Zoology, 73, 255–262. https://doi.org/10.1080/11250000600700052
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malmgren, A. J. (1867). Annulata Polychaeta Spetsbergiae, Groenlandiae, Islandiae et Scandinaviae hactenus cognita. Frenckelliana, Helsingsforsiae [Helsinki].
   Google Scholar
• Martin, D., Meca, M. A., Gil, J., Drake, P., & Nygren, A. (2017). Another brick in the wall: population dynamics of a symbiotic species of Oxydromus (Annelida, Hesionidae), described as new based on morphometry. Contributions to Zoology, 86, 181–211. https://doi.org/10.1163/18759866-08603001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinsson, S., & Erséus, C. (2021). Cryptic Clitellata: Molecular Species Delimitation of Clitellate Worms (Annelida): An Overview. Diversity, 13, 36. https://doi.org/10.3390/d13020036
   Google Scholar
• Martinsson, S., Klinth, M., & Erséus, C. (2020). Testing species hypotheses for Fridericia magna, an enchytraeid worm (Annelida: Clitellata) with great mitochondrial variation. BMC Evolutionary Biology, 20, 116. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12862-020-01678-5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayr, E. (1942). Systematics and the Origin of Species. Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Mesnil, F. (1896). Études de morphologie externe chez les Annélides. I. Les Spionidiens des côtes de la Manche. Bulletin Scientifique de la France et de la Belgique. 29, 110–287, plates VII-XV. https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.part.19052
   Google Scholar
• Mishler, B. D., & Theriot, E. (2000). The phylogenetic species concept sensu Mishler and Theriot: monophyly, apomorphy, and phylogenetic species concepts. In Q. D. Wheeler & E. Meier (Eds), Species Concepts and Phylogenetic Theory: A Debate (pp. 44–54). Columbia University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Moreira, S. M., Lima, I., Ribeiro, R., & Guilhermino, L. (2006). Effects of estuarine sediment contamination on feeding and on key physiological functions of the polychaete Hediste diversicolor: Laboratory and in situ assays. Aquatic Toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands), 78, 186–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquatox.2006.03.001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moritz, C., & Cicero, C. (2004). DNA Barcoding: Promise and Pitfalls. PLoS Biology, 2, e354. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0020354
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller, O. F. (1776). Zoologiae Danicae prodromus: seu Animalium Daniae et Norvegiae indigenarum; characteres, nomina, et synonyma imprimis popularium (pp. 282). Hallageriis: Havniae (Copenhagen),
   Google Scholar
• Myers, N., Mittermeier, R. A., Mittermeier, C. G., da Fonseca, G. A. B., & Kent, J. (2000). Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities. Nature, 403, 853–858. https://doi.org/10.1038/35002501
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neuhoff, H. G. (1979). Influence of temperature and salinity on food conversion and growth of differents Nereis species (Polychaeta Annelida). Marine Ecology Progress Series, 1, 255–262. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps001255
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nygren, A., Parapar, J., Pons, J., Meißner, K., Bakken, T., Kongsrud, J. A., Oug, E., Gaeva, D., Sikorski, A., Johansen, R. A., Hutchings, P. A., Lavesque, N., & Capa, M. (2018). A mega-cryptic species complex hidden among one of the most common annelids in the North East Atlantic. PloS One, 13, e0198356. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0198356
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oug, E., Bakken, T., & Kongsrud, J. A. (2014). Original specimens and type localities of early described polychaete species (Annelida) from Norway, with particular attention to species described by O.F. Müller and M. Sars. Memoirs of Museum Victoria, 71, 217–236. https://doi.org/10.24199/j.mmv.2014.71.17
   Google Scholar
• Paiva, P. C., Mutaquilha, B. F., Coutinho, M. C. L., & Santos, C. S. G. (2019). Comparative phylogeography of two coastal species of Perinereis Kinberg, 1865 (Annelida, Polychaeta) in the South Atlantic. Marine Biodiversity, 49, 1537–1551. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-018-0927-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patarnello, T., Volckaert, F. A. M. J., & Castilho, R. (2007). Pillars of Hercules: is the Atlantic–Mediterranean transition a phylogeographical break? Molecular Ecology, 16, 4426–4444. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03477.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peijnenburg, K. T. C. A., Breeuwer, J. A. J., Pierrot‐Bults, A. C., & Menken, S. B. J. (2004). Phylogeography of the Planktonic Chaetognath Sagitta Setosa Reveals Isolation in European Seas. Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution, 58, 1472–1487. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0014-3820.2004.tb01728.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peijnenburg, K. T. C. A., Fauvelot, C., Breeuwer, J. A. J., & Menken, S. B. J. (2006). Spatial and temporal genetic structure of the planktonic Sagitta setosa (Chaetognatha) in European seas as revealed by mitochondrial and nuclear DNA markers. Molecular Ecology, 15, 3319–3338. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2006.03002.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pleasant Bay Community Boating (PBCB) Bioblitz 2016 by Ocean Genome Legacy. Sequences available at BOLD. http://v4.boldsystems.org/index.php/Public_BarcodeCluster?clusteruri=BOLD:ADI1892
   Google Scholar
• Pleijel, F., Jondelius, U., Norlinder, E., Nygren, A., Oxelman, B., Schander, C., Sundberg, P., & Thollesson, M. (2008). Phylogenies without roots? A plea for the use of vouchers in molecular phylogenetic studies. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 48, 369–371 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2008.03.024
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puillandre, N., Lambert, A., Brouillet, S., & Achaz, G. (2012). ABGD, Automatic Barcode Gap Discovery for primary species delimitation. Molecular Ecology, 21, 1864–1877. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2011.05239.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R Core Team. (2019). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing. https://www.R-project.org/
   Google Scholar
• Rambaut, A., Drummond, A. J., Xie, D., Baele, G., & Suchard, M. A. (2018). Posterior Summarization in Bayesian Phylogenetics Using Tracer 1.7. Systematic Biology, 67, 901–904. https://doi.org/10.1093/sysbio/syy032
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rathke, H. (1836). Zur Fauna der Krym. Mémoires de l’Académie Impériale des Sciences de Saint Pétersbourg, 3, 291–454.
   Google Scholar
• Ratnasingham, S., & Hebert, P. D. N. (2013). A DNA-Based Registry for All Animal Species: The Barcode Index Number (BIN) System. PloS One, 8, e66213. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0066213
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravara, A., Ramos, D., Teixeira, M. A. L., Costa, F. O., & Cunha, M. R. (2017). Taxonomy, distribution and ecology of the order Phyllodocida (Annelida, Polychaeta) in deep-sea habitats around the Iberian margin. Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography, 137, 207–231. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dsr2.2016.08.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reuschel, S., Cuesta, J. A., & Schubart, C. D. (2010). Marine biogeographic boundaries and human introduction along the European coast revealed by phylogeography of the prawn Palaemon elegans. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 55, 765–775. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2010.03.021
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Röhner, M., Bastrop, R., & Jürss, K. (1997). Genetic differentiation in Hediste diversicolor (Polychaeta: Nereididae) for the North Sea and the Baltic Sea. Marine Biology, 130, 171–180. https://doi.org/10.1007/s002270050236
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ronquist, F., & Huelsenbeck, J. P. (2003). MrBayes 3: Bayesian phylogenetic inference under mixed models. Bioinformatics, 19, 1572–1574. [Database] https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btg180
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salazar-Vallejo, S. I., de León-Gonzalez, J. A., & Conde-Vela, V. M. (2021). Revision of the species confused with “Nereis falsa” de Quatrefages, 1866 (Annelida, Nereididae). European Journal of Taxonomy, 779, 1–70. https://doi.org/10.5852/ejt.2021.779.1579
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sampieri, B. R., Vieira, P. E., Teixeira, M. A. L., Seixas, V. C., Pagliosa, P. R., Amaral, A. C. Z., & Costa, F. O. (2021). Molecular diversity within the genus Laeonereis (Annelida, Nereididae) along the west Atlantic coast: paving the way for integrative taxonomy. PeerJ. 9, e11364. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11364
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sá‐Pinto, A., Branco, M., Sayanda, D., & Alexandrino, P. (2008). Patterns of colonization, evolution and gene flow in species of the genus Patella in the Macaronesian Islands. Molecular Ecology, 17, 519–532. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2007.03563.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sapota, M. R. (2004). The round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) in the Gulf of Gdańsk — a species introduction into the Baltic Sea. In H. Kautsky & P. Snoeijs (Eds.), Developments in Hydrobiology (pp. 219–224). Biology of the Baltic Sea Springer Netherlands.
   Google Scholar
• Sars, M. (1835). Beskrivelser og Iagttagelser over nogle moerkelige eller nye i Havet ved den Bergenske Kyst levende Dyr af Polypernes, Acalephernes, Radiaternes, Annelidernes og Molluskernes classer, med en kort Oversigt over de hidtil af Forfatteren sammesteds fundne Arter og deres Forekommen (xii + 81 pp., 15 plates). Thorstein Hallagers Forlag hos Chr. Dahl, R.S.
   Google Scholar
• Sato, M., & Nakashima, A. (2003). A review of Asian Hediste species complex (Nereididae, Polychaeta) with descriptions of two new species and a redescription of Hediste japonica (Izuka, 1908). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 137, 403–445. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1096-3642.2003.00059.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scaps, P. (2002). A review of the biology, ecology and potential use of the common ragworm Hediste diversicolor (O.F. Müller) (Annelida: Polychaeta). Hydrobiologia, 470, 203–218. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015681605656
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmitt, T. (2007). Molecular biogeography of Europe: Pleistocene cycles and postglacial trends. Frontiers in Zoology, 4, 11. https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-9994-4-11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmitt, T., Fritz, U., Delfino, M., Ulrich, W., & Habel, J. C. (2021). Biogeography of Italy revisited: genetic lineages confirm major phylogeographic patterns and a pre-Pleistocene origin of its biota. Frontiers in Zoology, 18, 34. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12983-021-00418-9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, R. I. (1950). Embryonic development in the viviparous nereid polychaete, Neanthes lighti hartman. Journal of Morphology, 87, 417–465. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1050870303
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith, R. I. (1964). On the early development of Nereis diversicolor in different salinities. Journal of Morphology, 114, 437–463. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmor.1051140306
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ström, H. (1762). Physisk og Oeconomisk Beskrivelse over Fogderiet Søndmør, beliggende i Bergens Stift i Norge'. Saelges i Rothes Enkes og Profts Boghandling. Kiøbenhavn. 1143
   Google Scholar
• Struck, T. H., Feder, J. L., Bendiksby, M., Birkeland, S., Cerca, J., Gusarov, V. I., Kistenich, S., Larsson, K. H., Liow, L. H., Nowak, M. D., Stedje, B., Bachmann, L., & Dimitrov, D. (2018). Finding Evolutionary Processes Hidden in Cryptic Species. Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 33, 153–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tree.2017.11.007
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teixeira, M. A. L., Vieira, P. E., Pleijel, F., Sampieri, B. R., Ravara, A., Costa, F. O., & Nygren, A. (2020). Molecular and morphometric analyses identify new lineages within a large Eumida (Annelida) species complex. Zoologica Scripta, 49, 222–235. https://doi.org/10.1111/zsc.12397
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teixeira, M. A. L., Vieira, P. E., Ravara, A., Costa, F. O., & Nygren, A. (2022). From 13 to 22 in a second stroke: revisiting the European Eumida sanguinea (Phyllodocidae: Annelida) species complex. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 196, 169–197. https://doi.org/10.1093/zoolinnean/zlab100
   Google Scholar
• Tosuji, H., Bastrop, R., Götting, M., Park, T., Hong, J. S., & Sato, M. (2019). Worldwide molecular phylogeny of common estuarine polychaetes of the genus Hediste (Annelida: Nereididae), with special reference to interspecific common haplotypes found in southern Japan. Marine Biodiversity, 49, 1385–1402. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-018-0917-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varela, I. A., & Haye, P. A. (2012). The marine brooder Excirolana braziliensis (Crustacea: Isopoda) is also a complex of cryptic species on the coast of Chile. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural, 85, 495–502. https://doi.org/10.4067/S0716-078X2012000400011
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vasileiadou, K., Pavloudi, C., Sarropoulou, E., Fragopoulou, N., Kotoulas, G., & Arvanitidas, C. (2016). Unique COI haplotypes in Hediste diversicolor populations in lagoons adjoining the Ionian Sea. Aquatic Biology, 25, 7–15. https://doi.org/10.3354/ab00654
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vieira, P. E., Desiderato, A., Holdich, D. M., Soares, P., Creer, S., Carvalho, G. R., Costa, F. O., & Queiroga, H. (2019). Deep segregation in the open ocean: Macaronesia as an evolutionary hotspot for low dispersal marine invertebrates. Molecular Ecology, 28, 1784–1800. https://doi.org/10.1111/mec.15052
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villalobos-Guerrero, T. F., & Carrera-Parra, L. F. (2015). Redescription of Alitta succinea (Leuckart, 1847) and reinstatement of A. acutifolia (Ehlers, 1901) n. comb. based upon morphological and molecular data (Polychaeta: Nereididae). Zootaxa, 3919, 157–178. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3919.1.7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villalobos-Guerrero, T. F. (2019). Redescription of two overlooked species of the Perinereis nuntia complex and morphological delimitation of P. nuntia (Savigny in Lamarck, 1818) from the Red Sea (Annelida, Nereididae). Zoosystema, 41, 465–496. https://doi.org/10.5252/zoosystema2019v41a24
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villalobos-Guerrero, T. F., & Bakken, T. (2018). Revision of the Alitta virens species complex (Annelida: Nereididae) from the North Pacific Ocean. Zootaxa, 4483, 201–257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Virgilio, M., & Abbiati, M. (2006). Temporal changes in the genetic structure of intertidal populations of Hediste diversicolor (Polychaeta: Nereididae). Journal of Sea Research, 56, 53–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seares.2006.03.008
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Virgilio, M., Baroncini, N., Trombini, C., & Abbiati, M. (2003). Relationships between sediments and tissue contamination and allozymic patterns in Hediste diversicolor (Polychaeta Nereididae) in the Pialassa lagoons (north Adriatic Sea). Oceanologica Acta, 26, 85–92 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0399-1784(02)01230-6
   Google Scholar
• Virgilio, M., Fauvelot, C., Costantini, F., Abbiati, M., & Backeljau, T. (2009). Phylogeography of the common ragworm Hediste diversicolor (Polychaeta: Nereididae) reveals cryptic diversity and multiple colonization events across its distribution. Molecular Ecology, 18, 1980–1994. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2009.04170.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Virgilio, M., Maci, S., & Abbiati, M. (2005). Comparisons of genotype-tolerance responses in populations of Hediste diversicolor (Polychaeta: Nereididae) exposed to copper stress. Marine Biology, 147, 1305–1312. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-005-0030-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Volkenborn, N., Hedtkamp, S. I. C., van Beusekom, J. E. E., & Reise, K. (2007). Effects of bioturbation and bioirrigation by lugworms (Arenicola marina) on physical and chemical sediment properties and implications for intertidal habitat succession. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 74, 331–343. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2007.05.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wares, J. P., & Cunningham, C. W. (2001). Phylogeography and historical ecology of the North Atlantic Intertidal. Evolution; International Journal of Organic Evolution, 55, 2455–2469.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weitschek, E., Fiscon, G., & Felici, G. (2014). Supervised DNA Barcodes species classification: analysis, comparisons and results. BioData Mining, 7, 4. https://doi.org/10.1186/1756-0381-7-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westheide & Hass-Cordes. (2001). Molecular taxonomy: description of a cryptic Petitia species (Polychaeta: Syllidae) from the island of Mahé (Seychelles, Indian Ocean) using RAPD markers and ITS2 sequences. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, 39, 103–111. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1439-0469.2001.00166.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolff, W. J. (1973). The estuary as a habitat an analysis of data on the soft-bottom Macrofauna of the Estuarine area of the rivers rhine, Meuse, and Scheldt. Zoologische Verhandelingen, 126, 1–242.
   Google Scholar
• Xavier, J. R., & Van Soest, R. W. M. (2012). Diversity patterns and zoogeography of the Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean shallow-water sponge fauna. Hydrobiologia, 687, 107–125. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10750-011-0880-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Younsi, M., Daas, T., Daas, O., & Scaps, P. (2010). Polychaetes of commercial interest from the Mediterranean East Coast of Algeria. Mediterranean Marine Science, 11, 185–188. https://doi.org/10.12681/mms.101
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang, J., Kapli, P., Pavlidis, P., & Stamatakis, A. (2013). A general species delimitation method with applications to phylogenetic placements. Bioinformatics (Oxford, England), 29, 2869–2876. https://doi.org/10.1093/bioinformatics/btt499
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar