850
Views
37
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Articles

Phylogenetic reassessment of Pisanosaurus mertii Casamiquela, 1967, a basal dinosauriform from the Late Triassic of Argentina

&
Pages 853-879 | Received 24 Nov 2016, Accepted 26 Jun 2017, Published online: 04 Aug 2017

References

  • Arcucci, A. B. 1987. Un nuevo Lagosuchidae (Thecodontia Pseudosuchia) de la fauna de Los Chañares (edad reptil Chañarense, Triásico Medio), La Rioja, Argentina. Ameghiniana, 24, 89–94.
  • Báez, A. M. & Marsicano, C. A. 2001. A heterodontosaurid ornithischian dinosaur from the Upper Triassic of Patagonia. Ameghiniana, 38, 271–279.
  • Baron, M. G., Norman, D. B. & Barrett, P. M. 2017. A new hypothesis of dinosaur relationships and early dinosaur evolution. Nature, 543, 501–506.
  • Barrett, P. M. & Upchurch, P. 2007. The evolution of feeding mechanisms in early sauropodomorph dinosaurs. Special Papers in Palaeontology, 77, 91–112.
  • Barrett, P. M., Butler, R. J., Twitchett, R. J. & Hutt, S. 2011. New material of Valdosaurus canaliculatus (Ornithischia: Ornithopoda) from the Lower Cretaceous of southern England. Special Papers in Palaeontology, 86, 131–163.
  • Barrett, P. M., Butler, R. J., Mundil, R., Scheyer, T. M., Irmis, R. B. & Sánchez-Villagra, M. R. 2014. A palaeoequatorial ornithischian and new constraints on early dinosaur diversification. Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series B, 281, 20141147.
  • Becerra, M. G., Pol, D., Marsicano, C. A. & Rauhut, O. W. 2013. The dentition of Manidens condorensis (Ornithischia; Heterodontosauridae) from the Jurassic Cañadón Asfalto Formation of Patagonia: morphology, heterodonty and the use of statistical methods for identifying isolated teeth. Historical Biology, 26, 480–492.
  • Benton, M. J. 1984. Fossil reptiles of the German late Triassic and the origin of the dinosaurs. Pp. 13–18 in W.-E. Reif & F. Westphal (eds) Third symposium on Mesozoic terrestrial ecosystems, Tübingen, Short Papers. Attempto, Tübingen.
  • Bittencourt, J. & Kellner, A. W. A. 2009. The anatomy and phylogenetic position of the Triassic dinosaur Staurikosaurus pricei (Colbert, 1970). Zootaxa, 2079, 1–156.
  • Bittencourt, J. S., Arcucci, A. B., Marsicano, C. A. & Langer, M. C. 2014. Osteology of the Middle Triassic archosaur Lewisuchus admixtus Romer (Chañares Formation, Argentina), its inclusivity, and relationships amongst early dinosauromorphs. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 13, 189–219.
  • Bonaparte, J. F. 1970. Annotated list of the South American Triassic tetrapods. Pp. 665–682 in S. H. Haughton (ed.) Second Gondwana symposium, July–August 1970, proceedings and papers. Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, Cape Town and Johannesburg.
  • Bonaparte, J. F. 1972. Los tetrápodos del sector superior de la Formacion Los Colorados, La Rioja, Argentina (Triássico superior). Opera Lilloana, 22, 1–183.
  • Bonaparte, J. F. 1976. Pisanosaurus mertii Casimiquela and the origin of the Ornithischia. Journal of Paleontology, 50, 808–820.
  • Bonaparte, J. F. 1996. Dinosaurios de América del Sur. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, Buenos Aires, 176 pp.
  • Bonaparte, J. F. 1999. Evolución de las vértebras presacras en Sauropodomorpha. Ameghiniana, 36, 115–187.
  • Bonaparte, J. F. 2007. Dinosaurios y pterosaurios de América del Sur. Editorial Albatros, Buenos Aires, 224 pp.
  • Bonaparte, J. F. & Pumares, J. A. 1995. Notas sobre el primer craneo de Riojasaurus incertus (Dinosauria, Prosauropoda, Melanorosauridae) del Triásico superior de La Rioja, Argentina. Ameghiniana, 32, 341–349.
  • Bonaparte, J. F., Ferigolo, J. & Ribeiro, A. M. 1999. A new early late Triassic saurischian dinosaur from Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. National Science Museum Monographs, 15, 89–109.
  • Boyd, C. A. 2015. The systematic relationships and biogeographic history of ornithischian dinosaurs. PeerJ, 3, e1523.
  • Britt, B. B. 1993. Pneumatic postcranial bones in dinosaurs and other archosaurs. Unpublished PhD thesis, University of Calgary, Calgary, 383 pp.
  • Brusatte, S. L., Benton, M. J., Desojo, J. B. & Langer, M. C. 2010. The higher level phylogeny of Archosauria (Tetrapoda: Diapsida). Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 8, 3–47.
  • Butler, R. J. 2005. The ‘fabrosaurid’ ornithischian dinosaurs of the upper Elliot Formation (Lower Jurassic) of South Africa and Lesotho. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 145, 175–218.
  • Butler, R. J. 2010. The anatomy of the basal ornithischian dinosaur Eocursor parvus from the lower Elliot Formation (Late Triassic) of South Africa. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 160, 648–684.
  • Butler, R. J., Smith, R. M. H. & Norman, D. B. 2007. A primitive ornithischian dinosaur from the late Triassic of South Africa, and the early evolution and diversification of Ornithischia. Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series B, 274, 2041–2046.
  • Butler, R. J., Upchurch, P. & Norman, D. B. 2008. The phylogeny of the ornithischian dinosaurs. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 6, 1–40.
  • Butler, R. J., Barrett, P. M., Kenrick, P. & Penn, M. G. 2009. Diversity patterns amongst herbivorous dinosaurs and plants during the Cretaceous: implications for hypotheses of dinosaur/angiosperm coevolution. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 22, 446–459.
  • Butler, R. J., Porro, L. B., Galton, P. M. & Chiappe, L. M. 2012. Anatomy and cranial functional morphology of the small-bodied dinosaur Fruitadens haagarorum from the Upper Jurassic of the USA. PloS One, 7(4), e31556.
  • Butler, R. J, Galton, P. M, Porro, L. B, Chiappe, L. M, Henderson, D. M. & Erickson, G. M. 2010. Lower limits of ornithischian dinosaur body size inferred from a new Upper Jurassic heterodontosaurid from North America. Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series B, 277, 375–381.
  • Casamiquela, R. M. 1967. Un nuevo dinosaurio ornitisquio Triásico (Pisanosaurus mertii; Ornithopoda) de la Formacion Ischigualasto, Argentina. Ameghiniana, 5, 47–64.
  • Charig, A. J. & Crompton, A. W. 1974. The alleged synonymy of Lycorhinus and Heterodontosaurus. Annals of the South African Museum, 64, 167–189.
  • Charig, A. J. & Milner, A. C. 1997. Baryonyx walkeri, a fish-eating dinosaur from the Wealden of Surrey. Bulletin of The Natural History Museum, Geology Series, 53, 11–70.
  • Chatterjee, S. 1974. A rhynchosaur from the Upper Triassic Maleria Formation of India. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, Series B, 267, 209–261.
  • Chatterjee, S. 1984. A new ornithischian dinosaur from the Triassic of North America. Naturwissenschaften, 71, 630–631.
  • Colbert, E. H. 1981. A primitive ornithischian dinosaur from the Kayenta Formation of Arizona. Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin, 53, 1–61.
  • Colbert. E. H. 1989. The Triassic dinosaur Coelophysis. Museum of Northern Arizona Bulletin, 57, 1–174.
  • Cooper, M. R. 1981. The prosauropod dinosaur Massospondylus caritanus Owen from Zimbabwe: its biology, mode of life and phylogenetic significance. Occasional Papers, National Museums and Monuments of Rhodesia, Series B, 6, 689–840.
  • Cooper, M. R. 1985. A revision of the ornithischian dinosaur Kangnasaurus coetzeei Haughton, with a classification of the Ornithischia. Annals of the South African Museum, 95, 281–317.
  • Crompton, A. W. & Attridge, J. 1986. Masticatory apparatus of the larger herbivores during late Triassic and Early Jurassic times. Pp. 223–236 in K. Padian (ed.) The beginning of the Age of Dinosaurs. Cambridge University Press, New York.
  • Dzik, J. 2003. A beaked herbivorous archosaur with dinosaur affinities from the early late Triassic of Poland. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 23, 556–574.
  • Dzik, J. & Sulej, T. 2007. A review of the early Late Triassic Krasiejo´w biota from Silesia, Poland. Acta Palaeontologia Polonica, 64, 1–27.
  • Ezcurra, M. D. 2006. A review of the systematic position of the dinosauriform archosaur Eucoelophysis baldwini (Sullivan and Lucas, 1999) from the Upper Triassic of New Mexico, USA. Geodiversitas, 28, 649–684.
  • Ezcurra, M. D. 2010. A new early dinosaur (Saurischia: Sauropodomorpha) from the late Triassic of Argentina: a reassessment of dinosaur origin and phylogeny. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 8, 371–425.
  • Ferigolo, J. & Langer, M. C. 2007. A late Triassic dinosauriform from south Brazil and the origin of the ornithischian predentary bone. Historical Biology, 19, 23–33.
  • Flynn, J. J., Nesbitt, S. J., Parrish, J. M., Ranivoharimanana, L. & Wyss, A. R. 2010. A new species of Azendohsaurus (Diapsida: Archosauromorpha) from the Triassic Isalo Group of southwestern Madagascar: cranium and mandible. Palaeontology, 53, 669–688.
  • Galton, P. M. 1972. Classification and evolution of ornithopod dinosaurs. Nature, 239, 464–466.
  • Galton, P. M. 1973. The cheeks of ornithischian dinosaurs. Lethaia, 6, 67–89.
  • Galton, P. M. 1974. The ornithischian dinosaur Hypsilophodon from the Wealden of the Isle of Wight. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Geology Series, 25, 1–152.
  • Galton, P. M. 1986. Herbivorous adaptations of late Triassic and early Jurassic dinosaurs. Pp. 203–221 in K. Padian (ed.) The beginning of the Age of Dinosaurs. Cambridge University Press, New York.
  • Galton, P. M. 2014. Notes on the postcranial anatomy of the heterodontosaurid dinosaur Heterodontosaurus tucki, a basal ornithischian from the Lower Jurassic of South Africa. Revue de Paléobiologie, Genève, 33, 97–141.
  • Galton, P. M. & Powell, H. P. 1980. The ornithischian dinosaur Camptosaurus prestwichii from the Upper Jurassic of England. Palaeontology, 23, 411–443.
  • Gauthier, J. A. 1986. Saurischian monophyly and the origin of birds. Memoirs of the California Academy of Science, 8, 1–55.
  • Gauthier, J. A., Nesbitt, S. J., Schachner, E. R., Bever, G. S. & Joyce, W. G. 2011. The bipedal stem crocodilian Poposaurus gracilis: inferring function in fossils and innovation in archosaur locomotion. Bulletin of the Peabody Museum of Natural History, 52, 107–126.
  • Gilmore, C. W. 1920. Osteology of the carnivorous Dinosauria in the United States National Museum, with special reference to the genera Antrodemus (Allosaurus) and Ceratosaurus. Bulletin of the United States National Museum, 110, 1–150.
  • Goloboff, P. A., Farris, J. S. & Nixon, K. C. 2008. TNT, a free program for phylogenetic analysis. Cladistics, 24, 774–786.
  • Hunt, A. P. & Lucas, S. G. 1994. Ornithischian dinosaurs from the Upper Triassic of the United States. Pp. 225–241 in N. C. Fraser & H.-D. Sues (eds) In the shadow of the dinosaurs: early Mesozoic tetrapods. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Irmis, R. B. & Whiteside, J. H. 2011. Delayed recovery of non-marine tetrapods after the end-Permian mass extinction tracks global carbon cycle. Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series B, 279, 1310–1318.
  • Irmis, R. B., Parker, W. G., Nesbitt, S. J. & Jun, L. 2007. Early ornithischian dinosaurs: the Triassic record. Historical Biology, 19, 3–22.
  • Kammerer, C. F, Nesbitt, S. J. & Shubin, N. H. 2012. The first basal dinosauriform (Silesauridae) from the late Triassic of Morocco. Acta Palaeontologica Polonica, 57, 277–284.
  • Langer, M. C. 2003. The pelvic and hind limb anatomy of the stem-sauropodomorph Saturnalia tupiniquim (Late Triassic, Brazil). PaleoBios, 23(2), 1–40.
  • Langer, M. C. 2004. Basal Saurischia. Pp. 25–46 in D. B. Weishampel (ed.) The Dinosauria. 2nd edition. University of California Press, Berkeley.
  • Langer, M. C. & Benton, M. J. 2006. Early dinosaurs: a phylogenetic study. Journal of Systematic Palaeontology, 4, 309–358.
  • Langer, M. C. & Ferigolo, J. 2013. The late Triassic dinosauromorph Sacisaurus agudoensis (Caturrita Formation; Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil): anatomy and affinities. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 379, 353–392.
  • Langer, M. C., Abdala, F., Richter, M. & Benton, M. J. 1999. A sauropodomorph dinosaur from the Upper Triassic (Carnian) of southern Brazil. Comptes Rendus de l'Academie des Sciences, Series 2A, 329, 511–517.
  • Langer, M. C., Ezcurra, M. D., Bittencourt, J. S. & Novas, F. E. 2010. The origin and early evolution of dinosaurs. Biological Reviews, 85, 55–110.
  • Lecuona, A., Ezcurra, M. D. & Irmis, R. B. 2016. Revision of the early crocodylomorph Trialestes romeri(Archosauria, Suchia) from the lower Upper Triassic Ischigualasto Formation of Argentina: one of the oldest known crocodylomorphs. Papers in Palaeontology, 2, 585–622.
  • Long, R. A. & Murry, P. A. 1995. Late Triassic (Carnian and Norian) tetrapods from the southwestern United States. New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin, 4, 1–254.
  • Martinez, R. N. & Alcober, O. A. 2009. A basal sauropodomorph (Dinosauria: Saurischia) from the Ischigualasto Formation (Triassic, Carnian) and the early evolution of Sauropodomorpha. PLoS One, 4(2), e4397.
  • Martínez, R. N., Sereno, P. C., Alcober, O. A., Colombi, C. E., Renne, P. R., Montañez, I. P. & Currie, B. S. 2011. A basal dinosaur from the dawn of the dinosaur era in southwestern Pangaea. Science, 331, 206–210.
  • Martínez, R. N., Apaldetti, C., Alcober, O. A., Colombi, C. E., Sereno, P. C., Fernandez, E., Santi Malnis, P., Correa, G. A. & Abelin, D. 2013. Vertebrate succession in the Ischigualasto Formation. Society of Vertebrate Paleontology Memoir, 12, 10–30.
  • Nesbitt, S. J. 2011. The early evolution of archosaurs: relationships and the origin of major clades. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 352, 1–292.
  • Nesbitt, S. J., Sidor, C. A., Irmis, R. B., Angielczyk, K. D., Smith, R. M. H. & Tsuji, L. A. 2010. Ecologically distinct dinosaurian sister group shows early diversification of Ornithodira. Nature, 464, 95–98.
  • Nesbitt, S. J., Smith, N. D, Irmis, R. B., Turner, A. H., Downs, A. & Norell, M. A. 2009. A complete skeleton of a late Triassic saurischian and the early evolution of dinosaurs. Science, 326, 1530–1533.
  • Norman, D. B. & Weishampel, D. B. 1990. Iguanodontidae and related ornithopods. Pp. 510–533 in P. Dodson & H. Osmolska (eds) The Dinosauria. University of California Press, Berkeley.
  • Norman, D. B., Witmer, L. M. & Weishampel, D. B. 2004. Basal Ornithischia. Pp. 325–334 in D. B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, & H. Osmólska (eds) The Dinosauria. 2nd edition. University of California Press, Berkeley.
  • Norman, D. B., Crompton, A. W., Butler, R. J., Porro, L. B. & Charig, A. J. 2011. The Lower Jurassic ornithischian dinosaur Heterodontosaurus tucki Crompton and Charig, 1962: cranial anatomy, functional morphology, taxonomy, and relationships. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 163, 182–276.
  • Novas, F. E. 1989. The tibia and tarsus in Herrerasauridae (Dinosauria, incertae sedis) and the origin and evolution of the dinosaurian tarsus. Journal of Paleontology, 63, 677–690.
  • Novas, F. E. 1994. New information on the systematics and postcranial skeleton of Herrerasaurus ischigualastensis (Theropoda: Herrerasauridae) from the Ischigualasto Formation (upper Triassic) of Argentina. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 13, 400–423.
  • Novas, F. E. 1996. Dinosaur monophyly. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 16, 723–741.
  • Novas, F. E. 2009. The Age of Dinosaurs in South America. Indiana University Press, Indiana, 536 pp.
  • O'Connor, P. M. 2006. Postcranial pneumaticity: an evaluation of soft tissue influences on the postcranial skeleton and the reconstruction of pulmonary anatomy in archosaurs. Journal of Morphology, 267, 1199–1226.
  • Olsen, P. E. & Sues, H. D. 1986. Correlation of continental late Triassic and Early Jurassic sediments, and patterns of the Triassic–Jurassic tetrapod transition. Pp. 321–351 in K. Padian (ed.) The beginning of the Age of Dinosaurs. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
  • Olsen, P. E., Kent, D. V. & Whiteside, J. H. 2011. Implications of the Newark Supergroup-based astrochronology and geomagnetic polarity time scale (Newark–APTS) for the tempo and mode of the early diversification of the Dinosauria. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 101, 201–229.
  • Padian, K. 2013. The problem of dinosaur origins: integrating three approaches to the rise of Dinosauria. Earth and Environmental Science Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 103, 423–442.
  • Parker, W. G., Irmis, R. B., Nesbitt, S. J., Martz, J. W. & Browne, L. S. 2005. The late Triassic pseudosuchian Revueltosaurus callenderi and its implications for the diversity of early ornithischian dinosaurs. Proceedings of the Royal Society, Series B, 272, 963–969.
  • Paul, G. S. 1984. The segnosaurian dinosaurs: relics of the prosauropod ornithischian transition? Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 4, 507–515.
  • Peecook, B., Sidor, C., Nesbitt, S., Smith, R. M. H., Steyer, J. S. & Angielczyk, K. 2013. A new silesaurid from the upper Ntawere Formation of Zambia (Middle Triassic) demonstrates the rapid diversification of Silesauridae (Avemetatarsalia, Dinosauriformes). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 33, 1127–1137.
  • Piechowsky, R. & Dzik, J. 2010. The axial skleton of Silesaurus opolensis. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 30, 1127–1141.
  • Pol, D. & Powell, J. E. 2007. New information on Lessemsaurus sauropoides (Dinosauria: Sauropodomorpha) from the late Triassic of Argentina. Special Papers in Palaeontology, 77, 223–243.
  • Rauhut, O. W. M. 2003. The interrelationships and evolution of basal theropod dinosaurs. Special Papers in Palaeontology, 69, 1–214.
  • Rogers, R. R., Swisher III, C. C. & Sereno P. C., Monetta, A. M., Forster, C. A. & Martéinez, R. N. 1993. The Ischigualasto tetrapod assemblage (Late Triassic, Argentina) and 40Ar/39Ar dating of dinosaur origins. European Science, 260, 794–797.
  • Sampson, S. D, Witmer, L. M., Forster, C. A., Krause, D. W., O'Connor, P. M., Dodson, P. & Ravoavy, F. 1998. Predatory dinosaur remains from Madagascar: implications for the Cretaceous biogeography of Gondwana. Science, 280, 1048–1051.
  • Santa Luca, A. P. 1980. The postcranial skeleton of Heterodontosaurus tucki (Reptilia, Ornithischia) from the Stormberg of South Africa. Annals of the South African Museum, 79, 159–211.
  • Sereno, P. C. 1986. Phylogeny of the birdhipped dinosaurs (Order Ornithischia). National Geographic Society Research, 2, 234–256.
  • Sereno, P. C. 1991. Lesothosaurus, ‘fabrosaurids’, and the early evolution of the Ornithischia. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 11, 168–197.
  • Sereno, P. C. 1999. The evolution of dinosaurs. Science, 284, 2137–2147.
  • Sereno, P. C. 2012. Taxonomy, morphology, masticatory function and phylogeny of heterodontosaurid dinosaurs. Zookeys, 226, 1–225.
  • Sereno, P. C. & Arcucci, A. B. 1994. Dinosaurian precursors from the Middle Triassic of Argentina: Marasuchus lilloensis, gen. nov. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 14, 53–73.
  • Sereno, P. C., Martínez, R. N. & Alcober, O. A. 2013. Osteology of Eoraptor lunensis (Dinosauria, Sauropodomorpha). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 32, 83–179.
  • Thulborn, R. A. 1971. Origins and evolution of ornithischian dinosaurs. Nature, 234, 75–78.
  • Thulborn, R. A. 1972. The postcranial skeleton of the Triassic ornithischian dinosaur Fabrosaurus australis. Palaeontology, 15, 29–60.
  • Thulborn, R. A. 1974. A new heterodontosaurid dinosaur (Reptilia: Ornithischia) from the Upper Triassic Red Beds of Lesotho. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 55, 151–175.
  • Thulborn, T. 2006. On the tracks of the earliest dinosaurs: implications for the hypothesis of dinosaurian monophyly. Alcheringa, 30, 273–311.
  • Von Baczko, M. B., Desojo, J. B. & Pol, D. 2014. Anatomy and phylogenetic position of Venaticosuchus rusconii (Bonaparte, 1970) (Archosauria, Pseudosuchia), from the Ischigualasto Formation (Late Triassic), La Rioja, Argentina. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 34, 1342–1356.
  • Weishampel, D. B. 1984. Evolution of jaw mechanisms in ornithopod dinosaurs. Advances in Anatomy and Cell Biology, 87, doi 10.1007/978-3-642-69533-9_1.
  • Weishampel, D. B. & Witmer, L. M. 1990. Lesothosaurus, Pisanosaurus and Technosaurus. Pp 416–425 in D. B. Weishampel, P. Dodson, H. Osmolska (eds) The Dinosauria. University of California Press, Berkeley.
  • Welles, S. P. 1984. Dilophosaurus wetherilli (Dinosauria, Theropoda) osteology and comparisons. Palaeontographica, 185, 85–180.
  • Wilson, J. A. 1999. A nomenclature for vertebral laminae in sauropods and other saurischian dinosaurs. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 19, 639–653.
  • Yates, A. M. 2003. The species taxonomy of the sauropodomorph dinosaurs from the Lowenstein Formation (Norian, Late Triassic) of Germany. Palaeontology, 46, 317–337.
  • Zheng, X. T., You, H. L., Xu, X. & Dong, Z. M. 2009. An Early Cretaceous heterodontosaurid dinosaur with filamentous integumentary structures. Nature, 458, 333–336.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.