Current and novel approaches to treat patients presenting with ST elevation myocardial infarction

References

• Yeh RW, Sidney S, Chandra M, et al. Population trends in the incidence and outcomes of acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2010;362(23):2155–2165.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine GN, Bates ER, Blankenship JC, et al. 2015 ACC/AHA/SCAI focused update on primary percutaneous coronary intervention for patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction: an update of the 2011 ACCF/AHA/SCAI guideline for percutaneous coronary intervention and the 2013 ACCF/AHA guideline for the management of ST-elevation myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67(10):1235–1250.
   Google Scholar
• Task Force on the management of ST-segment elevation acute myocardial infarction of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC), Steg PG, James SK, Atar D, et al. ESC guidelines for the management of acute myocardial infarction in patients presenting with ST-segment elevation. Eur Heart J. 2012;33(20):2569–2619.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNamara RL, Wang Y, Herrin J, et al. Effect of door-to-balloon time on mortality in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47:2180–2186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berger PB, Ellis SG, Holmes DR Jr, et al. Relationship between delay in performing direct coronary angioplasty and early clinical outcome in patients with acute myocardial infarction: results from the Global Use of Strategies to Open Occluded arteries in acute coronary syndromes (GUSTO-IIb) trial. Circulation. 1999;100:14–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Luca G, Suryapranata H, Ottervanger JP, et al. Time delay to treatment and mortality in primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction: every minute of delay counts. Circulation. 2004;109:1223–1225.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zijlstra F, Patel A, Jones M, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcome of patients with early (<2 h), intermediate (2-4 h) and late (>4 h) presentation treated by primary coronary angioplasty or thrombolytic therapy for acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J. 2002;23:550–557.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menees DS, Peterson ED, Wang Y, et al. Door-to-balloon time and mortality among patients undergoing primary PCI. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:901–909.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Widimsky P, Fajadet J, Danchin N, et al. ‘Stent 4 Life’ targeting PCI at all who will benefit the most. A joint project between EAPCI, Euro-PCR, EUCOMED and the ESC Working Group on acute cardiac care. EuroIntervention. 2009;4:555–557.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fedele F, Mancone M. Perspectives: how to evaluate healthcare systems in primary angioplasty. Eur Heart J Supplements. 2014;16:A45–A47.
   Google Scholar
• Kristensen SD, Laut KG, Fajadet J, et al.; European Association for Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions. Reperfusion therapy for ST elevation acute myocardial infarction 2010/2011: current status in 37 ESC countries. Eur Heart J 2014;35(29):1957–1970.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li J, Li X, Wang Q, et al.; China PEACE Collaborative Group. ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction in China from 2001 to 2011 (the China PEACE-Retrospective Acute Myocardial Infarction Study): a retrospective analysis of hospital data. Lancet 2015;385(9966):441–451.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roe MT, Messenger JC, Weintraub WS, et al. Treatments, trends, and outcomes of acute myocardial infarction and percutaneous coronary intervention. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2010;56:254–263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong PW, Gershlick AH, Goldstein P, et al.; STREAM Investigative Team. Fibrinolysis or primary PCI in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(15):1379–1387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koul S, Andell P, Martinsson A, et al. A pharmacodynamic comparison of 5 anti-platelet protocols in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary PCI. BMC Cardiovasc Disord. 2014;14:189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montalescot G, van ‘t Hof AW, Lapostolle F, et al.; ATLANTIC Investigators. Prehospital ticagrelor in ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 2014;371(11):1016–1027.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romagnoli E, Biondi-Zoccai G, Sciahbasi A, et al. Radial versus femoral randomized investigation in ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome: the RIFLE-STEACS (Radial Versus Femoral Randomized Investigation in ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome) study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60:2481–2489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinnaeve PR, Danays T, Bogaerts K, et al. Drug treatment of STEMI in the elderly: Focus on fibrinolytic therapy and insights from the STREAM trial. Drugs Aging. 2016;33:109–118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fach A, Bünger S, Zabrocki R, et al. Comparison of outcomes of patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction treated by primary percutaneous coronary intervention analyzed by age groups (<75, 75 to 85, and >85 Years); (Results from the Bremen STEMI Registry). Am J Cardiol. 2015;116(12):1802–1809.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sciahbasi A, Mancone M, Cortese B, et al. Transradial percutaneous coronary interventions using sheathless guiding catheters: a multicenter registry. J Interv Cardiol. 2011;24(5):407–412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iqbal MB, Arujuna A, Ilsley C, et al.; London Heart Attack Centre (HAC) Group Investigators. Radial versus femoral access is associated with reduced complications and mortality in patients with non-ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction: an observational cohort study of 10,095 patients. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2014;7(4):456–464.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernat I, Horak D, Stasek J, et al. ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction treated by radial or femoral approach in a multicenter randomized clinical trial: the STEMI-RADIAL trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63:964–972.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jolly SS, Yusuf S, Cairns J, et al. Radial versus femoral access for coronary angiography and intervention in patients with acute coronary syndromes (RIVAL): a randomised, parallel group, multicentre trial. Lancet. 2011;377:1409–1420.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehta SR, Jolly SS, Cairns J, et al. Effects of radial versus femoral artery access in patients with acute coronary syndromes with or without ST-segment elevation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60(24):2490–2499.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valgimigli M, Gagnor A, Calabró P, et al.; MATRIX Investigators. Radial versus femoral access in patients with acute coronary syndromes undergoing invasive management: a randomised multicentre trial. Lancet. 2015;385(9986):2465–2476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azzalini L, Tosin K, Chabot-Blanchet M, et al. The benefits conferred by radial access for cardiac catheterization are offset by a paradoxical increase in the rate of vascular access site complications with femoral access: the campeau radial paradox. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2015;8(14):1854–1864.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van ‘t Hof AW, Liem A, de Boer MJ, et al. Clinical value of 12-lead electrocardiogram after successful reperfusion therapy for acute myocardial infarction. Zwolle myocardial infarction study group. Lancet. 1997;350:615–619.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montalescot G, Barragan P, Wittenberg O, et al.; ADMIRAL Investigators. Abciximab before direct angioplasty and stenting in myocardial infarction regarding acute and long- term follow-up. Platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibition with coronary stenting for acute myocardial infarction”. N Engl J Med. 2001;344:1895–1903.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone GW, Grines CL, Cox DA, et al. “Controlled Abciximab and Device Investigation to Lower Late Angioplasty Complications (CADILLAC) Investigators. Comparison of angioplasty with stenting, with or without abciximab, in acute myocardial infarction”. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:957–966.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henriques JP, Zijlstra F, Ottervanger JP, et al. Incidence and clinical significance of distal embolization during primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction. Eur Heart J. 2002;23(14):1112–1117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone GW, Maehara A, Witzenbichler B, et al. Intracoronary abciximab and aspiration thrombectomy in patients with large anterior myocardial infarction: the INFUSE-AMI randomized trial. JAMA. 2012;307(17):1817–1826.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Migliorini A, Stabile A, Rodriguez AE, et al. Comparison of AngioJet rheolytic thrombectomy before direct infarct artery stenting with direct stenting alone in patients with acute myocardial infarction. The JETSTENT trial. JACC. 2010;56:1298–1306.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burzotta F, De Vita M, Gu YL, et al. Clinical impact of thrombectomy in acute ST- elevation myocardial infarction: an individual patient-data pooled analysis of 11 trials. Eur Heart J. 2009;30(18):2193–2203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sardella G, Mancone M, Nguyen BL, et al. The effect of thrombectomy on myocardial blush in primary angioplasty: the randomized evaluation of thrombus aspiration by two thrombectomy devices in acute myocardial infarction (RETAMI) trial. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2008;71(1):84–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sardella G, Mancone M, Bucciarelli-Ducci C, et al. Thrombus aspiration during primary percutaneous coronary intervention improves myocardial reperfusion and reduces infarct size: the EXPIRA (thrombectomy with export catheter in infarct-related artery during primary percutaneous coronary intervention) prospective, randomized trial. JACC. 2009;53(4):309–315.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svilaas T, Vlaar PJ, van der Horst IC, et al. Thrombus aspiration during primary percutaneous coronary intervention. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(6):557–567.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burzotta F, Trani C, Romagnoli E, et al. Manual thrombus-aspiration improves myocardial reperfusion: the randomized evaluation of the effect of mechanical reduction of distal embolization by thrombus-aspiration in primary and rescue angioplasty (REMEDIA) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46(2):371–376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galiuto L, Garramone B, Burzotta F, et al.; REMEDIA Investigators. Thrombus aspiration reduces microvascular obstruction after primary coronary intervention: a myocardial contrast echocardiography substudy of the REMEDIA trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2006;48(7):1355–1360.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sardella G, Mancone M, Canali E, et al. Impact of thrombectomy with EXPort catheter in infarct-related artery during primary percutaneous coronary intervention (EXPIRA Trial) on cardiac death. Am J Cardiol. 2010;106(5):624–629.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vlaar PJ, Svilaas T, van der Horst IC, et al. Cardiac death and reinfarction after 1 year in the Thrombus Aspiration during Percutaneous coronary intervention in Acute myocardial infarction Study (TAPAS): a 1-year follow-up study. Lancet. 2008;371(9628):1915–1920.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fröbert O, Lagerqvist B, Olivecrona GK, et al. Thrombus aspiration during ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(17):1587–1597.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lagerqvist B, Fröbert O, Olivecrona GK, et al. Outcomes 1 year after thrombus aspiration for myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2014;371(12):1111–1120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jolly SS, Cairns JA, Yusuf S, et al.; TOTAL Investigators. Outcomes after thrombus aspiration for ST elevation myocardial infarction: 1-year follow-up of the prospective randomised TOTAL trial. Lancet 2016;387(10014):127–135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jolly SS, Cairns JA, Yusuf S, et al.; TOTAL Investigators. Randomized trial of primary PCI with or without routine manual thrombectomy. N Engl J Med 2015;372(15):1389–1398.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daemen J, van Twisk PH, Kukreja N, et al. The relative safety and efficacy of bare-metal and drug-eluting stents in low and high-risk patient subsets. An epidemiological analysis of three sequential cohorts of consecutive all comers (n 1⁄4 6129). EuroIntervention. 2009;4:464–474.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merlini PA, Bauer KA, Oltrona L, et al. Persistent activation of coagulation mechanism in unstable angina and myocardial infarction. Circulation. 1994;90:61–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmerini T, Biondi-Zoccai G, Della Riva D, et al. Stent thrombosis with drug-eluting and bare-metal stents: evidence from a comprehensive network meta-analysis. Lancet. 2012;379:1393–1402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmerini T, Biondi-Zoccai G, Della Riva D, et al. Clinical outcomes with drug-eluting and bare-metal stents in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: evidence from a comprehensive network meta-analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62:496–504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raber L, Kelbaek H, Ostojic M, et al. Effect of biolimus-eluting stents with biodegradable polymer vs.bare-metal stents on cardiovascular events among patients with acute myocardial infarction: the COMFORTABLE AMI randomized trial. JAMA. 2012;308(8):777–787.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Windecker S, Kolh P, Alfonso F, et al. ESC/EACTS guidelines on myocardial revascularization. Eur Heart J. 2014;2014(35):2541–2619.
   Google Scholar
• Diletti R, Karanasos A, Muramatsu T, et al. Everolimus-eluting bioresorbable vascular scaffolds for treatment of patients presenting with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction: BVS STEMI first study. Eur Heart J. 2014;35(12):777–786.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabate ́ M, Windecker S, In ̃ Iguez A, et al. Everolimus-eluting bioresorbable stent vs. durable polymer everolimus-eluting metallic stent in patients with ST- segment elevation myocardial infarction: results of the randomized ABSORB ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction—TROFI II trial. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehv50
   Google Scholar
• Brugaletta S, Heo JH, Garcia-Garcia HM, et al. Endothelial-dependent vasomotion in a coronary segment treated by ABSORB everolimus-eluting bioresorbable vascular scaffold system is related to plaque composition at the time of bioresorption of the polymer: indirect finding of vascular reparative therapy? Eur Heart J. 2012;33:1325–1333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brugaletta S, Radu MD, Garcia-Garcia HM, et al. Circumferential evaluation of the neointima by optical coherence tomography after ABSORB bioresorbable vascular scaffold implantation: can the scaffold cap the plaque? Atherosclerosis. 2012;221:106–112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cortese B, Ielasi A, Romagnoli E, et al. Clinical comparison with short-term follow-Upof bioresorbable vascular scaffold versus everolimus- eluting stent in primary percutaneous coronary interventions. Am J Cardiol. 2015;116:705e–710e.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wald DS, Morris JK, Wald NJ, et al. Randomized trial of preventive angioplasty in myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:1115–1123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gershlick AH, Khan JN, Kelly DJ, et al. Randomized trial of complete versus lesion-only revascularization in patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention for STEMI and multivessel disease: the CvLPRIT trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65:963–972.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Engstrøm T, Kelbæk H, Helqvist S, et al. Complete revascularisation versus treatment of the culprit lesion only in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction and multivessel disease (DANAMI 3-PRIMULTI): an open-label, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2015;386:665–671.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wallentin L, Becker RC, Budaj A, et al. Ticagrelor versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:1045–1057.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiviott SD, Braunwald E, McCabe CH, et al. Prasugrel versus clopidogrel in patients with acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:2001–2015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Velders MA, Abtan J, Angiolillo DJ, et al.; PLATO Investigators. Safety and efficacy of ticagrelor and clopidogrel in primary percutaneous coronary intervention. Heart. 2016;102:617–625.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montalescot G, Wiviott SD, Braunwald E, et al. Prasugrel compared with clopidogrel in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention for ST- elevation myocardial infarction (TRITON-TIMI 38): double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2009;373:723–731.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montalescot G, Bolognese L, Dudek D, et al.; ACCOAST Investigators. Pretreatment with prasugrel in non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 2013;12(369):999–1010.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parodi G, Xanthopoulou I, Bellandi B, et al. Ticagrelor crushed tablets administration in STEMI patients: the MOJITO study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65:511–512.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rollini F, Franchi F, Hu J, et al. Crushed prasugrel tablets in patients with STEMI undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention: the CRUSH study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67(17):1994–2004.
   Google Scholar
• Sardella G, Calcagno S, Mancone M. Different prasugrel administration in STEMI patients: go faster and no fear to crush! J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;S0735. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2016.02.046.
   Google Scholar
• Bonaca MP, Bhatt DL, Cohen M, et al. Long-term use of ticagrelor in patients with prior myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:1791–1800.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gargiulo G, Moschovitis A, Windecker S, et al. Developing drugs for use before, during and soon after percutaneous coronary intervention. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2016 Jan 22;17:803–818.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhatt DL, Lincoff AM, Gibson CM, et al. Intravenous platelet blockade with cangrelor during PCI. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:2330–2341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrington RA, Stone GW, McNulty S, et al. Platelet inhibition with cangrelor in patients undergoing PCI. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:2318–2329.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhatt DL, Stone GW, Mahaffey KW, et al. Effect of platelet inhibition with cangrelor during PCI on ischemic events. N Engl J Med. 2013;368:1303–1309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steg PG, Bhatt DL, Hamm CW, et al. Effect of cangrelor on periprocedural outcomes in percutaneous coronary interventions: a pooled analysis of patient-level data. Lancet. 2013;382:1981–1992.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angiolillo DJ, Firstenberg MS, Price MJ, et al. Bridging antiplatelet therapy with cangrelor in patients undergoing cardiac surgery: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2012;307:265–274.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehran R, Lansky AJ, Witzenbichler B, et al. Bivalirudin in patients undergoing primary angioplasty for acute myocardial infarction (HORIZONS-AMI): 1-year results of a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2009;374:1149–1159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone GW, Witzenbichler B, Guagliumi G, et al. Bivalirudin during primary PCI in acute myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2218–2230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dangas GD, Caixeta A, Mehran R, et al. Frequency and predictors of stent thrombosis after percutaneous coronary intervention in acute myocardial infarction. Circulation. 2011;123:1745–1756.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valgimigli M, Frigoli E, Leonardi S, et al. Bivalirudin or unfractionated heparin in acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:997–1009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valgimigli M. Design and rationale for the minimizing adverse haemorrhagic events by TRansradial access site and systemic implementation of angioX program. Am Heart J. 2014;168(6):838–845.e6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel MR, Smalling RW, Thiele H, et al. Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation and infarct size in patients with acute anterior myocardial infarction without shock: the CRISP AMI randomized trial. JAMA. 2011;306(12):1329–1337.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Nunen LX, Van ‘T Veer M, Schampaert S, et al. Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation reduces mortality in large anterior myocardial infarction complicated
by persistent ischaemia: a CRISP-AMI substudy. EuroIntervention. 2015 Jul;11(3):286–292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiele H, Zeymer U, Neumann FJ, et al. Intraaortic balloon support for myocardial infarction with cardiogenic shock. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(14):1287–1296.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiele H, Zeymer U, Neumann FJ, et al. Intra-aortic balloon counterpulsation in acute myocardial infarction complicated by cardiogenic shock (IABP-SHOCK II): final 12 month results of a randomised, open-label trial. Lancet. 2013;382(9905):1638–1645.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouweneel DM, Engstrom AE, Sjauw KD, et al. Experience from a randomized controlled trial with Impella 2.5 versus IABP in STEMI patients with cardiogenic pre-shock. Lessons learned from the IMPRESS in STEMI trial. Int J Cardiol. 2016;202:894–896.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Mieghem NM, Daemen J, Lenzen MJ, et al. The PulseCath iVAC 2L left ventricular assist device: conversion to a percutaneous transfemoral approach. EuroIntervention. 2015;11(7):835–839.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batra G, Svennblad B, Held C, et al. All types of atrial fibrillation in the setting of myocardial infarction are associated with impaired outcome. Heart. 2016 Feb 29. doi:10.1136/heartjnl-2015-308678.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camm AJ, Lip GYH, De Caterina R, et al. Focused update of the ESC Guidelines for the management of atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J. 2012;33:2719–2747.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roffi M, Patrono C, Collet JP, et al. ESC guidelines for the management of acute coronary syndromes in patients presenting without persistent ST-segment elevation. Eur Heart J. 2015;2016(37):267–315.
   Google Scholar
• Gibson CM, Mehran R, Bode C, et al. An open-label, randomized, controlled, multicenter study exploring two treatment strategies of rivaroxaban and a dose-adjusted oral vitamin K antagonist treatment strategy in subjects with atrial fibrillation who undergo percutaneous coronary intervention (PIONEER AF-PCI). Am Heart J. 2015;169(4):472–478.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evaluation of dual therapy with dabigatran vs. triple therapy with warfarin in patients with AF that undergo a PCI with stenting (REDUAL-PCI). Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02164864?term=REDUAL+PCI&rank=1
   Google Scholar
• A study of apixaban in patients with atrial fibrillation, not caused by a heart valve problem, who are at risk for thrombosis (Blood Clots) due to having had a recent coronary event, such as a heart attack or a procedure to open the vessels of the heart. Available from: https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02415400?term=apixaban+stent&rank=1
   Google Scholar