Imaging in acute stroke

References

• Statistics - Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada. 2016 [cited 2016 Apr 12]. Available from: http://www.heartandstroke.com/site/c.ikIQLcMWJtE/b.3483991/k.34A8/Statistics.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Goyal M, Menon BK, Van Zwam WH, et al. Endovascular thrombectomy after large-vessel ischaemic stroke: a meta-analysis of individual patient data from five randomised trials. Lancet [Internet]. 2016. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26898852
   Google Scholar
• Emberson J, Lees KR, Lyden P, et al. Effect of treatment delay, age, and stroke severity on the effects of intravenous thrombolysis with alteplase for acute ischaemic stroke: a meta-analysis of individual patient data from randomised trials. Lancet. 2014;384(9958):1929–1935.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kothari RU, Brott T, Broderick JP, et al. The ABCs of measuring intracerebral haemorrhage volumes. Stroke. 1996;27(8):1304–1305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Webb AJ, Ullman NL, Morgan TC, et al. Accuracy of the ABC/2 score for intracerebral hemorrhage: systematic review and analysis of MISTIE, CLEAR-IVH, and CLEAR III. Stroke. 2015;46(9):2470–2476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selariu E, Zia E, Brizzi M, et al. Swirl sign in intracerebral haemorrhage: definition, prevalence, reliability and prognostic value. BMC Neurol. 2012;12:109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wardlaw JM, Mielke O. Early signs of brain infarction at CT: observer reliability and outcome after thrombolytic treatment–systematic review. Radiology. 2005;235(2):444–453.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barber PA, Demchuk AM, Zhang J, et al. Validity and reliability of a quantitative computed tomography score in predicting outcome of hyperacute stroke before thrombolytic therapy. ASPECTS study group. Alberta stroke program early CT score. Lancet. 2000;355(9216):1670–1674.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pexman JH, Barber PA, Hill MD, et al. Use of the Alberta stroke program early CT score (ASPECTS) for assessing CT scans in patients with acute stroke. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2001;22(8):1534–1542.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menon BK, Puetz V, Kochar P, et al. ASPECTS and other neuroimaging scores in the triage and prediction of outcome in acute stroke patients. Neuroimaging Clin N Am. 2011;21(2):407–423, xii.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirano T, Sasaki M, Tomura N, et al. Low Alberta stroke program early computed tomography score within 3 hours of onset predicts subsequent symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage in patients treated with 0.6 mg/kg Alteplase. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2012;21(8):898–902.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawiorski MM, Martinez-Sanchez P, Garcia-Pastor A, et al. Alberta stroke program early CT Score applied to CT angiography source images is a strong predictor of futile recanalization in acute ischemic stroke. Neuroradiology. 2016;58(5):487–493.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song D, Lee K, Kim EH et al. Value of utilizing both ASPECTS and CT angiography collateral score for outcome prediction in acute ischemic stroke. Int J Stroke. 2015;10(7):1018–1023.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goyal M, Demchuk AM, Menon BK, et al. Randomized assessment of rapid endovascular treatment of ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(11):1019–103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mair G, Boyd EV, Chappell FM, et al. Sensitivity and specificity of the hyperdense artery sign for arterial obstruction in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2015;46(1):102–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben Salem D, Osseby GV, Rezaizadeh-Bourdariat K, et al. [Spontaneous hyperdense intracranial vessels seen on CT scan in polycythemia cases]. J Radiol. 2003;84(5):605–608.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Leary MC, Kidwell CS, Villablanca JP et al. Validation of computed tomographic middle cerebral artery “dot”sign: an angiographic correlation study. Stroke. 2003;34(11):2636–2640.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldmakher GV, Camargo EC, Furie KL, et al. Hyperdense basilar artery sign on unenhanced CT predicts thrombus and outcome in acute posterior circulation stroke. Stroke. 2009;40(1):134–139.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ozdemir O, Leung A, Bussiere M, et al. Hyperdense internal carotid artery sign: a CT sign of acute ischemia. Stroke. 2008;39(7):2011–2016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krings T, Noelchen D, Mull M, et al. The hyperdense posterior cerebral artery sign: a computed tomography marker of acute ischemia in the posterior cerebral artery territory. Stroke. 2006;37(2):399–403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rai AT, Hogg JP, Cline B, et al. Cerebrovascular geometry in the anterior circulation: an analysis of diameter, length and the vessel taper. J Neurointerv Surg. 2013;5(4):371–375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barber PA, Demchuk AM, Hudon ME, et al. Hyperdense sylvian fissure MCA “dot” sign: a CT marker of acute ischemia. Stroke. 2001;32(1):84–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koo CK, Teasdale E, Muir KW. What constitutes a true hyperdense middle cerebral artery sign? Cerebrovasc diseases. 2000;10(6):419–423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riedel CH, Jensen U, Rohr A et al. Assessment of thrombus in acute middle cerebral artery occlusion using thin-slice nonenhanced Computed Tomography reconstructions. Stroke. 2010;41(8):1659–1664.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riedel CH, Zoubie J, Ulmer S, et al. Thin-slice reconstructions of nonenhanced CT images allow for detection of thrombus in acute stroke. Stroke. 2012;43(9):2319–2323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castaigne P, Lhermitte F, Gautier JC, Escourolle R, Derouesne C. Internal carotid artery occlusion. A study of 61 instances in 50 patients with post-mortem data. Brain. 1970;93(2):231–258.
   Google Scholar
• Kirchhof K, Welzel T, Mecke C, et al. Differentiation of white, mixed, and red thrombi: value of CT in estimation of the prognosis of thrombolysis phantom study. Radiology. 2003;228(1):126–130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moftakhar P, English JD, Cooke DL, et al. Density of thrombus on admission CT predicts revascularization efficacy in large vessel occlusion acute ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2013;44(1):243–245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saver JL, Goyal M, Bonafe A, et al. Stent-retriever thrombectomy after intravenous t-PA vs. t-PA alone in stroke. N Engl J Med. 2015;372 (24):2285–2295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jovin TG, Chamorro A, Cobo E, et al. Thrombectomy within 8 Hours after Symptom Onset in Ischemic Stroke. N Engl J Med. 2015.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campbell BC, Mitchell PJ, Kleinig TJ, et al. Endovascular therapy for ischemic stroke with perfusion-imaging selection. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(11):1009–1018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berkhemer OA, Fransen PS, Beumer D, et al. A randomized trial of intraarterial treatment for acute ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(1):11–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sylaja PN, Dzialowski I, Puetz V, et al. Does intravenous rtPA benefit patients in the absence of CT angiographically visible intracranial occlusion? Neurol India. 2009;57(6):739–743.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhatia R, Hill MD, Shobha N, et al. Low rates of acute recanalization with intravenous recombinant tissue plasminogen activator in ischemic stroke: real-world experience and a call for action. Stroke. 2010;41(10):2254–2258.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demchuk AM, Goyal M, Yeatts SD, et al. Recanalization and clinical outcome of occlusion sites at baseline CT angiography in the Interventional Management of Stroke III trial. Radiology. 2014;273(1):202–210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qazi EM, Sohn S-I, Mishra S, et al. Thrombus characteristics are related to collaterals and angioarchitecture in acute stroke. Can J Neurol Sci. 2015;42(06):381–388.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rohan V, Baxa J, Tupy R et al. Length of occlusion predicts recanalization and outcome after intravenous thrombolysis in middle cerebral artery stroke. Stroke. 2014;45(7):2010–2017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mishra SM, Dykeman J, Sajobi TT, et al. Early reperfusion rates with IV tPA are determined by CTA clot characteristics. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2014;35(12):2265–2272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan IY, Demchuk AM, Hopyan J et al. CT angiography clot burden score and collateral score: correlation with clinical and radiologic outcomes in acute middle cerebral artery infarct. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2009;30(3):525–531.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahn SH, d’Esterre CD, Qazi EM, et al. Occult anterograde flow is an under-recognized but crucial predictor of early recanalization with intravenous tissue-type plasminogen activator. Stroke. 2015;46(4):968–975.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saqqur M, Tsivgoulis G, Molina CA, et al. Residual flow at the site of intracranial occlusion on transcranial Doppler predicts response to intravenous thrombolysis: a multi-center study. Cerebrovasc diseases. 2009;27(1):5–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frolich AM, Psychogios MN, Klotz E, et al. Antegrade flow across incomplete vessel occlusions can be distinguished from retrograde collateral flow using 4-dimensional computed tomographic angiography. Stroke. 2012;43(11):2974–2979.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salomon EJ, Barfett J, Willems PWA, et al. Dynamic CT angiography and CT perfusion employing a 320-detector row CT: protocol and current clinical applications. Klin Neuroradiol. 2009;19(3):187–196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menon BK, d’Esterre CD, Qazi EM, et al. Multiphase CT Angiography: A New Tool for the Imaging Triage of Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke. Radiology. 2015;275(2):510–520.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kortman HGJ, Smit EJ, Oei MTH, et al. 4D-CTA in neurovascular disease: a review. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2015;36(6):1026–1033.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liebeskind DS, Tomsick TA, Foster LD et al. Collaterals at angiography and outcomes in the Interventional Management of Stroke (IMS) III trial. Stroke, 45(3),759–764 (2014).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menon BK, Qazi E, Nambiar V, et al. differential effect of baseline computed tomographic angiography collaterals on clinical outcome in patients enrolled in the interventional management of stroke III trial. Stroke. 2015;46(5):1239–1244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flores A, Rubiera M, Ribo M, et al. Poor collateral circulation assessed by multiphase computed tomographic angiography predicts malignant middle cerebral artery evolution after reperfusion therapies. Stroke. 2015;46(11):3149–3153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nambiar V, Sohn SI, Almekhlafi MA et al. CTA collateral status and response to recanalization in patients with acute ischemic stroke. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2014;35(5):884–890.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goyal M, Demchuk AM, Menon BK et al. Randomized assessment of rapid endovascular treatment of ischemic stroke. N Engl J Med. 2015;372(11):1019–1030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Demchuk AM, Menon BK, Goyal M. Comparing vessel imaging: noncontrast computed tomography/computed tomographic angiography should be the new minimum standard in acute disabling stroke. Stroke. STROKEAHA.115.009171. 2015.
   Google Scholar
• Fazel R, Krumholz HM, Wang Y, et al. Exposure to Low-dose ionizing radiation from medical imaging procedures. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(9):849–857.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohnen M, Wittsack HJ, Assadi S, et al. Radiation exposure of patients in comprehensive computed tomography of the head in acute stroke. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2006;27(8):1741–1745.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McNitt-Gray MF. AAPM/RSNA Physics tutorial for residents: topics in CT. Radiation dose in CT. Radiographics. 2002;22(6):1541–1553.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Almekhlafi MA, Menon BK, Goyal M. Lessons learnt from recent endovascular stroke trials: finding a way to move forward. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2014;12(4):429–436.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Menon BK, Kochar P, Ah-Seng A et al. Initial experience with a self-expanding retrievable stent for recanalization of large vessel occlusions in acute ischemic stroke. Neuroradiology. 2012;54(2):147–154.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feigin VL, Lawes CM, Bennett DA, et al. Worldwide stroke incidence and early case fatality reported in 56 population-based studies: a systematic review. Lancet Neurol. 2009;8(4):355–369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Asch CJ, Luitse MJ, Rinkel GJ, et al. Incidence, case fatality, and functional outcome of intracerebral haemorrhage over time, according to age, sex, and ethnic origin: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Neurol. 2010;9(2):167–176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delgado Almandoz JE, Schaefer PW, Goldstein JN, et al. Practical scoring system for the identification of patients with intracerebral hemorrhage at highest risk of harboring an underlying vascular etiology: the Secondary Intracerebral Hemorrhage Score. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2010;31(9):1653–1660.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meretoja A, Strbian D, Putaala J et al. SMASH-U: a proposal for etiologic classification of intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 2012;43(10):2592–2597.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Asch CJ, Velthuis BK, Greving JP, et al. External validation of the secondary intracerebral hemorrhage score in The Netherlands. Stroke. 2013;44(10):2904–2906.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma J, Li H, You C, et al. Accuracy of computed tomography angiography in detecting the underlying vascular abnormalities for spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage: a comparative study and meta-analysis. Neurol India. 2012;60(3):299–303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong GK, Siu DY, Abrigo JM, et al. Computed tomographic angiography for patients with acute spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. J Clin Neurosci. 2012;19(4):498–500.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delgado Almandoz JE, Yoo AJ, Stone MJ, et al. Systematic characterization of the computed tomography angiography spot sign in primary intracerebral hemorrhage identifies patients at highest risk for hematoma expansion: the spot sign score. Stroke. 2009;40(9):2994–3000.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wada R, Aviv RI, Fox AJ, et al. CT angiography “spot sign” predicts hematoma expansion in acute intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 2007;38 (4):1257–1262.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delgado Almandoz JE, Yoo AJ, Stone MJ, et al. The spot sign score in primary intracerebral hemorrhage identifies patients at highest risk of in-hospital mortality and poor outcome among survivors. Stroke. 2010;41(1):54–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park SY, Kong MH, Kim JH, et al. Role of ‘Spot Sign’ on CT angiography to predict hematoma expansion in spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage. J Korean Neurosurg Soc. 2010;48(5):399–405.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gazzola S, Aviv RI, Gladstone DJ, et al. Vascular and nonvascular mimics of the CT angiography “spot sign” in patients with secondary intracerebral hemorrhage. Stroke. 2008;39(4):1177–1183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hallevi H, Abraham AT, Barreto AD, et al. The spot sign in intracerebral hemorrhage: the importance of looking for contrast extravasation. Cerebrovasc diseases. 2010;29(3):217–220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson AL, Kosior JC, Gladstone DJ, et al. Defining the CT angiography ‘spot sign’ in primary intracerebral hemorrhage. Can J Neurol Sci. 2009;36(4):456–461.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang YH, Fan JY, Luo GD, et al. Hematoma volume affects the accuracy of computed tomographic angiography ‘spot sign’ in predicting hematoma expansion after acute intracerebral hemorrhage. Eur Neurol. 2011;65(3):150–155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brouwers HB, Battey TW, Musial HH, et al. Rate of Contrast Extravasation on Computed Tomographic Angiography Predicts Hematoma Expansion and Mortality in Primary Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Stroke. 2015;46(9):2498–2503.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez-Luna D, Dowlatshahi D, Aviv RI, et al. Venous phase of computed tomography angiography increases spot sign detection, but intracerebral hemorrhage expansion is greater in spot signs detected in arterial phase. Stroke. 2014;45(3):734–739.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson CS, Heeley E, Huang Y, et al. Rapid blood-pressure lowering in patients with acute intracerebral hemorrhage. N Engl J Med. 2013;368(25):2355–2365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qureshi AI, Palesch YY. Antihypertensive Treatment of Acute Cerebral Hemorrhage (ATACH) II: design, methods, and rationale. Neurocrit Care. 2011;15(3):559–576.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coakley FV, Gould R, Yeh BM, et al. CT radiation dose: what can you do right now in your practice? AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2011;196(3):619–625.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trcka J, Schmidt C, Seitz CS, et al. Anaphylaxis to iodinated contrast material: nonallergic hypersensitivity or IgE-mediated allergy? AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2008:190(3):666–670.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lima FO, Lev MH, Levy RA, et al. Functional contrast-enhanced CT for evaluation of acute ischemic stroke does not increase the risk of contrast-induced nephropathy. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2010;31(5):817–821.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liebeskind DS. Collaterals in acute stroke: beyond the clot. Neuroimaging Clin N Am, 2005;15(3):553–573, x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menon BK, Smith EE, Modi J, et al. Regional leptomeningeal score on CT angiography predicts clinical and imaging outcomes in patients with acute anterior circulation occlusions. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol, 2011;32(9):1640–1645.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bang OY, Saver JL, Kim SJ, et al. Collateral flow averts hemorrhagic transformation after endovascular therapy for acute ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2011;42(8):2235–2239.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nambiar V, Sohn SI, Almekhlafi MA, et al. CTA collateral status and response to recanalization in patients with acute ischemic stroke. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2014;35(5):884–890.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menon BK, Smith EE, Coutts SB, et al. Leptomeningeal collaterals are associated with modifiable metabolic risk factors. Ann Neurol. 2013;74(2):241–248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clayton JA, Chalothorn D, Faber JE. Vascular endothelial growth factor-A specifies formation of native collaterals and regulates collateral growth in ischemia. Circ Res. 2008;103(9):1027–1036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang H, Prabhakar P, Sealock R, et al. Wide genetic variation in the native pial collateral circulation is a major determinant of variation in severity of stroke. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. 2010;30(5):923–934.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schaefer PW, Barak ER, Kamalian S et al. Quantitative assessment of core/penumbra mismatch in acute stroke: CT and MR perfusion imaging are strongly correlated when sufficient brain volume is imaged. Stroke. 2008;39(11):2986–2992.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan JC, Dillon WP, Liu S, et at. Systematic comparison of perfusion-CT and CT-angiography in acute stroke patients. Ann Neurol. 2007;61(6):533–543.
   Google Scholar
• Pan J, Konstas AA, Bateman B, et al. Reperfusion injury following cerebral ischemia: pathophysiology, MR imaging, and potential therapies. Neuroradiology. 2007;49(2):93–102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bivard A, Levi C, Krishnamurthy V, et al. Perfusion computed tomography to assist decision making for stroke thrombolysis. Brain. 2015;138(Pt 7):1919–1931.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu G, Michel P, Aghaebrahim A, et al. Prediction of recanalization trumps prediction of tissue fate: the penumbra: a dual-edged sword. Stroke. 2013;44(4):1014–1019.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wintermark M, Maeder P, Thiran JP, et al. Quantitative assessment of regional cerebral blood flows by perfusion CT studies at low injection rates: a critical review of the underlying theoretical models. Eur Radiol. 2001;11(7),1220–1230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konstas AA, Goldmakher GV, Lee TY, et al. Theoretic basis and technical implementations of CT perfusion in acute ischemic stroke, part 2: technical implementations. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2009;30(5):885–892.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leiva-Salinas C, Provenzale JM, Wintermark M. Responses to the 10 most frequently asked questions about perfusion CT. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2011;196(1):53–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamalian S, Kamalian S, Maas MB, et al. CT cerebral blood flow maps optimally correlate with admission diffusion-weighted imaging in acute stroke but thresholds vary by postprocessing platform. Stroke. 2011;42(7):1923–1928.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bivard A, McElduff P, Spratt N, et al. Defining the extent of irreversible brain ischemia using perfusion computed tomography. Cerebrovasc diseases. 2011;31(3):238–245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• d’Esterre CD, Aviv RI, Morrison L et al. Acute Multi-modal Neuroimaging in a Porcine Model of Endothelin-1-Induced Cerebral Ischemia: Defining the Acute Infarct Core. Transl Stroke Res. 2015;6(3):234–241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lev MH. Perfusion imaging of acute stroke: its role in current and future clinical practice. Radiology. 2013;266(1):22–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knash M, Tsang A, Hameed B, et al. Low cerebral blood volume is predictive of diffusion restriction only in hyperacute stroke. Stroke. 2010;41(12),2795–2800.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alves JE, Carneiro A, Xavier J. Reliability of CT perfusion in the evaluation of the ischaemic penumbra. Neuroradiol J. 2014;27(1):91–95.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Xin Y, Han FG. Diagnostic accuracy of computed tomography perfusion in patients with acute stroke: A meta-analysis. J Neurol Sci. 2016;360:125–130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruetzelmann A, Kohrmann M, Sobesky J, et al. Pretreatment diffusion-weighted imaging lesion volume predicts favorable outcome after intravenous thrombolysis with tissue-type plasminogen activator in acute ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2011;42(5):1251–1254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• d’Esterre CD, Boesen ME, Ahn SH, et al. Time-dependent computed tomographic perfusion thresholds for patients with acute ischemic stroke. Stroke. 2015;46(12):3390–3397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soares BP, Tong E, Hom J, et al. Reperfusion is a more accurate predictor of follow-up infarct volume than recanalization: a proof of concept using CT in acute ischemic stroke patients. Stroke. 2010;41(1):e34–40.
   Google Scholar
• De Silva DA, Fink JN, Christensen S, et al. Assessing reperfusion and recanalization as markers of clinical outcomes after intravenous thrombolysis in the echoplanar imaging thrombolytic evaluation trial (EPITHET). Stroke. 2009;40(8):2872–2874.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goyal M, Menon BK, Derdeyn CP. Perfusion imaging in acute ischemic stroke: let us improve the science before changing clinical practice. Radiology. 2013;266(1):16–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biesbroek JM, Niesten JM, Dankbaar JW, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of CT perfusion imaging for detecting acute ischemic stroke: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cerebrovasc diseases. 2013;35(6):493–501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jongen LM, van der Worp HB, Waaijer A, et al. Interrelation between the degree of carotid stenosis, collateral circulation and cerebral perfusion. Cerebrovasc diseases. 2010;30(3):277–284.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopyan JJ, Gladstone DJ, Mallia G et al. Renal safety of CT angiography and perfusion imaging in the emergency evaluation of acute stroke. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2008;29(10):1826–1830.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krol AL, Dzialowski I, Roy J, et al. Incidence of radiocontrast nephropathy in patients undergoing acute stroke computed tomography angiography. Stroke. 2007;38(8):2364–2366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mnyusiwalla A, Aviv RI, Symons SP. Radiation dose from multidetector row CT imaging for acute stroke. Neuroradiology. 2009;51(10):635–640.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fahmi F, Marquering HA, Streekstra GJ, et al. Differences in CT perfusion summary maps for patients with acute ischemic stroke generated by 2 software packages. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2012;33(11):2074–2080.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendrik AM, Vonken EJ, van Ginneken B, et al. TIPS bilateral noise reduction in 4D CT perfusion scans produces high-quality cerebral blood flow maps. Phys Med Biol. 2011;56(13):3857–3872.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilic K, Erbas G, Guryildirim M, et al. Lowering the dose in head CT using adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2011;32(9):1578–1582.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alberta Stroke Program Early CT score (ASPECTS) - Alberta Stroke Program Early CT score (ASPECTS). 2016. Available from: http://www.aspectsinstroke.com/http://www.aspectsinstroke.com/
   Google Scholar