176
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Contemporary evaluation of mitral regurgitation – 3D echocardiography, cardiac magnetic resonance, and procedural planning

, , &
Pages 715-725 | Received 28 May 2017, Accepted 31 Jul 2017, Published online: 07 Aug 2017

References

  • Nkomo VT, Gardin JM, Skelton TN, et al. Burden of valvular heart diseases: a population-based study. Lancet. 2006;368:1005–1011.
  • Hahn RT, Kodali S, Tuzcu EM, et al. Echocardiographic imaging of procedural complications during balloon-expandable transcatheter aortic valve replacement. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;8:288–318.
  • Zoghbi WA, Adams D, Bonow RO, et al. Recommendations for noninvasive evaluation of native valvular regurgitation: a report from the American Society of Echocardiography developed in collaboration with the Society for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2017;30:303–371.
  • Freed LA, Levy D, Levine RA, et al. Prevalence and clinical outcome of mitral-valve prolapse. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:1–7.
  • Bursi F, Enriquez-Sarano M, Nkomo VT, et al. Heart failure and death after myocardial infarction in the community: the emerging role of mitral regurgitation. Circulation. 2005;111:295–301.
  • Stolfo D, Merlo M, Pinamonti B, et al. Early improvement of functional mitral regurgitation in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Am J Cardiol. 2015;115:1137–1143.
  • Adams DH, Rosenhek R, Falk V. Degenerative mitral valve regurgitation: best practice revolution. Eur Heart J. 2010;31:1958–1966.
  • Fornes P, Heudes D, Fuzellier JF, et al. Correlation between clinical and histologic patterns of degenerative mitral valve insufficiency: a histomorphometric study of 130 excised segments. Cardiovasc Pathol. 1999;8:81–92.
  • Tatum JM, Bowdish ME, Mack WJ, et al. Outcomes after mitral valve repair: A single-center 16-year experience. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2017. doi: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2017.01.047. [Epub ahead of print].
  • Vassileva CM, Mishkel G, McNeely C, et al. Long-term survival of patients undergoing mitral valve repair and replacement: a longitudinal analysis of Medicare fee-for-service beneficiaries. Circulation. 2013;127:1870–1876.
  • Cao C, Gupta S, Chandrakumar D, et al. A meta-analysis of minimally invasive versus conventional mitral valve repair for patients with degenerative mitral disease. Ann Cardiothorac Surg. 2013;2:693–703.
  • Feldman T, Kar S, Elmariah S, et al.; Investigators EI. Randomized comparison of percutaneous repair and surgery for mitral regurgitation: 5-year results of EVEREST II. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;66:2844–2854.
  • Barlow JB, Pocock WA. The significance of late systolic murmurs and mid-late systolic clicks. Md State Med J. 1963;12:76–77.
  • Carpentier AF, Pellerin M, Fuzellier JF, et al. Extensive calcification of the mitral valve anulus: pathology and surgical management. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1996;111:718-29; discussion 729-30.
  • Melnitchouk SI, Seeburger J, Kaeding AF, et al. Barlow’s mitral valve disease: results of conventional and minimally invasive repair approaches. Ann Cardiothorac Surg. 2013;2:768–773.
  • David TE, Ivanov J, Armstrong S, et al. A comparison of outcomes of mitral valve repair for degenerative disease with posterior, anterior, and bileaflet prolapse. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2005;130:1242–1249.
  • Yiu SF, Enriquez-Sarano M, Tribouilloy C, et al. Determinants of the degree of functional mitral regurgitation in patients with systolic left ventricular dysfunction: a quantitative clinical study. Circulation. 2000;102:1400–1406.
  • Uemura T, Otsuji Y, Nakashiki K, et al. Papillary muscle dysfunction attenuates ischemic mitral regurgitation in patients with localized basal inferior left ventricular remodeling: insights from tissue Doppler strain imaging. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46:113–119.
  • Grigioni F, Enriquez-Sarano M, Zehr KJ, et al. Ischemic mitral regurgitation: long-term outcome and prognostic implications with quantitative Doppler assessment. Circulation. 2001;103:1759–1764.
  • Calafiore AM, Di Mauro M, Gallina S, et al. Mitral valve surgery for chronic ischemic mitral regurgitation. Ann Thorac Surg. 2004;77:1989–1997.
  • Acker MA, Parides MK, Perrault LP, et al.; CTSN. Mitral-valve repair versus replacement for severe ischemic mitral regurgitation. N Engl J Med. 2014;370:23–32.
  • Michler RE, Smith PK, Parides MK, et al.; CTSN. Two-year outcomes of surgical treatment of moderate ischemic mitral regurgitation. N Engl J Med. 2016;374:1932–1941.
  • Kron IL, LaPar DJ, Acker MA, et al.; Committee AIMRCGW. 2016 update to The American Association for Thoracic Surgery (AATS) consensus guidelines: ischemic mitral valve regurgitation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2017;153:e97–e114.
  • Muller DW, Farivar RS, Jansz P, et al.; Investigators TGFT. Transcatheter mitral valve replacement for patients with symptomatic mitral regurgitation: a global feasibility trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;69:381–391.
  • Feldman T, Mehta A, Guerrero M, et al. MitraClip therapy for mitral regurgitation: secondary mitral regurgitation. Interv Cardiol Clin. 2016;5:83–91.
  • Carpentier A. Cardiac valve surgery–the “French correction”. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1983;86:323–337.
  • de Marchena E, Badiye A, Robalino G, et al. Respective prevalence of the different carpentier classes of mitral regurgitation: a stepping stone for future therapeutic research and development. J Card Surg. 2011;26:385–392.
  • Enriquez-Sarano M, Seward JB, Bailey KR, et al. Effective regurgitant orifice area: a noninvasive Doppler development of an old hemodynamic concept. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994;23:443–451.
  • Fehske W, Omran H, Manz M, et al. Color-coded Doppler imaging of the vena contracta as a basis for quantification of pure mitral regurgitation. Am J Cardiol. 1994;73:268–274.
  • Hall SA, Brickner ME, Willett DL, et al. Assessment of mitral regurgitation severity by Doppler color flow mapping of the vena contracta. Circulation. 1997;95:636–642.
  • Biner S, Rafique A, Rafii F, et al. Reproducibility of proximal isovelocity surface area, vena contracta, and regurgitant jet area for assessment of mitral regurgitation severity. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2010;3:235–243.
  • Buck T, Plicht B. Real-time three-dimensional echocardiographic assessment of severity of mitral regurgitation using proximal isovelocity surface area and vena contracta area method. Lessons we learned and clinical implications. Curr Cardiovasc Imaging Rep. 2015;8:38.
  • Nishimura RA, Otto CM, Bonow RO, et al.; Members AATF. 2014 AHA/ACC guideline for the management of patients with valvular heart disease: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on practice guidelines. Circulation. 2014;129:e521–e643.
  • Lang RM, Badano LP, Tsang W, et al.; Echocardiography ASo and Echocardiography EAo. EAE/ASE recommendations for image acquisition and display using three-dimensional echocardiography. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012;13:1–46.
  • Wunderlich NC, Siegel RJ. Peri-interventional echo assessment for the MitraClip procedure. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013;14:935–949.
  • Yosefy C, Hung J, Chua S, et al. Direct measurement of vena contracta area by real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography for assessing severity of mitral regurgitation. Am J Cardiol. 2009;104:978–983.
  • Hyodo E, Iwata S, Tugcu A, et al. Direct measurement of multiple vena contracta areas for assessing the severity of mitral regurgitation using 3D TEE. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2012;5:669–676.
  • Zeng X, Levine RA, Hua L, et al. Diagnostic value of vena contracta area in the quantification of mitral regurgitation severity by color Doppler 3D echocardiography. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011;4:506–513.
  • Kahlert P, Plicht B, Schenk IM, et al. Direct assessment of size and shape of noncircular vena contracta area in functional versus organic mitral regurgitation using real-time three-dimensional echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2008;21:912–921.
  • Yosefy C, Levine RA, Solis J, et al. Proximal flow convergence region as assessed by real-time 3-dimensional echocardiography: challenging the hemispheric assumption. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2007;20:389–396.
  • Thavendiranathan P, Liu S, Datta S, et al. Quantification of chronic functional mitral regurgitation by automated 3-dimensional peak and integrated proximal isovelocity surface area and stroke volume techniques using real-time 3-dimensional volume color Doppler echocardiography: in vitro and clinical validation. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2013;6:125–133.
  • Salgo IS. 3D echocardiographic visualization for intracardiac beating heart surgery and intervention. Semin Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2007;19:325–329.
  • Biaggi P, Jedrzkiewicz S, Gruner C, et al. Quantification of mitral valve anatomy by three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography in mitral valve prolapse predicts surgical anatomy and the complexity of mitral valve repair. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2012;25:758–765.
  • Singh GD, Smith TW, Rogers JH. Multi-MitraClip therapy for severe degenerative mitral regurgitation: “anchor” technique for extremely flail segments. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 2015;86:339–346.
  • Calleja A, Poulin F, Woo A, et al. Quantitative modeling of the mitral valve by three-dimensional transesophageal echocardiography in patients undergoing mitral valve repair: correlation with intraoperative surgical technique. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2015;28:1083–1092.
  • Song J-M, Fukuda S, Kihara T, et al. Value of mitral valve tenting volume determined by real-time three-dimensional echocardiography in patients with functional mitral regurgitation. Am J Cardiol. 2006;98:1088–1093.
  • Noack T, Kiefer P, Ionasec R, et al. New concepts for mitral valve imaging. Ann Cardiothorac Surg. 2013;2:787–795.
  • Hayek SS, Corrigan FE, Condado JF, et al. Paravalvular regurgitation after transcatheter aortic valve replacement: comparing transthoracic versus transesophageal echocardiographic guidance. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2017;30:533–540.
  • Hellemans IM, Pieper EG, Ravelli AC, et al. Prediction of surgical strategy in mitral valve regurgitation based on echocardiography. Interuniversity Cardiology Institute of The Netherlands. Am J Cardiol. 1997;79:334–338.
  • Freeman WK, Schaff HV, Khandheria BK, et al. Intraoperative evaluation of mitral valve regurgitation and repair by transesophageal echocardiography: incidence and significance of systolic anterior motion. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1992;20:599–609.
  • Lerakis S, Hayek SS, Thourani V, et al. Transcatheter valve-in-valve implantation for degenerated mitral valve bioprosthesis under 3D echocardiographic guidance. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2014;12:1035–1036.
  • Bellenger NG, Davies LC, Francis JM, et al. Reduction in sample size for studies of remodeling in heart failure by the use of cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2000;2:271–278.
  • Bellenger NG, Burgess MI, Ray SG, et al. Comparison of left ventricular ejection fraction and volumes in heart failure by echocardiography, radionuclide ventriculography and cardiovascular magnetic resonance; are they interchangeable? Eur Heart J. 2000;21:1387–1396.
  • Cavalcante JL, Lalude OO, Schoenhagen P, et al. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging for structural and valvular heart disease interventions. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2016;9:399–425.
  • Park J, Chang H-J, Choi J-H, et al. Late gadolinium enhancement in cardiac MRI in patients with severe aortic stenosis and preserved left ventricular systolic function is related to attenuated improvement of left ventricular geometry and filling pressure after aortic valve replacement. Korean Circ J. 2014;44:312–319.
  • Han Y, Peters DC, Salton CJ, et al. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance characterization of mitral valve prolapse. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging. 2008;1:294–303.
  • Hartlage GR, Babaliaros VC, Thourani VH, et al. The role of cardiovascular magnetic resonance in stratifying paravalvular leak severity after transcatheter aortic valve replacement: an observational outcome study. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2014;16:93.
  • Lopez-Mattei JC, Shah DJ. The role of cardiac magnetic resonance in valvular heart disease. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J. 2013;9:142–148.
  • Myerson SG. Heart valve disease: investigation by cardiovascular magnetic resonance. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2012;14:7.
  • Mehta NK, Kim J, Siden JY, et al. Utility of cardiac magnetic resonance for evaluation of mitral regurgitation prior to mitral valve surgery. J Thorac Dis. 2017;9:S246–S256.
  • Kramer CM, Barkhausen J, Flamm SD, et al.; Standardized cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR) protocols 2013 update. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2013;15:91.
  • Flynn M, Curtin R, Nowicki ER, et al. Regional wall motion abnormalities and scarring in severe functional ischemic mitral regurgitation: a pilot cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging study. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2009;137:1063–70.e2.
  • Leon MB, Smith CR, Mack MJ, et al.; Investigators P. Transcatheter or surgical aortic-valve replacement in intermediate-risk patients. N Engl J Med. 2016;374:1609–1620.
  • Rogers T, Lederman RJ. Interventional CMR: clinical applications and future directions. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2015;17:31.
  • Barbash IM, Saikus CE, Faranesh AZ, et al. Direct percutaneous left ventricular access and port closure: pre-clinical feasibility. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2011;4:1318–1325.
  • Ratnayaka K, Saikus CE, Faranesh AZ, et al. Closed-chest transthoracic magnetic resonance imaging-guided ventricular septal defect closure in swine. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2011;4:1326–1334.
  • Halabi M, Ratnayaka K, Faranesh AZ, et al. Transthoracic delivery of large devices into the left ventricle through the right ventricle and interventricular septum: preclinical feasibility. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson. 2013;15:10.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.