Role of cardiac pacing in congenital complete heart block

References

• Narula OS, Scherlag BJ, Javier RP, et al. Analysis of the A-V conduction defect in complete heart block utilizing His bundle electrograms. Circulation. 1970;41:437–448.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White PD, Eustis RS, Kerr WJ. Arch. Pediatr Adolesc Med. 1921;22:299.
   Google Scholar
• Yater WM. Congenital heart block. Am J Dis Child. 1929;38:112.
   Google Scholar
• Brito-Zerón P, Izmirly PM, Ramos-Casals M, et al. The clinical spectrum of autoimmune congenital heart block. Nat Rev Rheumatol. 2015;11:301–312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michaëlsson M, Engle MA. Congenital complete heart block: an international study of the natural history. Cardiovasc Clin. 1972;4:85–101.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Donofrio MT, Moon-Grady AJ, Hornerger LK, et al. Diagnosis and treatment of fetal cardiac disease: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2014;129:2183–2242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buyon JP, Hiebert R, Copel J, et al. Autoimmune-associated congenital heart block: demographics, mortality, morbidity and recurrence rates obtained from a national neonatal lupus registry. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1998;31:1658–1666.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brito-Zerón P, Izmirly PM, Ramos-Casals M, et al. Autoimmune congenital heart block: complex and unusual situations. Lupus. 2016;25:116–128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capone C, Buyon JP, Friedman DM, et al. Cardiac manifestations of neonatal lupus: a review of autoantibody-associated congenital heart block and its impact in an adult population. Cardiol Rev. 2011;20:72–76.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee LA, Weston WL. New findings in neonatal lupus syndrome. Am J Dis Child. 1984;138:233–236.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Llanos C, Friedman DM, Izmirly PM, et al. Anatomical and pathological findings in hearts from fetuses and infants with cardiac manifestations of neonatal lupus. Rheumatology. 2012;51:1086–1092.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson RH, Ho SY. The disposition of the conduction tissues in congenitally malformed hearts with reference to their embryological development. J Perinat Med. 1991;19(Suppl 1):201–206.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson RH, Wenick AC, Losekoot TG, et al. Congenitally complete heart block. Developmental aspects. Circulation. 1977;56:90–101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mori AD, Bruneau BG. TBX5 mutations and congenital heart disease: Holt-Oram syndrome revealed. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2004;19:211–215.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baruteau AE, Fouchard S, Behaghel A, et al. Characteristics and long-term outcome of non-immune isolated atrioventricular block diagnosed in utero or early childhood: a multicentre study. Eur Heart J. 2012;33:622–629.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baruteau AE, Behaghel A, Fouchard S, et al. Parental electrocardiographic screening identifies a high degree of inheritance for congenital and childhood nonimmune isolated atrioventricular block. Circulation. 2012;126:1469–1477.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lev M, Silverman J, Fitzmaurice FM, et al. Lack of connection between the atria and the more peripheral conduction system in congenital atrioventricular block. Am J Cardiol. 1971;27:481–490.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lev M, Cuadros H, Paul MH. Interruption of the atrioventricular bundle with congenital atrioventricular block. Circulation. 1971;43:703–710.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lev M. The pathology of complete atrioventricular block. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 1964;6:317–326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miranda-Carús ME, Askanase AD, Clancy RM, et al. Anti-SSA/Ro and anti-SSB/La autoantibodies bind the surface of apoptotic fetal cardiocytes and promote secretion of TNF-alpha by macrophages. J Immunol. 2000;165:5345–5351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao GQ, Hu K, Boutjdir M. Direct inhibition of expressed cardiac l- and t-type calcium channels by IgG from mothers whose children have congenital heart block. Circulation. 2001;103:1599–1604.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costedoat-Chalumeau N, Georgin-Lavialle S, Amoura Z, et al. Anti-SSA/Ro and anti-SSB/La antibody-mediated congenital heart block. Lupus. 2005;14:660–664.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nield LE, Silverman ED, Taylor GP, et al. Maternal anti-Ro and anti-La antibody-associated endocardial fibroelastosis. Circulation. 2002;105:843–848.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaeggi ET, Hamilton RM, Silverman ED, et al. Outcome of children with fetal, neonatal or childhood diagnosis of isolated congenital atrioventricular block. A single institution’s experience of 30 years. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;39:130–137.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waltuck J, Buyon JP. Autoantibody-associated congenital heart block: outcome in mothers and children. Ann Intern Med. 1994;120:544–551.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dewey RC, Capeless MA, Levy AM. Use of ambulatory electrocardiographic monitoring to identify high-risk patients with congenital complete heart block. N Engl J Med. 1987;316:835–839.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmidt KG, Ulmer HE, Silverman NH, et al. Perinatal outcome of fetal complete atrioventricular block: a multicenter experience. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1991;17:1360–1366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michaëlsson M, Jonzon A, Riesenfeld T. Isolated congenital complete atrioventricular block in adult life. A prospective study. Circulation. 1995;92:442–449.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Udink ten Cate FE, Breur JM, Cohen MI, et al. Dilated cardiomyopathy in isolated congenital complete atrioventricular block: early and long-term risk in children. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;37:1129–1134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Assad RS, Zielinsky P, Kalil R, et al. New lead for in utero pacing for fetal congenital heart block. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2003;126:300–302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vest AN, Zhou L, Huang X, et al. Design and testing of a transcutaneous RF recharging system for a fetal micropacemaker. IEEE Trans Biomed Circuits Syst. 2017;11:336–346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epstein AE, Dimarco JP, Ellenbogen KA, et al. ACC/AHA/HRS 2008 guidelines for device-based therapy of cardiac rhythm abnormalities: executive summary. Heart Rhythm. 2008;5:934–955.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeuchi D, Tomizawa Y. Pacing device therapy in infants and children: a review. J Artif Organs. 2013;16:23–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilhelm BJ, Thone M, El-Scheich T, et al. Complications and risk assessment of 25 years in pediatric pacing. Ann Thorac Surg. 2015;100:147–153.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baruteau AE, Pass RH, Thambo JB, et al. Congenital and childhood atrioventricular blocks: pathophysiology and contemporary management. Eur J Pediatr. 2016;175:1235–1248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fortescue EB, Berul CI, Cecchin F, et al. Patient, procedural, and hardware factors associated with pacemaker lead failures in pediatrics and congenital heart disease. Heart Rhythm. 2004;1:150–159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kubus P, Materna O, Gebauer RA, et al. Permanent epicardial pacing in children: long-term results and factors modifying outcome. Europace. 2012;14:509–514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vos LM, Kammeraad JAE, Freund MW, et al. Long-term outcome of transvenous pacemaker implantation in infants: a retrospective cohort study. Europace. 2016;euw031.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silvetti MS, Drago F, De Santis A, et al. Single-centre experience on endocardial and epicardial pacemaker system function in neonates and infants. Europace. 2007;9:426–431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robledo-Nolasco R, Ortiz-Avalos M, Rodriguez-Diez G, et al. Transvenous pacing in children weighing less than 10 kilograms. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2009;Suppl 1:S177–S181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kammeraad JAE, Rosenthal E, Bostock J, et al. Endocardial pacemaker implantation in infants weighing <= 10 kilograms. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2004;27:1466–1474.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konta L, Chubb MH, Bostock J, et al. Twenty-seven years experience with transvenous pacemaker implantation in children weighing <10 kg. Circ Arrhythmia Electrophysiol. 2016;9(2):e003422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khairy P, Landzberg MJ, Gatzoulis MA, et al. Transvenous pacing leads and systemic thromboemboli in patients with intracardiac shunts: a multicenter study. Circulation. 2006;113:2391–2397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunner MP, Cronin EM, Duarte VE, et al. Clinical predictors of adverse patient outcomes in an experience of more than 5000 chronic endovascular pacemaker and defibrillator lead extractions. Heart Rhythm. 2014;11:799–805.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Chami MF, Merchant FM, Waheed A, et al. Predictors and outcomes of lead extraction requiring a bailout femoral approach: data from 2 high-volume centers. Heart Rhythm. 2017;14:548–552.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman RA, Van Zandt H, Collins E, et al. Lead extraction in young patients with and without congenital heart disease using the subclavian approach. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1996;19:778–783.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zartner PA, Wiebe W, Toussaint-Goetz N, et al. Lead removal in young patients in view of lifelong pacing. Europace. 2010;12:714–718.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Escano FB, Berroya RB, Gianfrancesco H, et al. Intrapleural pacemaker generator in children. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1971;62:454–456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agarwal R, Krishnan GS, Abraham S, et al. Extrapleural intrathoracic implantation of permanent pacemaker in the pediatric age group. Ann Thorac Surg. 2007;83:1549–1552.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janousek J, van Geldorp IE, Krupickova S, et al. Permanent cardiac pacing in children: choosing the optimal pacing site: a multicenter study. Circulation. 2013;127:613–623.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silvetti MS, Di Carlo D, Ammirati A, et al. Left ventricular pacing in neonates and infants with isolated congenital complete or advanced atrioventricular block: short- and medium-term outcome. Europace. 2015;17:603–610.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carreras EM, Duncan WJ, Djurdjev O, et al. Cardiac strangulation following epicardial pacemaker implantation: a rare pediatric complication. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2015;149:522–527.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alhuzaimi A, Roy N, Duncan WJ. Cardiac strangulation from epicardial pacemaker: early recognition and prevention. Cardiol Young. 2011;21:471–473.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eyskens B, Mertens L, Moerman P, et al. Cardiac strangulation, a rare complication of epicardial pacemaker leads during growth. Heart. 1997;77:288–289.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamas GA, Orav EJ, Strambler BS, et al. Quality of life and clinical outcomes in elderly patients treated with ventricular pacing as compared with dual-chamber pacing. Pacemaker selection in the elderly investigators. N Engl J Med. 1998;338:1097–1104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Connolly SJ, Kerr CR, Gent M, et al. Effects of physiologic pacing versus ventricular pacing on the risk of stroke and death due to cardiovascular causes. Canadian trial of physiologic pacing investigators. N Engl J Med. 2000;342:1385–1391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toff WD, Camm AJ, Skehan JD; United Kingdom Pacing and Cardiovascular Events Trial Investigators. Single-chamber versus dual-chamber pacing for high-grade atrioventricular block. N Engl J Med. 2005;353:145–155.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoijer C, Brandt J, Willenheimer R, et al. Improved cardiac function and quality of life following upgrade to dual chamber pacing after long-term ventricular stimulation. Eur Heart J. 2002;23:490–497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naegeli B, Kurz DJ, Koller D, et al. Single-chamber ventricular pacing increases markers of left ventricular dysfunction compared with dual-chamber pacing. Europace. 2007;9:194–199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ouali S, Neffeti E, Ghoul K, et al. DDD versus VVIR pacing in patients, ages 70 and over, with complete heart block. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2009;33:583–589.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horenstein MS, Karpawich PP, Tantengco MVT. Single versus dual chamber pacing in the young: noninvasive comparative evaluation of cardiac function. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2003;26:1208–1211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hauser J, Michel-Behnke I, Zervan K, et al. Noninvasive measurement of atrial contribution to the cardiac output in children and adolescents with congenital complete atrioventricular block treated with dual-chamber pacemakers. Am J Cardiol. 2011;107:92–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ragonese P, Guccione P, Drago F, et al. Efficacy and safety of ventricular rate responsive pacing in children with complete atrioventricular block. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1994;17:603–610.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Celiker A, Ceviz N, Alehan D, et al. Comparison of normal sinus rhythm and pacing rate in children with minute ventilation single chamber rate adaptive permanent pacemakers. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1998;21:2100–2104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karpawich PP, Perry BL, Farooki ZQ, et al. Pacing in children and young adults with nonsurgical atrioventricular block: comparison of single-rate ventricular and dual-chamber modes. Am Heart J. 1987;113:316–321.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thambo J-B, Bordachar P, Garrigue S, et al. Detrimental ventricular remodeling in patients with congenital complete heart block and chronic right ventricular apical pacing. Circulation. 2004;110:3766–3772.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moak JP, Hasbani K, Ramwell C, et al. Dilated cardiomyopathy following right ventricular pacing for AV block in young patients: resolution after upgrading to biventricular pacing systems. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2006;17:1068–1071.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sagar S, Shen WK, Asirvathaim SJ, et al. Effect of long-term right ventricular pacing in young adults with structurally normal heart. Circulation. 2010;121:1698–1705.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giudici MC, Thornburg GA, Buck DL, et al. Comparison of right ventricular outflow tract and apical lead permanent pacing on cardiac output. Am J Cardiol. 1997;79:209–212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Victor F, Leclercg C, Mabo P, et al. Optimal right ventricular pacing site in chronically implanted patients: a prospective randomized crossover comparison of apical and outflow tract pacing. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;33:311–316.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwaab B, Frohlig G, Alexander C, et al. Influence of right ventricular stimulation site on left ventricular function in atrial synchronous ventricular pacing. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1999;33:317–323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tse HF, Yu C, Wong KK, et al. Functional abnormalities in patients with permanent right ventricular pacing: the effect of sites of electrical stimulation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40:1451–1458.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stambler BS, Ellenbogen K, Zhang X, et al. Right ventricular outflow versus apical pacing in pacemaker patients with congestive heart failure and atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2003;14:1180–1186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckingham TA, Candinas R, Attenhofer C, et al. Systolic and diastolic function with alternate and combined site pacing in the right ventricle. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 1998;21:1077–1084.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimony A, Eisenberg MJ, Filion KB, et al. Beneficial effects of right ventricular non-apical vs. apical pacing: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized-controlled trials. Europace. 2012;14:81–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaye GC, Linker NJ, Marwick TH, et al. Effect of right ventricular pacing lead site on left ventricular function in patients with high-grade atrioventricular block: results of the protect-pace study. Eur Heart J. 2015;36:856–862.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karpawich PP, Singh H, Zelin K. Optimizing paced ventricular function in patients with and without repaired congenital heart disease by contractility-guided lead implant. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2015;38:54–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deshmukh P, Casavant DA, Romanyshyn M, et al. Permanent, direct His-bundle pacing: a novel approach to cardiac pacing in patients with normal His-Purkinje activation. Circulation. 2000;101:869–877.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dandamudi G, Vijayaraman P. How to perform permanent His bundle pacing in routine clinical practice. Heart Rhythm. 2016;13:1362–1366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kronborg MB, Mortensen PT, Poulsen SH, et al. His or para-His pacing preserves left ventricular function in atrioventricular block: a double-blind, randomized, crossover study. Europace. 2014;16:1189–1196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma PS, Huizar J, Ellenbogen KA, et al. Recruitment of bundle branches with permanent His bundle pacing in a patient with advanced conduction system disease: what is the mechanism? Heart Rhythm. 2016;13:623–625.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma PS, Dandamudi G, Naperkowski A, et al. Permanent His-bundle pacing is feasible, safe, and superior to right ventricular pacing in routine clinical practice. Heart Rhythm. 2015;12:305–312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zanon F, Svetlich C, Occhetta E, et al. Safety and performance of a system specifically designed for selective site pacing. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2011;34:339–347.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linde C, Braunschweig F, Gadler F, et al. Long-term benefits of biventricular pacing in congestive heart failure: results from the multisite stimulation in cardiomyopathy (MUSTIC) study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2002;40:111–118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abraham WT, Fisher WG, Smith AL, et al. Cardiac resynchronization in chronic heart failure. N Engl J Med. 2002;346:1845–1853.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moss AJ, Hall WJ, Cannom DS, et al. Cardiac-resynchronization therapy for the prevention of heart-failure events. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:1329–1338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleland J, Freemantle N, Ghio S, et al. Predicting the long-term effects of cardiac resynchronization therapy on mortality from baseline variables and the early response a report from the CARE-HF (Cardiac Resynchronization in Heart Failure) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52:438–445.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daubert C, Gold MR, Abraham WT, et al. Prevention of disease progression by cardiac resynchronization therapy in patients with asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic left ventricular dysfunction: insights from the European cohort of the REVERSE (Resynchronization Reverses Remodeling in Systolic Left Ventricular Dysfunction) trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;54:1837–1846.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dubin AM, Janousek J, Rhee E, et al. Resynchronization therapy in pediatric and congenital heart disease patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46:2277–2283.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Beek E, Backx A, Singh S. Cardiac resynchronization as therapy for congestive cardiac failure in children dependent on chronic cardiac pacing. Cardiol Young. 2006;16:187–189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janousek J. Cardiac resynchronisation in congenital heart disease. Heart. 2009;95:940–947.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cecchin F, Frangini PA, Brown DW, et al. Cardiac resynchronization therapy (and multisite pacing) in pediatrics and congenital heart disease: five years experience in a single institution. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2009;20:58–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Curtis AB, Worley SJ, Chung ES, et al. Improvement in clinical outcomes with biventricular versus right ventricular pacing. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67:2148–2157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funck RC, Mueller HH, Lunati M, et al. Characteristics of a large sample of candidates for permanent ventricular pacing included in the biventricular pacing for atrio-ventricular block to prevent cardiac desynchronization study (BioPace). Europace. 2014;16:354–362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czosek RJ, Meganathan K, Anderson JB, et al. Cardiac rhythm devices in the pediatric population: utilization and complications. Heart Rhythm. 2012;9:199–208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welisch E, Cherlet E, Crespo-Martinez E, et al. A single institution experience with pacemaker implantation in a pediatric population over 25 years. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2010;33:1112–1118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaouki AS, Spar DS, Khoury PR, et al. Risk factors for complications in the implantation of epicardial pacemakers in neonates and infants. Heart Rhythm. 2017;14:206–210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lotfy W, Hegazy R, AbdElAziz O, et al. Permanent cardiac pacing in pediatric patients. Pediatr Cardiol. 2013;34:273–280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zartner P, Handke R, Photiadis J, et al. Performance of an autonomous telemonitoring system in children and young adults with congenital heart diseases. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2008;31:1291–1299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fauchier L, Sadoul N, Kouakam C, et al. Potential cost savings by telemedicine-assisted long-term care of implantable cardioverter defibrillator recipients. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2005;28:S255–S259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varma N, Piccini JP, Snell J, et al. The relationship between level of adherence to automatic wireless remote monitoring and survival in pacemaker and defibrillator patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2015;65:2601–2610.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dechert BE, Serwer GA, Bradley DJ, et al. Cardiac implantable electronic device remote monitoring surveillance in pediatric and congenital heart disease: utility relative to frequency. Heart Rhythm. 2015;12:117–122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leoni L, Padalino M, Biffanti R, et al. Pacemaker remote monitoring in the pediatric population: is it a real solution? Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2015;38:565–571.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silvetti MS, Saputo FA, Palmieri R, et al. Results of remote follow-up and monitoring in young patients with cardiac implantable electronic devices. Cardiol Young. 2016;26:53–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar