1,503
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Perspective

Physical activity and CVD in older adults: an expert’s perspective

&
Pages 1-10 | Received 30 Aug 2017, Accepted 15 Dec 2017, Published online: 26 Dec 2017

References

  • Sallis RE. Exercise in the treatment of chronic disease: an underfilled prescription. Curr Sports Med Rep. 2017;16:225–226.
  • Benjamin EJ, Blaha MJ, Chiuve SE, et al. Heart disease and stroke statistics-2017 update: a report from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2017;135:e146–e603.
  • Robinson MM, Dasari S, Konopka AR, et al. Enhanced protein translation underlies improved metabolic and physical adaptations to different exercise training modes in young and old humans. Cell Metab. 2017;25:581–592.
  • Hamer M, Sabia S, Batty GD, et al. Physical activity and inflammatory markers over 10 years: follow-up in men and women from the Whitehall II cohort study. Circulation. 2012;126:928–933.
  • Menotti A, Puddu PE, Lanti M, et al. Lifestyle habits and mortality from all and specific causes of death: 40-year follow-up in the Italian Rural Areas of the Seven Countries Study. J Nutr Health Aging. 2014;18:314–321.
  • Physical activity guidelines advisory committee report, 2008. To the secretary of health and human services. Part A: executive summary. Nutr Rev. 2009;67:114–120.
  • Liu CK, Fielding RA. Exercise as an intervention for frailty. Clin Geriatr Med. 2011;27:101–110.
  • Moran AE, Forouzanfar MH, Roth GA, et al. The global burden of ischemic heart disease in 1990 and 2010: the Global Burden of Disease 2010 study. Circulation. 2014;129:1493–1501.
  • Bettermann K, Arnold AM, Williamson J, et al. Statins, risk of dementia, and cognitive function: secondary analysis of the ginkgo evaluation of memory study. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis. 2012;21:436–444.
  • LeFevre ML. Screening for asymptomatic carotid artery stenosis: U.S. Preventive services task force recommendation statement. Ann Intern Med. 2014;161:356–362.
  • Clegg A, Young J, Iliffe S, et al. Frailty in elderly people. Lancet. 2013;381:752–762.
  • Afilalo J, Alexander KP, Mack MJ, et al. Frailty assessment in the cardiovascular care of older adults. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63:747–762.
  • Forman DE, Arena R, Boxer R, et al. Prioritizing functional capacity as a principal end point for therapies oriented to older adults with cardiovascular disease: a scientific statement for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2017;135:e894–e918.
  • Sharkey BJ. Functional vs chronologic age. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1987;19:174–178.
  • Olivieri F, Recchioni R, Marcheselli F, et al. Cellular senescence in cardiovascular diseases: potential age-related mechanisms and implications for treatment. Curr Pharm Des. 2013;19:1710–1719.
  • Liu CK, Lyass A, Larson MG, et al. Biomarkers of oxidative stress are associated with frailty: the Framingham Offspring Study. Age (Dordr). 2016;38:1.
  • Lopez-Otin C, Blasco MA, Partridge L, et al. The hallmarks of aging. Cell. 2013;153:1194–1217.
  • Yazdanyar A, Newman AB. The burden of cardiovascular disease in the elderly: morbidity, mortality, and costs. Clin Geriatr Med. 2009;25:563–77, vii.
  • Schwartz RS, Kohrt WM. Exercise: physiological and functional effects. In: Halter JB, Ouslander JG, Tinetti ME, et al., editors. Hazzard’s geriatric medicine and gerontology. USA: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.; 2009. p. 1381–1395.
  • Fried LP, Tangen CM, Walston J, et al. Frailty in older adults: evidence for a phenotype. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001;56:M146–M156.
  • Abellan Van Kan G, Rolland Y, Bergman H, et al. The I.A.N.A task force on frailty assessment of older people in clinical practice. J Nutr Health Aging. 2008;12:29–37.
  • Kelaiditi E, Cesari M, Canevelli M, et al. Cognitive frailty: rational and definition from an (I.A.N.A./I.A.G.G.) international consensus group. J Nutr Health Aging. 2013;17:726–734.
  • Rockwood K, Stolee P, McDowell I. Factors associated with institutionalization of older people in Canada: testing a multifactorial definition of frailty. J Am Geriatr Soc. 1996;44:578–582.
  • Rockwood K. Conceptual models of frailty: accumulation of deficits. Can J Cardiol. 2016;32:1046–1050.
  • Afilalo J, Karunananthan S, Eisenberg MJ, et al. Role of frailty in patients with cardiovascular disease. Am J Cardiol. 2009;103:1616–1621.
  • Ricci NA, Pessoa GS, Ferriolli E, et al. Frailty and cardiovascular risk in community-dwelling elderly: a population-based study. Clin Interv Aging. 2014;9:1677–1685.
  • Woods NF, LaCroix AZ, Gray SL, et al. Frailty: emergence and consequences in women aged 65 and older in the Women’s Health Initiative Observational Study. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2005;53:1321–1330.
  • Newman AB, Gottdiener JS, McBurnie MA, et al. Associations of subclinical cardiovascular disease with frailty. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci. 2001;56:M158–M166.
  • Gale CR, Cooper C, Sayer AA. Framingham cardiovascular disease risk scores and incident frailty: the English longitudinal study of ageing. Age (Dordr). 2014;36:9692.
  • Dodson JA, Arnold SV, Gosch KL, et al. Slow gait speed and risk of mortality or hospital readmission after myocardial infarction in the translational research investigating underlying disparities in recovery from acute myocardial infarction: patients’ health status registry. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2016;64:596–601.
  • Studenski S, Perera S, Patel K, et al. Gait speed and survival in older adults. JAMA. 2011;305:50–58.
  • Bray NW, Smart RR, Jakobi JM, et al. Exercise prescription to reverse frailty. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab. 2016;41:1112–1116.
  • Kraus WE, Bittner V, Appel L, et al. The national physical activity plan: a call to action from the American Heart Association: a science advisory from the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2015;131:1932–1940.
  • Frimel TN, Sinacore DR, Villareal DT. Exercise attenuates the weight-loss-induced reduction in muscle mass in frail obese older adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008;40:1213–1219.
  • Pahor M, Guralnik JM, Ambrosius WT, et al. Effect of structured physical activity on prevention of major mobility disability in older adults: the LIFE study randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2014;311:2387–2396.
  • Villareal DT, Chode S, Parimi N, et al. Weight loss, exercise, or both and physical function in obese older adults. N Engl J Med. 2011;364:1218–1229.
  • Bertram S, Brixius K, Brinkmann C. Exercise for the diabetic brain: how physical training may help prevent dementia and Alzheimer’s disease in T2DM patients. Endocrine. 2016;53:350–363.
  • Kubota Y, Evenson KR, MacLehose RF, et al. Physical activity and lifetime risk of cardiovascular disease and cancer. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2017;49(8):1599–1605.
  • Yates LB, Djousse L, Kurth T, et al. Exceptional longevity in men: modifiable factors associated with survival and function to age 90 years. Arch Intern Med. 2008;168:284–290.
  • Sattelmair J, Pertman J, Ding EL, et al. Dose response between physical activity and risk of coronary heart disease: a meta-analysis. Circulation. 2011;124:789–795.
  • Kelly P, Kahlmeier S, Gotschi T, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of reduction in all-cause mortality from walking and cycling and shape of dose response relationship. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2014;11:132.
  • Stewart RAH, Held C, Hadziosmanovic N, et al. Physical activity and mortality in patients with stable coronary heart disease. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;70:1689–1700.
  • Powell KE, Paluch AE, Blair SN. Physical activity for health: what kind? How much? How intense? On top of what? Annu Rev Public Health. 2011;32:349–365.
  • Fleg JL, O’Connor F, Gerstenblith G, et al. Impact of age on the cardiovascular response to dynamic upright exercise in healthy men and women. J Appl Physiol (1985). 1995;78:890–900.
  • Arena R, Myers J, Williams MA, et al. Assessment of functional capacity in clinical and research settings: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association Committee on Exercise, Rehabilitation, and Prevention of the Council on Clinical Cardiology and the Council on Cardiovascular Nursing. Circulation. 2007;116:329–343.
  • Molina AJ, Bharadwaj MS, Van Horn C, et al. Skeletal muscle mitochondrial content, oxidative capacity, and Mfn2 expression are reduced in older patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction and are related to exercise intolerance. JACC Heart Fail. 2016;4:636–645.
  • Zamboni M, Mazzali G, Fantin F, et al. Sarcopenic obesity: a new category of obesity in the elderly. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 18:388–395.
  • Kesaniemi YK, Danforth E Jr., Jensen MD, et al. Dose-response issues concerning physical activity and health: an evidence-based symposium. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001;33(6 Suppl):S351–S358.
  • Halter JB, Ouslander JG, Tinetti ME, et al. Hazzard’s geriatric medicine and gerontology. USA: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.; 2009.
  • Thompson PD, Crouse SF, Goodpaster B, et al. The acute versus the chronic response to exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001;33:S438–S445; discussion S52-3.
  • Warburton DE, Nicol CW, Bredin SS. Health benefits of physical activity: the evidence. Cmaj. 2006;174:801–809.
  • Manson JE, Hu FB, Rich-Edwards JW, et al. A prospective study of walking as compared with vigorous exercise in the prevention of coronary heart disease in women. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:650–658.
  • Lee IM, Hennekens CH, Berger K, et al. Exercise and risk of stroke in male physicians. Stroke. 1999;30:1–6.
  • Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, et al. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet. 2004;364:937–952.
  • Newman AB, Dodson JA, Church TS, et al. Cardiovascular events in a physical activity intervention compared with a successful aging intervention: the LIFE study randomized trial. JAMA Cardiol. 2016;1:568–574.
  • Clark AM, Hartling L, Vandermeer B, et al. Meta-analysis: secondary prevention programs for patients with coronary artery disease. Ann Intern Med. 2005;143:659–672.
  • Menezes AR, Lavie CJ, Forman DE, et al. Cardiac rehabilitation in the elderly. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2014;57:152–159.
  • Leon AS, Franklin BA, Costa F, et al. Cardiac rehabilitation and secondary prevention of coronary heart disease: an American Heart Association scientific statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology (subcommittee on exercise, cardiac rehabilitation, and prevention) and the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism (subcommittee on physical activity), in collaboration with the American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation. Circulation. 2005;111:369–376.
  • Menezes AR, Lavie CJ, Milani RV, et al. Cardiac rehabilitation in the United States. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2014;56:522–529.
  • O’Halloran PD, Blackstock F, Shields N, et al. Motivational interviewing to increase physical activity in people with chronic health conditions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Rehabil. 2014;28:1159–1171.
  • Bittner V, Weiner DH, Yusuf S, et al. Prediction of mortality and morbidity with a 6-minute walk test in patients with left ventricular dysfunction. SOLVD Investigators. Jama. 1993;270:1702–1707.
  • ATS Committee on Proficiency Standards for Clinical Pulmonary Function Laboratories. ATS statement: guidelines for the six-minute walk test. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;166:111–117.
  • Morley JE, Vellas B, Van Kan GA, et al. Frailty consensus: a call to action. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013;14:392–397.
  • Afilalo J. Frailty in patients with cardiovascular disease: why, when, and how to measure. Curr Cardiovasc Risk Rep. 2011;5:467–472.
  • Abellan Van Kan G, Rolland Y, Houles M, et al. The assessment of frailty in older adults. Clin Geriatr Med. 2010;26:275–286.
  • Middleton A, Fritz SL, Lusardi M. Walking speed: the functional vital sign. J Aging Phys Act. 2015;23:314–322.
  • Fritz S, Lusardi M. White paper: “walking speed: the sixth vital sign”. J Geriatr Phys Ther. 2009;32:46–49.
  • Belardinelli R, Lacalaprice F, Ventrella C, et al. Waltz dancing in patients with chronic heart failure: new form of exercise training. Circ Heart Fail. 2008;1:107–114.
  • Manor B, Lough M, Gagnon MM, et al. Functional benefits of tai chi training in senior housing facilities. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2014;62:1484–1489.
  • Li F, Harmer P, Fitzgerald K. Implementing an evidence-based fall prevention intervention in community senior centers. Am J Public Health. 2016;106:2026–2031.
  • Wang XQ, Pi YL, Chen PJ, et al. Traditional Chinese exercise for cardiovascular diseases: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Am Heart Assoc. 2016;5:e002562.
  • Lee YM. The effects of Tai Chi on waist circumference and blood pressure in the elderly. J Phys Ther Sc. 2017;29:172–175.
  • Yeh GY, Chan CW, Wayne PM, et al. The impact of Tai Chi exercise on self-efficacy, social support, and empowerment in heart failure: insights from a qualitative sub-study from a randomized controlled trial. PloS One. 2016;11:e0154678.
  • Salive ME. Multimorbidity in older adults. Epidemiol Rev. 2013;35:75–83.
  • Boyd CM, Kent DM. Evidence-based medicine and the hard problem of multimorbidity. J Gen Intern Med. 2014;29:552–553.
  • Oldervoll LM, Loge JH, Paltiel H, et al. The effect of a physical exercise program in palliative care: a phase II study. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2006;31:421–430.
  • Dittus KL, Gramling RE, Ades PA. Exercise interventions for individuals with advanced cancer: a systematic review. Prev Med. 2017;104:124–132.
  • Joshua AM, D’Souza V, Unnikrishnan B, et al. Effectiveness of progressive resistance strength training versus traditional balance exercise in improving balance among the elderly – a randomised controlled trial. J Clin Diagn Res. 2014;8:98–102.
  • Hauer K, Schwenk M, Zieschang T, et al. Physical training improves motor performance in people with dementia: a randomized controlled trial. J Am Geriatr Soc. 2012;60:8–15.
  • Fiatarone MA, O’Neill EF, Ryan ND, et al. Exercise training and nutritional supplementation for physical frailty in very elderly people. N Engl J Med. 1994;330:1769–1775.
  • Karlsson MK, Magnusson H, Von Schewelov T, et al. Prevention of falls in the elderly – a review. Osteoporos Int. 2013;24:747–762.
  • Uusi-Rasi K, Patil R, Karinkanta S, et al. Exercise and vitamin D in fall prevention among older women: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern Med. 2015;175:703–711.
  • Elsawy B, Higgins KE. Physical activity guidelines for older adults. Am Fam Physician. 2010;81:55–59.
  • FITT - Frequency, Intensity, Time and Type of Activity. Veterans health administration. [cited 2015 Jan 28]. Available from: http://www.move.va.gov/download/NewHandouts/Standard/S07_FITT.pdf
  • Theou O, Stathokostas L, Roland KP, et al. The effectiveness of exercise interventions for the management of frailty: a systematic review. J Aging Res. 2011;569194.  doi: 10.4061/2011/569194.
  • Cadore EL, Moneo AB, Mensat MM, et al. Positive effects of resistance training in frail elderly patients with dementia after long-term physical restraint. Age (Dordr). 2014;36:801–811.
  • Wisloff U, Stoylen A, Loennechen JP, et al. Superior cardiovascular effect of aerobic interval training versus moderate continuous training in heart failure patients: a randomized study. Circulation. 2007;115:3086–3094.
  • Neyens JC, Van Haastregt JC, Dijcks BP, et al. Effectiveness and implementation aspects of interventions for preventing falls in elderly people in long-term care facilities: a systematic review of RCTs. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2011;12:410–425.
  • Plawecki A, Bobian M, Kandinov A, et al. Recreational activity and facial trauma among older adults. JAMA Facial Plast Surg. 2017;19(6):453–458.
  • Epstein RM, Peters E. Beyond information: exploring patients’ preferences. JAMA. 2009;302(2):195–197.
  • Force USPST, Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, et al. Statin use for the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in adults: US preventive services task force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2016;316:1997–2007.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.