508
Views
6
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Focal activation patterns: breaking new grounds in the pathophysiology of atrial fibrillation

, , &
Pages 479-488 | Received 01 Mar 2018, Accepted 04 Jun 2018, Published online: 20 Jun 2018

References

  • Nishida K, Datino T, Macle L, et al. Atrial fibrillation ablation: translating basic mechanistic insights to the patient. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014 Aug 26;64(8):823–831. PubMed PMID: 25145528.
  • van Marion DM, Lanters EA, Wiersma M, et al. Diagnosis and therapy of atrial fibrillation: the past, the present and the future. J Atr Fibrillation. 2015 Aug–Sep;8(2):1216. PubMed PMID: 27957185.
  • Baykaner T, Zaman JAB, Wang PJ, et al. Ablation of atrial fibrillation drivers. Arrhythm Electrophysiol Rev. 2017 Dec;6(4):195–201. PubMed PMID: 29326835.
  • Kik C, Mouws E, Bogers A, et al. Intra-operative mapping of the atria: the first step towards individualization of atrial fibrillation therapy? Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2017 Jul;15(7):537–545. PubMed PMID: 28591518.
  • Haissaguerre M, Jais P, Shah DC, et al. Spontaneous initiation of atrial fibrillation by ectopic beats originating in the pulmonary veins. N Engl J Med. 1998 Sep 3;339(10):659–666. PubMed PMID: 9725923.
  • Sahadevan J, Ryu K, Peltz L, et al. Epicardial mapping of chronic atrial fibrillation in patients: preliminary observations. Circulation. 2004 Nov 23;110(21):3293–3299. PubMed PMID: 15520305.
  • Nademanee K, McKenzie J, Kosar E, et al. A new approach for catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation: mapping of the electrophysiologic substrate. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2004 Jun 2;43(11):2044–2053. PubMed PMID: 15172410.
  • Konings KT, Kirchhof CJ, Smeets JR, et al. High-density mapping of electrically induced atrial fibrillation in humans. Circulation. 1994 Apr;89(4):1665–1680. PubMed PMID: 8149534.
  • Mouws E, Lanters EAH, Teuwen CP, et al. Epicardial breakthrough waves during sinus rhythm: depiction of the arrhythmogenic substrate? Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2017 Sep;10(9):e005145. PubMed PMID: 28912205.
  • Nitta T, Ohmori H, Sakamoto S, et al. Map-guided surgery for atrial fibrillation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2005 Feb;129(2):291–299. PubMed PMID: 15678038.
  • Narayan SM, Krummen DE, Enyeart MW, et al. Computational mapping identifies localized mechanisms for ablation of atrial fibrillation. PLoS One. 2012;7(9):e46034. PubMed PMID: 23049929.
  • Narayan SM, Shivkumar K, Krummen DE, et al. Panoramic electrophysiological mapping but not electrogram morphology identifies stable sources for human atrial fibrillation: stable atrial fibrillation rotors and focal sources relate poorly to fractionated electrograms. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2013 Feb;6(1):58–67. PubMed PMID: 23392583.
  • Shivkumar K, Ellenbogen KA, Hummel JD, et al. Acute termination of human atrial fibrillation by identification and catheter ablation of localized rotors and sources: first multicenter experience of focal impulse and rotor modulation (FIRM) ablation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2012 Dec;23(12):1277–1285. PubMed PMID: 23130890.
  • Jones AR, Krummen DE, Narayan SM. Non-invasive identification of stable rotors and focal sources for human atrial fibrillation: mechanistic classification of atrial fibrillation from the electrocardiogram. Europace. 2013 Sep;15(9):1249–1258. PubMed PMID: 23449925.
  • Lee G, Kumar S, Teh A, et al. Epicardial wave mapping in human long-lasting persistent atrial fibrillation: transient rotational circuits, complex wavefronts, and disorganized activity. Eur Heart J. 2014 Jan;35(2):86–97. PubMed PMID: 23935092.
  • Lee G, McLellan AJ, Hunter RJ, et al. Panoramic characterization of endocardial left atrial activation during human persistent AF: insights from non-contact mapping. Int J Cardiol. 2017 Feb;1(228):406–411. PubMed PMID: 27870970.
  • Harada A, Sasaki K, Fukushima T, et al. Atrial activation during chronic atrial fibrillation in patients with isolated mitral valve disease. Ann Thorac Surg. 1996 Jan;61(1):104–111. discussion 111-2. PubMed PMID: 8561533.
  • Holm M, Johansson R, Brandt J, et al. Epicardial right atrial free wall mapping in chronic atrial fibrillation. Documentation of repetitive activation with a focal spread–a hitherto unrecognised phenomenon in man. Eur Heart J. 1997 Feb;18(2):290–310. PubMed PMID: 9043847.
  • Nitta T, Ishii Y, Miyagi Y, et al. Concurrent multiple left atrial focal activations with fibrillatory conduction and right atrial focal or reentrant activation as the mechanism in atrial fibrillation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2004 Mar;127(3):770–778. PubMed PMID: 15001906.
  • de Groot NM, Houben RP, Smeets JL, et al. Electropathological substrate of longstanding persistent atrial fibrillation in patients with structural heart disease: epicardial breakthrough. Circulation. 2010 Oct 26;122(17):1674–1682. PubMed PMID: 20937979.
  • Lee S, Sahadevan J, Khrestian CM, et al. Simultaneous biatrial high-density (510-512 electrodes) epicardial mapping of persistent and long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation in patients: new insights into the mechanism of its maintenance. Circulation. 2015 Dec 1;132(22):2108–2117. PubMed PMID: 26499963.
  • Schricker AA, Lalani GG, Krummen DE, et al. Human atrial fibrillation initiates via organized rather than disorganized mechanisms. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2014 Oct;7(5):816–824. PubMed PMID: 25217042.
  • Tan AY, Chou CC, Zhou S, et al. Electrical connections between left superior pulmonary vein, left atrium, and ligament of Marshall: implications for mechanisms of atrial fibrillation. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2006 Jan;290(1):H312–H322. PubMed PMID: 16155107.
  • Lee S, Sahadevan J, Khrestian CM, et al. High density mapping of atrial fibrillation during vagal nerve stimulation in the canine heart: restudying the Moe hypothesis. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2013 Mar;24(3):328–335. PubMed PMID: 23210508.
  • Kuklik P, Lau DH, Ganesan AN, et al. High-density mapping of atrial fibrillation in a chronic substrate: evidence for distinct modes of repetitive wavefront propagation. Int J Cardiol. 2015 Nov;15(199):407–414. PubMed PMID: 26253050.
  • Verheule S, Tuyls E, van Hunnik A, et al. Fibrillatory conduction in the atrial free walls of goats in persistent and permanent atrial fibrillation. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2010 Dec;3(6):590–599. PubMed PMID: 20937721.
  • Eckstein J, Zeemering S, Linz D, et al. Transmural conduction is the predominant mechanism of breakthrough during atrial fibrillation: evidence from simultaneous endo-epicardial high-density activation mapping. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2013 Apr;6(2):334–341. PubMed PMID: 23512204.
  • Hirose M, Carlson MD, Laurita KR. Cellular mechanisms of vagally mediated atrial tachyarrhythmia in isolated arterially perfused canine right atria. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2002 Sep;13(9):918–926. PubMed PMID: 12380933.
  • Okuyama Y, Miyauchi Y, Park AM, et al. High resolution mapping of the pulmonary vein and the vein of Marshall during induced atrial fibrillation and atrial tachycardia in a canine model of pacing-induced congestive heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2003 Jul 16;42(2):348–360. PubMed PMID: 12875775.
  • Zheng X, Huang J, Walcott GP, et al. Activation sequences following failed atrial defibrillation. Heart Rhythm. 2004 Nov;1(5):616–623. PubMed PMID: 15851229.
  • Arentz T, Haegeli L, Sanders P, et al. High-density mapping of spontaneous pulmonary vein activity initiating atrial fibrillation in humans. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2007 Jan;18(1):31–38. PubMed PMID: 17229297.
  • Yamabe H, Morihisa K, Tanaka Y, et al. Mechanisms of the maintenance of atrial fibrillation: role of the complex fractionated atrial electrogram assessed by noncontact mapping. Heart Rhythm. 2009 Aug;6(8):1120–1128. PubMed PMID: 19539538.
  • Narayan SM, Krummen DE, Rappel WJ. Clinical mapping approach to diagnose electrical rotors and focal impulse sources for human atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2012 May;23(5):447–454. PubMed PMID: 22537106.
  • Kumagai K, Yasuda T, Tojo H, et al. Role of rapid focal activation in the maintenance of atrial fibrillation originating from the pulmonary veins. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2000 Nov;23(11 Pt 2):1823–1827. PubMed PMID: 11139934.
  • Schilling RJ, Kadish AH, Peters NS, et al. Endocardial mapping of atrial fibrillation in the human right atrium using a non-contact catheter. Eur Heart J. 2000 Apr;21(7):550–564. PubMed PMID: 10775010.
  • Takahashi Y, Hocini M, O’Neill MD, et al. Sites of focal atrial activity characterized by endocardial mapping during atrial fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006 May 16;47(10):2005–2012. PubMed PMID: 16697317.
  • Takahashi Y, Iwai S, Yamashita S, et al. Novel mapping technique for localization of focal and reentrant activation during atrial fibrillation. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2017 Apr;28(4):375–382. PubMed PMID: 28063269.
  • Kumagai K, Khrestian C, Waldo AL. Simultaneous multisite mapping studies during induced atrial fibrillation in the sterile pericarditis model. Insights into the mechanism of its maintenance. Circulation. 1997 Jan 21;95(2):511–521. PubMed PMID: 9008471.
  • Derakhchan K, Li D, Courtemanche M, et al. Method for simultaneous epicardial and endocardial mapping of in vivo canine heart: application to atrial conduction properties and arrhythmia mechanisms. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2001 May;12(5):548–555. PubMed PMID: 11386516.
  • Teuwen CP, Yaksh A, Lanters EA, et al. Relevance of conduction disorders in Bachmann’s bundle during sinus rhythm in humans. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2016 May;9(5):e003972. PubMed PMID: 27153879.
  • Lemery R, Guiraudon G, Veinot JP. Anatomic description of Bachmann’s bundle and its relation to the atrial septum. Am J Cardiol. 2003 Jun 15;91(12):1482–5, A8. PubMed PMID: 12804741.
  • Platonov PG, Mitrofanova L, Ivanov V, et al. Substrates for intra-atrial and interatrial conduction in the atrial septum: anatomical study on 84 human hearts. Heart Rhythm. 2008 Aug;5(8):1189–1195. PubMed PMID: 18675231.
  • Schuessler RB, Kawamoto T, Hand DE, et al. Simultaneous epicardial and endocardial activation sequence mapping in the isolated canine right atrium. Circulation. 1993 Jul;88(1):250–263. PubMed PMID: 8319340.
  • Everett T, Wilson EE, Hulley GS, et al. Transmural characteristics of atrial fibrillation in canine models of structural and electrical atrial remodeling assessed by simultaneous epicardial and endocardial mapping. Heart Rhythm. 2010 Apr;7(4):506–517. PubMed PMID: 20184976.
  • Yamazaki M, Mironov S, Taravant C, et al. Heterogeneous atrial wall thickness and stretch promote scroll waves anchoring during atrial fibrillation. Cardiovasc Res. 2012 Apr 1;94(1):48–57. PubMed PMID: 22227155.
  • de Groot N, van der Does L, Yaksh A, et al. Direct proof of endo-epicardial asynchrony of the atrial wall during atrial fibrillation in humans. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2016 May;9(5):e003648. PubMed PMID: 27103089.
  • Gray RA, Pertsov AM, Jalife J. Incomplete reentry and epicardial breakthrough patterns during atrial fibrillation in the sheep heart. Circulation. 1996 Nov 15;94(10):2649–2661. PubMed PMID: 8921813.
  • Skanes AC, Mandapati R, Berenfeld O, et al. Spatiotemporal periodicity during atrial fibrillation in the isolated sheep heart. Circulation. 1998 Sep 22;98(12):1236–1248. PubMed PMID: 9743516.
  • Chen SA, Chen YJ, Yeh HI, et al. Pathophysiology of the pulmonary vein as an atrial fibrillation initiator. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2003 Jul;26(7 Pt 2):1576–1582. PubMed PMID: 12914606.
  • Patterson E, Jackman WM, Beckman KJ, et al. Spontaneous pulmonary vein firing in man: relationship to tachycardia-pause early afterdepolarizations and triggered arrhythmia in canine pulmonary veins in vitro. J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol. 2007 Sep;18(10):1067–1075. PubMed PMID: 17655663.
  • van der Does L. Unipolar atrial electrogram morphology from an epicardial and endocardial perspective. Heart Rhythm. 2018;15:879–887.
  • Allessie MA, de Groot NM, Houben RP, et al. Electropathological substrate of long-standing persistent atrial fibrillation in patients with structural heart disease: longitudinal dissociation. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2010 Dec;3(6):606–615. PubMed PMID: 20719881.
  • Henning RH, Brundel B. Proteostasis in cardiac health and disease. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2017 Nov;14(11):637–653. PubMed PMID: 28660894.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.