Proton pump inhibitor-induced hypomagnesemia complicated with serious cardiac arrhythmias

References

• Jahnen-Dechent W, Ketteler M. Magnesium basics. Clin Kidney J. 2012;5(Suppl 1):i3- i14.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Grober U, Schmidt J, Kisters K. Magnesium in prevention and therapy. Nutrients. 2015;7(9):8199–8226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ismail AA. Magnesium: A mineral essential for health yet generally underestimated or even ignored. J Nutr Food Sci. 2016;6(4):2.
   Google Scholar
• Kostov K, Halacheva L. Role of magnesium deficiency in promoting atherosclerosis, endothelial dysfunction, and arterial stiffening as risks factors for hypertension. Int J Med Sci. 2018;19(6):1724.
   Google Scholar
• Kolte D, Vijayaraghavan K, Khera S, et al. Role of magnesium in cardiovascular diseases. Cardiol Rev. 2014;22(4):182–192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moshfegh A, Goldman J, Ahuja J, et al. What we eat in America, NHANES 2005-2006. Usual nutrient intakes from food and water compared to 1997 reference intakes for vitamin D, calcium, phosphorus, and magnesium. US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service; 2009. Available from: http://www.ars.usda.gov/SP2UserFiles/Place/12355000/pdf/0506/usual_nutrient_intake_vitD_ca_phos_mg_2005.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Al-Ghamdi MB, Cameron EC, Sutton RA. Magnesium deficiency: pathophysiologic and clinical overview. Am J Kidney Dis. 1994;24(5):737–752.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whang R, Chrysant SG, Dillard B, et al. Hypomagnesemia in 1000 treated ambulatory hypertensive patients. J Am Coll Nutr. 1982;1(4):317–322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyckner T, Wester PO. Potassium/magnesium depletion in patients with cardiovascular disease. Am J Med. 1987;82(3A):11–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epstein M, McGrath S, Law F. Proton-pump inhibitors and hypomagnesemic hypoparathyroidism. N Engl J Med. 2006;355(10):1834–1836.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ray WA, Chung CP, Murray KT, et al. Association of proton pump inhibitors with reduced risk of warfarin-related serious upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Gastroenterology. 2016;151(6):1105–1112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freedberg DE, Kim LS, Yang YX. The risks and benefits of long-term use of proton pump inhibitors: expert review and best practice advise from the American Gastroenterological Association. Gastroenterology. 2017;152(4):706–715.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savarino V, Marabotto E, Zentilin P, et al. Proton pump inhibitors: use and misuse in the clinical setting. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol. 2018;11(11):1123–1134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ali Khan M, Howden C. The role of proton pump inhibitors in the management of upper gastrointestinal disorders. Gastroenterol Hep. 2018;14(3):169–173.
   Google Scholar
• Hoorn EJ, van der Hoek J, de Man RA, et al. A case series of proton pump inhibitor-induced hypomagnesemia. Am J Kidney Dis. 2010;56(1):112 116.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Famularo G, Gasbarrone L, Minisola G. Hypomagnesemia and proton pump inhibitors. Expert Opin Drug Saf. 2013;12(5):709–716.
   Google Scholar
• Kim S, Lee H, Park CH, et al. Clinical predictors associated with proton pump inhibitor-induced hypomagnesemia. Am J Ther. 2015;22(1):14–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheungpasitporn W, Thongprayoon C, Kittanamongkolchai W, et al. Proton pump inhibitors linked to hypomagnesemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Ren Fail. 2015;37(7):1237–1241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byik M, Solak Y, Ucar R, et al. Hypomagnesemia among outpatients long-term proton pump inhibitor users. Am J Ther. 2017;24(1):e52- e55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burdsall P, Flores HC, Krueger J, et al. Use of proton pump inhibitors with lack of diagnostic indications in 22 Midwestern US skilled nursing facilities. J Am Med Dir Assoc. 2013;14(6):429–432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patterson Burdsall D, Flores HC, Krueger J, et al. Use of proton pump inhibitors with lack of diagnostic indications in 22 Midwestern US skilled nursing facilities. J Am Dir Assoc. 2013;14(6):429–432.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Famularo G, Minisola G, Bravi MC, et al. Tetany, hypomagnesemia, and proton pump inhibitors. Am J Med. 2012;125(5):e7–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deroux A, Khouri C, Chabre L, et al. Severe acute neurological symptoms related to proton pump inhibitors induced hypomagnesemia responsible for profound hypoparathyroidism with hypocalcemia. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol. 2014;38(5):e103–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazzerini PE, Bertolozzi I, Finizola F, et al. Proton pump inhibitors and serum magnesium levels in patients with torsades de pointes. Front Pharmacol. 2018;9(4):363.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asajima H, Saito N, Ohmura Y. Lansoprazole precipitated QT prolongation and torsades de points associated with disopyramide. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 2012;68(3):331–333.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Charabaty E, Saifan C, Abdallah M, et al. Effects of proton pump inhibitors and electrolyte disturbances on arrhythmias. Int J Gen Med. 2013;6(6):515–518.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bibawy JN, Parikh V, Wahba J, et al. Pantoprazole (proton pump inhibitor) contributing to torsades de pointes storm. Circ Arrhyth Electrophysiol. 2013;6(2):e17- e20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansen BA, Bruserud O. Hypomagnesemia as a potentially life-threatening adverse effect of omeprazole. Oxf Med Case Rep. 2016;2016(7):147–149.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dos Santos LM, Guerra RA, Lazzaretti-Castro M, et al. An approach to the diagnosis and management of a case presenting with recurrent hypomagnesemia secondary to chronic use of proton pump inhibitor. Magnes Res. 2015;28(4):136–145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angus ZS. Mechanisms and causes of hypomagnesemia. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens. 2016;25(4):301–307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlingmann KP, Waldegger S, Konrad M, et al. TRPM6 and TRPM7-gatekeepers of magnesium metabolism. Biochem Biophys Acta. 2007;1772(8):821–823.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mackay JD, Bladon PT. Hypomagnesemia due to proton-pump inhibitor therapy: a clinical case series. Qjm. 2010;103(6):387–395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michalek W, Sempler JR, Kuo B. Impact of acid suppression on upper gastrointestinal pH and motility. Dig Dis Sci. 2011;56(6):1735–1742.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta A, Lawrence AT, Krishnan K, et al. Current concepts in the mechanisms and management of drug-induced QT prolongation and torsades de pointes. Am Heart J. 2007;153(6):891–899.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Sherif N, Turitto G. Electrolyte disorders and arrhythmogenesis. Cardiol J. 2011;18(3):233–245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanguinetti C, Tristani-Firouzi M. hERG potassium channels and cardiac arrhythmia. Nature. 2006;440:463–469.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tzivoni D, Banai S, Schuger C, et al. Treatment of torsades de Pointes with magnesium sulfate. Circulatiom. 1988;77(2):392–397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao M, Feng R, Shao D, et al. Mg2+ - dependent facilitation and inactivation of L-type Ca2+ channels in guinea pig ventricular myocytes. J Pharmacol Sci. 2015;129:143–149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Viskin S. Long QT syndromes and torsades de pointes. Lancet. 1999;354:1625–1633.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards JN, Blatter LA. Cardiac alternans and intracellular calcium cycling. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2014;41(7):524–532.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tse G, Hons BA, Wong ST, et al. Cardiac dynamics: alternans and arrhythmogenesis. J Arrhyth. 2016;32:411–417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rickets HH, Denison EK, Haywood LJ. Unusual T-wave abnormality. Repolarization alternans associated with hypomagnesemia, acute alcoholism, and cardiomyopathy. Jama. 1969;207(2):365–366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddy CV, Kiok JP, Khan RG, et al. Repolarization alternans associated with alcoholism and hypomagnesemia. Am J Cardiol. 1984;53(2):390–391.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chadda KD, Lichstein E, Gupta P. Hypomagnesemia and refractory cardiac arrhythmia in nondigitalized patient. Am J Cardiol. 1973;31(1):98–100.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luomanmaki K, Heikkila J, Hartikainen M. T-wave alternans associated with heart failure and hypomagnesemia in alcoholic cardiomyopathy. Eur J Cardiol. 1975;3(3):167–170.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Khan AM, Lubitz SA, Sullivan LM, et al. Low serum magnesium and the development of atrial fibrillation in the community: the Framingham Heart Study. Circulation. 2013;127(1):33–38.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gu WJ, Wu ZJ, Wang PF, et al. Intravenous magnesium prevents atrial fibrillation after coronary artery bypass grafting: a meta-analysis of 7 double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trials. Trials. 2012;13(4):13–41.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Omalan O, Crystal E, Daoulah A, et al. Meta-analysis of magnesium therapy for acute management of rapid atrial fibrillation. Am J Cardiol. 2007;99(12):1726–1732.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cagli K, Ozeke O, Ergun K, et al. Effect of low-dose amiodarone and magnesium combination on atrial fibrillation after coronary artery surgery. J Card Surg. 2006;21(5):458–464.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tercius AJ, Kluger J, Coleman CI, et al. Intravenous magnesium sulfate enhances the ability of intravenous ibutilide to successfully convert atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter. Pacing Clin Electrophysiol. 2007;30(11):1331–1335.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho KM. Intravenous magnesium for cardiac arrhythmias: jack of all trades. Magnes Res. 2008;21(1):65–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharara AI, Chalhoub JM, Hammoud N, et al. Low prevalence of hypomagnesemia in long-term recipients of proton pumb inhibitors in a managed care cohort. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;14(2):317–321.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chowhry M, Shah K, Kemper S, et al. Proton pumb inhibitors not associated with hypomagnesemia, regardless of dose or concomitant diuretic use. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;33(10):1717–1721.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park CH, Kim EH, Roh YH, et al. The association between the use of proton pump inhibitors and the risk of hypomagnesemia: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Plos One. 2014;9(11):e112558.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hess MW, de Baaij JH, Broekman MM, et al. Common single nucleotide polymorphism in transient receptor potential melastatin type 6 increase the risk of proton pump inhibitor-induced hypomagnesemia: a case-control study. Pharmacogenet Genomics. 2017;27(3):83–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Napolitano C, Priori SG, Shwartrz P. Torsades de Pointes. Mechanisms and treatment. Drugs. 1994;47(1):51–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• FDA drug safety communication: low magnesium levels can be associated with long-term use of proton pump inhibitor drugs (PPIs). [cited 2019 Feb 12]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drugsafety/ucm245011.htm
   Google Scholar
• Reed LG, Mok JY. Proton pump inhibitor-associated hypomagnesemia: a retrospective case-control study. Fed Pract. 2016;33(12):18–21.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tamura T, Sakaeda T, Kadoyama K, et al. Omeprazole-and esomeprazole-associated hypomagnesemia: data mining of the public version of the FDA adverse event reporting system. Int J Med Sci. 2012;9(6):322–326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chakraborti S, Chakraborti T, Mandal M, et al. Protective role of magnesium in cardiovascular disease: a review. Moll Cell Biochem. 2002;238(1–2):163–179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sontia B, Touyz RM. Magnesium transport in hypertension. Pathophysiology. 2007;14(3–4):205–211.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gu X, Jin F, Mao Y, et al. Magnesium and the risk of cardiovascular events: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Plos One. 2013;8(3):e57720.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kass L, Sullivan KR. Low dietary magnesium intake and hypertension. World J Cardiovasc Dis. 2016;6(12):447–457.
   Google Scholar
• Fox CH, Ramsoomair D, Mahoney MC, et al. An investigation of hypomagnesemia among ambulatory urban African Americans. J Fam Pract. 1999;48(8):636–639.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez-Ramirez M, Simmental-Mendia LE, Gonzales-Ortiz M, et al. Prevalence of prehypertension in Mexico and its association with hypomagnesemia. Am J Hypertens. 2015;28(8):1024–1030.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chrysant SG, Ganousis L, Chrysant C. Hemodynamic and metabolic effects of hypomagnesemia in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Cardiology. 1988;75(2):81–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moshfegh A, Goldman J, Cleveland L. What we eat in America. NHANES 2001-2002: usual nutrient intakes from food compared to dietary reference intakes. US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service; 2005. p. 1–56.
   Google Scholar