Lower LDL is better – can this be achieved with CETP inhibition therapy?

References

• Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ (CTT) Collaboration, Baigent C, Blackwell L, Emberson J, et al. Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170,000 participants in 26 randomised trials. Lancet. 2010;376(9753):1670–1681.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gitin A, Pfeffer MA, Hennekens CH. Editorial commentary: the lower the LDL the better but how and how much? Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2018;28(5):355–356.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mach F, Baigent C, Catapano AL, et al. ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(1):111–188.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warden BA, Fazio S, Shapiro MD. The PCSK9 revolution: current status, controversies, and future directions. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2019;13(21):1–7.
   Google Scholar
• Rader DJ, deGoma EM. Future of cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibitors. Annu Rev Med. 2014;65:385–403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shrestha S, Wu BJ, Guiney L, et al. Cholesteryl ester transfer protein and its inhibitors. J Lipid Res. 2018;59(5):772–783.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johannsen TH, Frikke-Schmidt R, Schou J, et al. Genetic inhibition of CETP, ischemic vascular disease and mortality, and possible adverse effects. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60(20):2041–2048.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armitage J, Holmes MV, Preiss D. Cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibition for preventing cardiovascular events: JACC review topic of the week. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;73(4):477–487.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sniderman AD, Peterson ED. Genetic studies help clarify the complexities of lipid biology and treatment. Jama. 2017;318(10):915–917.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowman L, Hopewell JC, Chen F, et al. Effects of anacetrapib in patients with atherosclerotic vascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(13):1217–1227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark RW, Sutfin TA, Ruggeri RB, et al. Raising high-density lipoprotein in humans through inhibition of cholesteryl ester transfer protein: an initial multidose study of torcetrapib. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2004;24(3):490–497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tall AR, Rader DJ. Trials and tribulations of CETP inhibitors. Circ Res. 2018;122(1):106–112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwartz GG, Olsson AG, Abt M, et al. Effects of dalcetrapib in patients with a recent acute coronary syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2012;367(22):2089–2099.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lincoff AM, Nicholls SJ, Riesmeyer JS, et al. Evacetrapib and cardiovascular outcomes in high-risk vascular disease. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(20):1933–1942.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davidson M, Liu SX, Barter P, et al. Measurement of LDL-C after treatment with the CETP inhibitor anacetrapib. J Lipid Res. 2013;54(2):467–472.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millar JS, Reyes-Soffer G, Jumes P, et al. Anacetrapib lowers LDL by increasing ApoB clearance in mildly hypercholesterolemic subjects. J Clin Invest. 2016;126(4):1603–1604.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ference BA, Kastelein JJP, Ginsberg HN, et al. Association of genetic variants related to CETP inhibitors and statins with lipoprotein levels and cardiovascular risk. Jama. 2017;318(10):947–956.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes MV, Smith GD. Dyslipidaemia: revealing the effect of CETP inhibition in cardiovascular disease. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2017;14(11):635–636.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sniderman AD, Thanassoulis G, Glavinovic T, et al. Apolipoprotein B particles and cardiovascular disease: a narrative review. JAMA Cardiol. 2019;4:1287.
   Google Scholar
• Badimon L. CETP inhibition and HDL: what is the trial REVEALing? Cardiovasc Res. 2018;114(2):e15–e16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khera AV, Cuchel M, Llera-Moya M, et al. Cholesterol efflux capacity, high-density lipoprotein function, and atherosclerosis. N Engl J Med. 2011;364(2):127–135.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas T, Zhou H, Karmally W, et al. CETP (cholesteryl ester transfer protein) inhibition with anacetrapib decreases production of lipoprotein(a) in mildly hypercholesterolemic subjects. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2017;37(9):1770–1775.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfeffer MA, Dube MP, Tardif JC. Randomized clinical trial needed to confirm whether dalcetrapib improves outcomes for specific ADCY9 genotype. JAMA Cardiol. 2018;3(9):897.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nissen SE, Pillai SG, Nicholls SJ, et al. ADCY9 genetic variants and cardiovascular outcomes with evacetrapib in patients with high-risk vascular disease: a nested case-control study. JAMA Cardiol. 2018;3(5):401–408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopewell JC, Ibrahim M, Hill M, et al. Impact of ADCY9 genotype on response to anacetrapib. Circulation. 2019;140(11):891–898.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hovingh GK, Kastelein JJ, van Deventer SJ, et al. Cholesterol ester transfer protein inhibition by TA-8995 in patients with mild dyslipidaemia (TULIP): a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial. Lancet. 2015;386(9992):452–460.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang H, Plutzky J, Skentzos S, et al. Discontinuation of statins in routine care settings: a cohort study. Ann Intern Med. 2013;158(7):526–534.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nicholls SJ, Brewer HB, Kastelein JJ, et al. Effects of the CETP inhibitor evacetrapib administered as monotherapy or in combination with statins on HDL and LDL cholesterol: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2011;306(19):2099–2109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ray KK, Bays HE, Catapano AL, et al. Safety and efficacy of bempedoic acid to reduce LDL cholesterol. N Engl J Med. 2019;380(11):1022–1032.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pirillo A, Catapano AL. Statins increase Lp(a) plasma level: is this clinically relevant?. Eur Heart J. 2019:1–3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rashid S, Sniderman A, Melone M, et al. Elevated cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) activity, a major determinant of the atherogenic dyslipidemia, and atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease in South Asians. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2015;22(4):468–477.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar