4,651
Views
10
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Editorial

Diabetes mellitus: an important risk factor for peripheral vascular disease

&
Pages 131-137 | Received 18 Dec 2019, Accepted 26 Feb 2020, Published online: 10 Mar 2020

References

  • Gerhard-Herman MD, Gornik HL, Barrett C, et al. 2016 AHA/ACC Guideline on the Management of Patients With Lower Extremity Peripheral Artery Disease: executive Summary: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2017;69(11):1465–1508.
  • Kim H, Kim S, Han S, et al. Prevalence and incidence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and its risk factors in Korea: a nationwide population-based study. BMC Public Health. 2019;19(1):1112.
  • Golomb BA, Dang TT, Criqui MH. Peripheral arterial disease: morbidity and mortality implications. Circulation. 2006;114(7):688–699.
  • American Diabetes Association. Peripheral arterial disease in people with diabetes. Diabetes Care. 2003;26(12):3333–3341.
  • Mahmood SS, Levy D, Vasan RS, et al. The Framingham Heart Study and the epidemiology of cardiovascular disease: a historical perspective. Lancet. 2014;383(9921):999–1008.
  • Perez AD, Hirschman C. The changing racial and ethnic composition of the US population: emerging American identities. Popul Dev Rev. 2009;35(1):1–51.
  • Aponte J. The prevalence of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and PAD risk factors among different ethnic groups in the US population. J Vasc Nurs. 2012;30(2):37–43.
  • Norgren L, Hiatt WR, Dormandy JA, et al. Inter-society consensus for the management of peripheral arterial disease (TASC II). Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2007;33(Suppl 1):S1–75.
  • Aboyans V, Ricco JB, Bartelink MEL, et al. 2017 ESC guidelines on the diagnosis and treatment of peripheral arterial diseases, in collaboration with the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS): document covering atherosclerotic disease of extracranial carotid and vertebral, mesenteric, renal, upper and lower extremity arteriesEndorsed by: the European Stroke Organization (ESO)The Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Peripheral Arterial Diseases of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and of the European Society for Vascular Surgery (ESVS). Eur Heart J. 2018;39(9):763–816.
  • Marso SP, Hiatt WR. Peripheral arterial disease in patients with diabetes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2006;47(5):921–929.
  • Thiruvoipati T, Kielhorn CE, Armstrong EJ. Peripheral artery disease in patients with diabetes: epidemiology, mechanisms, and outcomes. World J Diabetes. 2015;6(7):961–969.
  • Fowkes FG, Rudan D, Rudan I, et al. Comparison of global estimates of prevalence and risk factors for peripheral artery disease in 2000 and 2010: a systematic review and analysis. Lancet. 2013;382(9901):1329–1340.
  • Beckman JA, Creager MA, Libby P. Diabetes and atherosclerosis: epidemiology, pathophysiology, and management. Jama. 2002;287(19):2570–2581.
  • Oyelade BO, OlaOlorun AD, Odeigah LO, et al. The prevalence of peripheral arterial disease in diabetic subjects in south-west Nigeria. Afr J Prim Health Care Fam Med. 2012 Oct 3;4(1):354.. eCollection 2012.
  • Jude EB, Oyibo SO, Chalmers N, et al. Peripheral arterial disease in diabetic and nondiabetic patients: a comparison of severity and outcome. Diabetes Care. 2001;24(8):1433–1437.
  • Armstrong EJ, Rutledge JC, Rogers JH. Coronary artery revascularization in patients with diabetes mellitus. Circulation. 2013;128(15):1675–1685.
  • De Vriese AS, Verbeuren TJ, Van de Voorde J, et al. Endothelial dysfunction in diabetes. Br J Pharmacol. 2000;130(5):963–974.
  • Davies MJ, Richardson PD, Woolf N, et al. Risk of thrombosis in human atherosclerotic plaques: role of extracellular lipid, macrophage, and smooth muscle cell content. Br Heart J. 1993;69(5):377–381.
  • Tschoepe D, Roesen P, Kaufmann L, et al. Evidence for abnormal platelet glycoprotein expression in diabetes mellitus. Eur J Clin Invest. 1990;20(2):166–170.
  • Carr ME. Diabetes mellitus: a hypercoagulable state. J Diabetes Complications. 2001;15(1):44–54.
  • Paneni F, Costantino S, Cosentino F. Insulin resistance, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2014;16(7):419.
  • Takahara M, Kaneto H, Iida O, et al. The influence of glycemic control on the prognosis of Japanese patients undergoing percutaneous transluminal angioplasty for critical limb ischemia. Diabetes Care. 2010;33(12):2538–2542.
  • Freisinger E, Malyar NM, Reinecke H, et al. Impact of diabetes on outcome in critical limb ischemia with tissue loss: a large-scaled routine data analysis. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2017;16(1):41.
  • Amputee Coalition: limb Loss Task Force. Roadmap for stimulating limb loss research and improving care: recommendations from the 2015 Limb Loss Task Force Amputee Coalition Website 2015. Available from: www.amputeecoalition.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/01/roadmap-forstimulation-limb-loss-research-and-improving-care-2015-lltf.pdf.
  • Badjatiya A, Merrill P, Buse JB, et al. Clinical outcomes in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus and peripheral artery disease: results From the EXSCEL Trial. Circ Cardiovasc Interv. 2019;12(12):e008018.
  • Pourghaderi P, Yuquimpo KM, Roginski GC, et al. Outcomes following lower extremity amputation in patients with diabetes mellitus and peripheral arterial disease. Annals Of Vascular Surgery. 2020;63:259–268.
  • Singh S, Armstrong EJ, Sherif W, et al. Association of elevated fasting glucose with lower patency and increased major adverse limb events among patients with diabetes undergoing infrapopliteal balloon angioplasty. Vasc Med. 2014;19(4):307–314.
  • Pecoraro RE, Reiber GE, Burgess EM. Pathways to diabetic limb amputation. Basis for prevention. Diabetes Care. 1990;13(5):513–521.
  • Minc SD, Hendricks B, Misra R, et al. Geographic variation in amputation rates among patients with diabetes and/or peripheral arterial disease in the rural state of West Virginia identifies areas for improved care. J Vasc Surg. 2019. DOI:10.1016/j.jvs.2019.06.215
  • Tseng CL, Helmer D, Rajan M, et al. Evaluation of regional variation in total, major, and minor amputation rates in a national health-care system. Int J Qual Health Care. 2007;19(6):368–376.
  • Feinglass J, Abadin S, Thompson J, et al. A census-based analysis of racial disparities in lower extremity amputation rates in Northern Illinois, 1987-2004. J Vasc Surg. 2008;47(5):1001–1007. discussion 1007.
  • Heijmans R, Singh SS, Lieverse AG, et al. The effect of guideline revisions on vascular complications of type 2 diabetes. Ther Adv Endocrinol Metab. 2019;10:2042018819875408.
  • Marathe PH, Gao HX, Close KL. American Diabetes Association Standards of medical care in diabetes 2017. J Diabetes. 2017;9(4):320–324.
  • Conte MS, Bradbury AW, Kolh P, et al. Global vascular guidelines on the management of chronic limb-threatening ischemia. J Vasc Surg. 2019;69(6s):3S–125S.e140.
  • Gerhard-Herman MD, Gornik HL, Barrett C, et al. 2016 AHA/ACC guideline on the management of patients with lower extremity peripheral artery disease: executive summary: a report of the american college of cardiology/american heart association task force on clinical practice guidelines. Circulation. 2017;135(12):e686–e725.
  • Conte MS, Pomposelli FB, Clair DG, et al. Society for Vascular Surgery practice guidelines for atherosclerotic occlusive disease of the lower extremities: management of asymptomatic disease and claudication. J Vasc Surg. 2015;61(3):2S–41S.e41.
  • Schamp KB, Meerwaldt R, Reijnen MM, et al. The ongoing battle between infrapopliteal angioplasty and bypass surgery for critical limb ischemia. Ann Vasc Surg. 2012;26(8):1145–1153.
  • Laird JR, Jain A, Zeller T, et al. Nitinol stent implantation in the superficial femoral artery and proximal popliteal artery: twelve-month results from the complete SE multicenter trial. J Endovas Ther. 2014;21(2):202–212.
  • Schillinger M, Sabeti S, Dick P, et al. Sustained benefit at 2 years of primary femoropopliteal stenting compared with balloon angioplasty with optional stenting. Circulation. 2007;115(21):2745–2749.
  • Singh GD, Brinza EK, Hildebrand J, et al. Midterm outcomes after infrapopliteal interventions in patients with critical limb ischemia based on the TASC II classification of below-the-knee arteries. J Endovas Ther. 2017;24(3):321–330.
  • Armstrong EJ, Bishu K, Waldo SW. Endovascular treatment of infrapopliteal peripheral artery disease. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2016;18(4):34.
  • Favaretto E, Sartori M, Pacelli A, et al. Coronary artery disease and restenosis after peripheral endovascular intervention are predictors of poor outcome in peripheral arterial disease. Acta Cardiol. 2019;1–8. DOI:10.1080/00015385.2019.1653565
  • Saia F, Lemos PA, Lee CH, et al. Sirolimus-eluting stent implantation in ST-elevation acute myocardial infarction: a clinical and angiographic study. Circulation. 2003;108(16):1927–1929.
  • Gilbert J, Raboud J, Zinman B. Meta-analysis of the effect of diabetes on restenosis rates among patients receiving coronary angioplasty stenting. Diabetes Care. 2004;27(4):990–994.
  • Nakamura N, Ueno Y, Tsuchiyama Y, et al. Isolated post-challenge hyperglycemia in patients with normal fasting glucose concentration exaggerates neointimal hyperplasia after coronary stent implantation. Circ J. 2003;67(1):61–67.
  • Paraskevas KI, Baker DM, Pompella A, et al. Does diabetes mellitus play a role in restenosis and patency rates following lower extremity peripheral arterial revascularization? A critical overview. Ann Vasc Surg. 2008;22(3):481–491.
  • Sobel BE. Acceleration of restenosis by diabetes. Circulation. 2001;103(9):1185–1187.
  • Butt T, Lilja E, Orneholm H, et al. Amputation-free survival in patients with diabetes mellitus and peripheral arterial disease with heel ulcer: open versus endovascular surgery. Vasc Endovascular Surg. 2019;53(2):118–125.
  • Hicks CW, Najafian A, Farber A, et al. Diabetes does not worsen outcomes following infrageniculate bypass or endovascular intervention for patients with critical limb ischemia. J Vasc Surg. 2016;64(6):1667–1674.e1661.
  • Iida O, Nakamura M, Yamauchi Y, et al. 3-Year outcomes of the OLIVE registry, a prospective multicenter study of patients with critical limb ischemia: a prospective, multi-center, three-year follow-up study on endovascular treatment for infra-inguinal vessel in patients with critical limb ischemia. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2015;8(11):1493–1502.
  • Lee MS, Choi BG, Rha SW. Impact of diabetes mellitus on 5-year clinical outcomes following successful endovascular revascularization for peripheral artery disease. Vasc Med. 2019;25(1):33–40. 1358863x19879751.
  • Smith SL, Matthews EO, Moxon JV, et al. A systematic review and meta-analysis of risk factors for and incidence of 30-day readmission after revascularization for peripheral artery disease. J Vasc Surg. 2019;70(3):996–1006.e1007.
  • Herman ME, O’Keefe JH, Bell DSH, et al. Insulin therapy increases cardiovascular risk in type 2 diabetes. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2017;60(3):422–434.
  • Ghosh RK, Bandyopadhyay D, Hajra A, et al. Cardiovascular outcomes of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors: A comprehensive review of clinical and preclinical studies. Int J Cardiol. 2016;212:29–36.
  • Gallwitz B. The cardiovascular benefits associated with the use of sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 Inhibitors - real-world data. Eur Endocrinol. 2018;14(1):17–23.
  • Rabizadeh S, Nakhjavani M, Esteghamati A. Cardiovascular and renal benefits of SGLT2 inhibitors: a narrative review. Int J Endocrinol Metab. 2019;17(2):e84353.
  • Adimadhyam S, Lee TA, Calip GS, et al. Risk of amputations associated with SGLT2 inhibitors compared to DPP-4 inhibitors: A propensity-matched cohort study. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2018;20(12):2792–2799.
  • Perkovic V, de Zeeuw D, Mahaffey KW, et al. Canagliflozin and renal outcomes in type 2 diabetes: results from the CANVAS Program randomised clinical trials. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2018;6(9):691–704.
  • Neal B, Perkovic V, Mahaffey KW, et al. Canagliflozin and cardiovascular and renal events in Type 2 Diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(7):644–657.
  • [ cited 2020 Feb]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-drug-safety-communication-fda-confirms-increased-risk-leg-and-foot-amputations-diabetes-medicine.
  • Yuan Z, DeFalco FJ, Ryan PB, et al. Risk of lower extremity amputations in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated with sodium-glucose co-transporter-2 inhibitors in the USA: A retrospective cohort study. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2018;20(3):582–589.
  • Verma S, Mazer CD, Al-Omran M, et al. Cardiovascular outcomes and safety of empagliflozin in patients with Type 2 diabetes mellitus and peripheral artery disease: a subanalysis of EMPA-REG OUTCOME. Circulation. 2018;137(4):405–407.
  • Shigiyama F, Kumashiro N, Miyagi M, et al. Effectiveness of dapagliflozin on vascular endothelial function and glycemic control in patients with early-stage type 2 diabetes mellitus: DEFENCE study. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2017;16(1):84.
  • Chatterjee S, Bandyopadhyay D, Ghosh RK, et al. SGLT-2 inhibitors and peripheral artery disease: A statistical hoax or reality? Curr Probl Cardiol. 2019;44(7):207–222.
  • Gerstein HC, Miller ME, Byington RP, et al. Effects of intensive glucose lowering in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(24):2545–2559.
  • Patel A, MacMahon S, Chalmers J, et al. Intensive blood glucose control and vascular outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2008;358(24):2560–2572.
  • O’Sullivan CJ, Hynes N, Mahendran B, et al. Haemoglobin A1c (HbA1C) in non-diabetic and diabetic vascular patients. Is HbA1C an independent risk factor and predictor of adverse outcome? Eur J Vasc Endovasc Surg. 2006;32(2):188–197.
  • Low Wang CC, Blomster JI, Heizer G, et al. Cardiovascular and limb outcomes in patients with diabetes and peripheral artery disease: the EUCLID trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72(25):3274–3284.
  • O’Connor DJ, Gargiulo NJ 3rd, Jang J. Hemoglobin A1c as a measure of disease severity and outcome in limb threatening ischemia. J Surg Res. 2012;174(1):29–32.
  • Sleight P. The HOPE Study (Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation). J Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone Syst. 2000;1(1):18–20.
  • Heart Outcomes Prevention Evaluation Study Investigators. Effects of ramipril on cardiovascular and microvascular outcomes in people with diabetes mellitus: results of the HOPE study and MICRO-HOPE substudy. Lancet. 2000;355(9200):253–259.
  • Armstrong EJ, Chen DC, Singh GD, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker use is associated with reduced major adverse cardiovascular events among patients with critical limb ischemia. Vasc Med. 2015;20(3):237–244.
  • Arya S, Khakharia A, Binney ZO, et al. Association of statin dose with amputation and survival in patients with peripheral artery disease. Circulation. 2018;137(14):1435–1446.
  • Kokkinidis DG, Arfaras-Melainis A, Giannopoulos S, et al. Statin therapy for reduction of cardiovascular and limb-related events in critical limb ischemia: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Vasc Med. 2020;1358863x19894055. [Epub ahead of print]
  • Stone NJ, Robinson JG, Lichtenstein AH, et al. 2013 ACC/AHA guideline on the treatment of blood cholesterol to reduce atherosclerotic cardiovascular risk in adults: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2014;129(25 Suppl 2):S1–45.
  • Ray KK, Cannon CP. The potential relevance of the multiple lipid-independent (pleiotropic) effects of statins in the management of acute coronary syndromes. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2005;46(8):1425–1433.
  • Takemoto M, Liao JK. Pleiotropic effects of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase inhibitors. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2001;21(11):1712–1719.
  • Calabro P, Yeh ET. The pleiotropic effects of statins. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2005;20(6):541–546.
  • RandoHeart Protection Study Collaborative Group. Randomized trial of the effects of cholesterol-lowering with simvastatin on peripheral vascular and other major vascular outcomes in 20,536 people with peripheral arterial disease and other high-risk conditions. Journal of vascular surgery, 45 (4),645-654;discussion 653-644 (2007).
  • Armstrong EJ, Anderson DR, Yeo KK, et al. Association of dual-antiplatelet therapy with reduced major adverse cardiovascular events in patients with symptomatic peripheral arterial disease. J Vasc Surg. 2015;62(1):157–165.e151.
  • Rooke TW, Hirsch ATMisra S et al. 2011 Accf/aha focused update of the guideline for the management of patients with peripheral artery disease (updating the 2005 guideline): a report of the american college of cardiology foundation/american heart association task force on practice guidelines. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2011;58(19):2020-2045.
  • Hess CN, Norgren L, Ansel GM, et al. A structured review of antithrombotic therapy in peripheral artery disease with a focus on revascularization: a TASC (InterSociety Consensus for the Management of Peripheral Artery Disease) Initiative. Circulation. 2017;135(25):2534–2555.
  • Sobieszczyk P, Eisenhauer A. Management of patients after endovascular interventions for peripheral artery disease. Circulation. 2013;128(7):749–757.
  • Capell WH, Bonaca MP, Nehler MR, et al. Rationale and design for the Vascular Outcomes study of ASA along with rivaroxaban in endovascular or surgical limb revascularization for peripheral artery disease (VOYAGER PAD). Am Heart J. 2018;199:83–91.
  • Giannopoulos S, Armstrong EJ. Dual antiplatelet therapy after endovascular revascularization of infrainguinal arteries. Vasc Med. 2019;24(6):536–538.
  • Yusuf S, Sleight P, Pogue J, et al. Effects of an angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitor, ramipril, on cardiovascular events in high-risk patients. N Engl J Med. 2000;342(3):145–153.
  • Westin GG, Armstrong EJ, Bang H, et al. Association between statin medications and mortality, major adverse cardiovascular event, and amputation-free survival in patients with critical limb ischemia. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;63(7):682–690.
  • MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study of cholesterol lowering with simvastatin in 20,536 high-risk individuals: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet. 2002;360(9326):7–22.
  • Pande RL, Perlstein TS, Beckman JA, et al. Secondary prevention and mortality in peripheral artery disease: national Health and Nutrition Examination Study, 1999 to 2004. Circulation. 2011;124(1):17–23.
  • Hirsch AT, Criqui MH, Treat-Jacobson D, et al. Peripheral arterial disease detection, awareness, and treatment in primary care. Jama. 2001;286(11):1317–1324.
  • McDermott MM, Mehta S, Ahn H, et al. Atherosclerotic risk factors are less intensively treated in patients with peripheral arterial disease than in patients with coronary artery disease. J Gen Intern Med. 1997;12(4):209–215.
  • Forsythe RO, Jones KG, Hinchliffe RJ. Distal bypasses in patients with diabetes and infrapopliteal disease: technical considerations to achieve success. Int J Low Extrem Wounds. 2014;13(4):347–362.
  • U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion. Healthy People 2020. Washington, DC. [ cited 2019 Dec]. Available from: www.healthypeople.gov/node/4121/data_details.
  • Chicago Department of Public Health. Healthy Chicago 2.0: partnering to improve health equity, 2016-2020. Chicago: Chicago Department of Public Health; 2016

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.