Accurate assessment of right heart function before and after long-term left ventricular assist device implantation

References

• Müller J, Wallukat G, Weng YG, et al. Weaning from mechanical cardiac support in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 1997;96:542–549.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hetzer R, Müller J, Weng Y, et al., Cardiac recovery in dilated cardiomyopathy by unloading with a left ventricular assist device. Ann Thorac Surg. 1999; 68(2): 742–749.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dandel M, Weng Y, Siniawski H, et al. Long-term results in patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy after weaning from assist devices. Circulation. 2005;112(9):37–50.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dandel M, Hetzer R. Temporary assist device support for the right ventricle: pre- implant and post-implant challenges. Heart Fail Rev. 2018;23(2):157–171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dandel M, Krabatsch T, Falk V. Left ventricular vs. biventricular mechanical support: decision making and strategies for avoidance of right heart failure after left ventricular assist device implantation. Int J Cardiol. 2015;198:241–250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehra MR, Park MH, Landzberg MJ, et al. Right heart failure: toward a common language. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2014;33:123–126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kormos RL, Teuteberg JJ, Pagani FD, et al. Right ventricular failure in patients with the HeartMate II continuous-flow left ventricular assist device: incidence, risk factors, and effect on outcomes. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2010;139:1316–1324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kormos RL. Solutions for right ventricular failure: innovation driven by need. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2015 Mar;149(3):933–934.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirklin JK, Naftel DC, Stevenson LW, et al. INTERMACS database for durable devices for circulatory support: first annual report. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2008;27:1065–1072.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthews JC, Koelling TM, Pagani FD, et al. The right ventricular failure risk score a preoperative tool for assessing the risk of right ventricular failure in left ventricular assist device candidates. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;51:2163–2172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzpatrick JR, Frederick JR, Hsu VM, et al. Risk score derived from pre-operative data analysis predicts the need for biventricular mechanical circulatory support. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2008;27:1286–1292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Atluri P, Goldstone AB, Fairman AS, et al. Predicting right ventricular failure in the modern, continuous flow left ventricular assist device era. Ann Thorac Surg. 2013;96(3):857–864. discussion 863-4.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant AD, Smedira NG, Starling RC, et al. Independent and incremental role of quantitative right ventricular evaluation for the prediction of right ventricular failure after left ventricular assist device implantation. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60:521–528.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kavarana MN, Pessin-Minsley MS, Urtecho J. Right ventricular dysfunction and organ failure in left ventricular assist device recipients: a continuing problem. Ann Thorac Surg. 2002;73:745–750.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan JA, John R, Lee BJ, et al. Is severe right ventricular failure in left ventricular assist device recipients a risk factor for unsuccessful bridging to transplant and post-transplant mortality. Ann Thorac Surg. 2004;77:859–863.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dang NC, Topkara VK, Mercando M, et al. Right heart failure after left ventricular assist device implantation in patients with chronic congestive heart failure. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2006;25:1–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drakos SG, Janicki L, Horne BD, et al. Risk factors predictive of right ventricular failure after left ventricular assist device implantation. Am J Cardiol. 2010;105:1030–1035.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumwol J, Macdonald PS, Keogh AM, et al. Right heart failure and “failure to thrive” after left ventricular assist device: clinical predictors and outcomes. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2011;30:888–895.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeda K, Naka Y, Yang JA, et al. Outcome of unplanned right ventricular assist device support for severe right heart failure after implantable left ventricular assist device insertion. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2014;33(2):142–148.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rich JD. Right ventricular failure in patients with left ventricular assist devices. Cardiol Clin. 2012;30:291–302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zimpfer D, Zrunek P, Roethy W, et al. Left ventricular assist devices decrease fixed pulmonary hypertension in cardiac transplant candidates. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2007;133:689–695.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller LW, Pagani FD, Russell SD, et al. HeartMate IICI. Use of a continuous flow device in patients awaiting heart transplantation. N Engl J Med. 2007;357:885–896.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mikus E, Stepanenko A, Krabatsch T, et al. Reversibility of fixed pulmonary hyper- tension in left ventricular assist device support recipients. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2011;40:971–977.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kutty RS, Parameshwar J, Lewis C. Use of centrifugal left ventricular assist device as a bridge to candidacy in severe heart failure with secondary pulmonary hypertension. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2013;43:1237–1242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holman WL, Bourge RC, Fan P, et al. Influence of left ventricular assist on valvular regurgitation. Circulation. 1993;88:II309–318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dell’Italia LJ. Anatomy and physiology of the right ventricle. Cardiol Clin. 2012;30:167–187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moon MR, DeAnda A, Castro LJ, et al. Effects of mechanical left ventricular support on right ventricular diastolic function. J Heart Lung Transplant. 1997;16:398–407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daly RC, Chandrasekaran K, Cavarocchi NC, et al. Ischemia of the interventricular septum. A mechanism of right ventricular failure during mechanical left ventricular assist. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1992;103:1186–1191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendry PJ, Ascah KJ, Rajagopalan K, et al. Does septal position affect right ventricular function during left ventricular assist in an experimental porcine model? Circulation. 1994;90:II353–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Topilsky Y, Hasin T, Oh JK. Echocardiographic variables after left ventricular assist device implantation associated with adverse outcome. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011;4:648–661.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramachandran DP, Luo C, Ma TS, et al. Modeling study of the failing heart and its interaction with an implantable rotary blood pump. Conf Proc IEEE Eng Med Biol Soc. 2011;2011:2403–2409.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hayward CS, Salamonsen R, Keogh AM, et al. Effect of alteration in pump speed on pump output and left ventricular filling with continuous-flow left ventricular assist device. Asaio J. 2011;57:495–500.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrar DJ, Hill JD, Pennington DG, et al. Preoperative and postoperative comparison of patients with univentricular and biventricular support with the thoratec ventricular assist device as a bridge to cardiac transplantation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1997;113:202–209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukamachi K, McCarthy PM, Smedira NG, et al. Preoperative risk factors for right ventricular failure after implantable left ventricular assist device insertion. Ann Thoracic Surg. 1999;68:2181–2184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kormos RL, Gasior TA, Kawai A, et al. Transplant candidate’s clinical status rather than right ventricular function defines need for univentricular versus biventricular support. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 1996;111:773–782.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan JA, John R, Lee BJ, et al. Is severe right ventricular failure in left ventricular assist device recipients a risk factor for unsuccessful bridging to transplant and post- transplant mortality. Ann Thorac Surg. 2004;77:859–863.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levin H, Burkhoff D, Chen J. Right ventricular performance (but not outflow resistance) is a major preoperative determinant of right heart failure in patients with chronic heart failure who receive a left ventricular assist device. J Am Coll Cardiol. 1994;62(3):281–285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakatani S, Thomas JD, Savage RM, et al. Prediction of right ventricular dysfunction after left ventricular assist device implantation. Circulation. 1996;94:216–221.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ochiai Y, McCarthy PM, Smedira NG, et al. Predictors of severe right ventricular failure after implantable left ventricular assist device insertion: analysis of 245 patients. Circulation. 2002;106:198–202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santambrogio L, Bianchi T, Fuardo M, et al. Right ventricular failure after left ventricular assist device insertion: preoperative risk factors. Interactive Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2006;5:379–382.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schenk S, McCarthy PM, Blackstone EH, et al. Duration of inotropic support after left ventricular assist device implantation: risk factors and impact on outcome. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2006;131:447–454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Damiano RJ Jr, La Follette P Jr, Cox JL, et al. Significant left ventricular contribution to right ventricular systolic function. Am J Physiol. 1991;261:H1514–H1524.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Friedberg MK, Redington AN. Right versus left ventricular failure: differences, similarities, and interactions. Circulation. 2014;129:1033–1044.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houston BA, Kalathiya RJ, Hsu S, et al. Right ventricular afterload sensitivity dramatically increases after left ventricular assist device implantation: A multi-center hemodynamic analysis. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2016;35:868–876.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dandel M, Potapov E, Krabatsch T, et al., Load dependency of right ventricular performance is a major factor to be considered in decision making before ventricular assist device implantation. Circulation. 2013; 128(Suppl 1): S14–23.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Raina A, Vaidya A, Gertz ZM, et al. Marked changes in right ventricular contractile pattern after cardiothoracic surgery: implications for post-surgical assessment of right ventricular function. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2013;32:777–783.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurihara C, Critsinelis AC, Kawabori M, et al., Frequency and consequences of right- sided heart failure after continuous-flow left ventricular assist device implantation. Am J Cardiol. 2018; 121(3): 336–342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bellavia D, Iacovoni A, Scardulla C, et al., Prediction of right ventricular failure following ventricular assist device implant: systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies. Eur J Heart Fail. 2017; 19(7): 926–946.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalogeropoulos AP, Kelkar A, Weinberger JF, et al. Validation of clinical scores for right ventricular failure prediction after implantation of continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2015;34(12):1595–1603.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aissaoui N, Salem JE, Paluszkiewicz L, et al. Assessment of right ventricular dysfunction predictors before the implantation of a left ventricular assist device in end-stage heart failure using echocardiographic measures (ARVADE): combination of left and right ventricular echocardiographic variables. Arch Cardiovasc Dis. 2015;108:300–309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowger AJ, Castle L, Aaronson KD, et al. The HeartMate II Risk Score: an adjusted score for evaluation of all continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices. Asaio J. 2016;62:281–285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lietz K, Long JW, Kfouri AG, et al. Outcomes of left ventricular assist device implantation as destination therapy in the post-REMATCH era: implications for patient selection. Circulation. 2007;116(5):497–505.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller LW, Russell SD. Candidate selection for long-term left ventricular assist device therapy for advanced heart failure. In: Kormos RL, Miller LW, editors. Mechanical circulatory support: A companion to Braunwald’s heart disease. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2012. p. 72–87.
   Google Scholar
• Potapov E, Meyer D, Swaminathan M, et al. Inhaled nitric oxide after left ventricular assist device implantation: A prospective, randomized, double-blind, multicenter, placebo-controlled trial. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2011;30:870–878.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Topilsky Y, Oh JK, Dipesh KS, et al. Echocardiographic predictors of adverse outcomes after continuous left ventricular assist device implantation. J Am Coll Cardiol Imag. 2011;4:211–222.
   Google Scholar
• Kato TS, Jiang J, Schulze PC, et al. Serial echocardiography using tissue Doppler and speckle tracking imaging to monitor right ventricular failure before and after left ventricular assist device surgery. JACC Heart Fail. 2013;1(3):216–222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kukucka M, Potapov E, Stepaneko A, et al. Acute impact of left ventricular unloading by left ventricular assist device on right ventricle geometry and function: effect of nitric oxide inhalation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2011;41:1009–1014.
   Google Scholar
• Amsallem M, Aymami M, Hiesinger W, et al., Right ventricular load adaptability metrics in patients undergoing left ventricular assist device implantation. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2019; 157(3): 1023–33.e4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dandel M, Hetzer R. Echocardiographic assessment of the right ventricle: impact of the distinctly load dependency of its size, geometry and function. Int J Cardiol. 2016;221:1132–1142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potapov EV, Stepanenko A, Dandel M, et al. Tricuspid incompetence and geometry of the right ventricle as predictors of right ventricular function after implantation of a left ventricular assist device. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2008;27:1275–1281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dandel M, Hetzer R. Myocardial recovery during mechanical circulatory support: long-term outcome and elective left ventricular assist device implantation to promote recovery as a treatment goal. Heart Lung Vessels. 2015;7(4):289–296.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakatani S, Thomas JD, Savage RM, et al. Prediction of right ventricular dysfunction after left ventricular assist device implantation. Circulation. 1996;94(Suppl2):216–221.
   Google Scholar
• Konstam MA, Kiernan MS, Bernstein D, et al. Evaluation and management of right-sided heart failure: a scientific statement from the American heart association. Circulation. 2018;137:e578–622.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harjola V-P, Mullens W, Banaszewski M, et al. Organ dysfunction, injury and failure in acute heart failure: from pathophysiology to diagnosis and management. A review on behalf of the acute heart failure committee of the heart failure association (HFA) of the European society of cardiology (ESC). Eur J Heart Fail. 2017;19:821–836.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mullens W, Abrahams Z, Francis GS, et al. Importance of venous congestion for worsening of renal function in advanced decompensated heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2009;53:589–596.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishihara S, Gayat E, Sato N, et al. Similar hemodynamic decongestion with vasodilators and inotropes: systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression of 35 studies on acute heart failure. Clin Res Cardiol. 2016;105:971–980.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikolaou M, Parissis J, Yilmaz MB, et al. Liver function abnormalities, clinical profile, and outcome in acute decompensated heart failure. Eur Heart J. 2013;34:742–749.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verbrugge FH, Dupont M, Steels P, et al. Abdominal contributions to cardiorenal dysfunction in congestive heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62:485–495.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mebazaa A, Yilmaz MB, Levy P, et al. Recommendations on pre-hospital & early hospital management of acute heart failure: a consensus paper from the heart failure association of the european society of cardiology, the European society of emergency medicine and the society of academic emergency medicine. Eur J Heart Fail. 2015;17:544–558.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sztrymf B, Souza R, Bertoletti L, et al. Prognostic factors of acute heart failure in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur Respir J. 2010;35:1286–1293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMurray JJ, Adamopoulos S, Anker SD, et al. ESC guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2012: the task force for the diagnosis and treatment of acute and chronic heart failure 2012 of the European society of cardiology. Developed in collaboration with the heart failure association (HFA) of the ESC. Eur J Heart Fail. 2012;14:803–869.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maisel A, Mueller C, Adams K Jr, et al. State of the art: using natriuretic peptide levels in clinical practice. Eur J Heart Fail. 2008;10:824–839.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Januzzi JL Jr, Filippatos G, Nieminen M, et al. Troponin elevation in patients with heart failure: on behalf of the third universal definition of myocardial infarction global task force: heart failure section. Eur Heart J. 2012;33:2265–2271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurzyna M, Zylkowska J, Fijalkowska A, et al. Characteristics and prognosis of patients with decompensated right ventricular failure during the course of pulmonary hypertension. Kardiol Pol. 2008;66:1033–1039.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jabagi H, Mielniczuk LM, Liu PP, et al. Biomarkers in the diagnosis, management, and prognostication of perioperative right ventricular failure in cardiac surgery— are we there yet? J Clin Med. 2019;8(559):1–17.
   Google Scholar
• Murphy ML, Thenabadu PN, de Soyza N, et al. Reevaluation of electrocardiographic criteria for left, right and combined cardiac ventricular hypertrophy. Am J Cardiol. 1984;53:1140–1147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kucher N, Walpoth N, Wustmann K, et al. QR in V1 – an ECG sign associated with right ventricular strain and adverse clinical outcome in pulmonary embolism. Eur Heart J. 2003;24:1113–1119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fida N, Loebe M, Estep JD, et al. Predictors and management of right heart failure after left ventricular assist device implantation. Methodist Debakey Cardiovasc J. 2015;11(1):18–23.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vivo RP, Cordero-Reyes AM, Qamar U, et al. Increased right-to-left diameter ratio is a strong predictor of right ventricular failure after left ventricular assist device. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2013;32:792–799.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kukucka M, Stepaneko A, Potapov E, et al. Right-to-left ventricular end-diastolic diameter ratio and prediction of right ventricular failure with continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2011;30:64–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Porter TR, Shillkutt SK, Adams MS, et al. Guidelines for the use of echocardiography as a monitor for therapeutic interventions in adults: A report of the American society of echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2015;28(1):40–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raina A, Harish R, Rammohan S, et al. Postoperative right ventricular failure after left ventricular assist device placement is predicted by preoperative echocardiographic structural, hemodynamic and functional parameters. J Cardiac Fail. 2013;19:16–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakanishi K, Homma S, Han J, et al. Usefulness of tricuspid annular diameter to predict late right sided heart failure in patients with left ventricular assist device. Am J Cardiol. 2018;122(1):115–120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldraich L, Kawajiri H, Foroutan F, et al. Tricuspid valve annular dilation as a predictor of right ventricular failure after implantation of a left ventricular assist device. J Card Surg. 2016 Feb;31(2):110–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magunia H, Dietrich C, Langer HF, et al. 3D echocardiography derived right v ventricular function is associated with right ventricular failure and mid-term survival after left ventricular assist device implantation. Int J Cardiol. 2018;272:348–355.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Charisopoulou D, Banner NR, Demetrescu C, et al. Right atrial and ventricular echo- cardiographic strain analysis predicts requirement for right ventricular support after left ventricular assist device implantation. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2019;20(2):199–208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Redlin M, Miera O, Habazettl H, et al. Incidence and echocardiographic predictors of early postoperative right ventricular dysfunction following left ventricular assist implantation in paediatric patients. Interact Cardiovasc Thorac Surg. 2017;25(6):887–891.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karogelopoulos AP, Ragheda A, Pekarek A, et al. The right ventricular function after left ventricular assist device study: rationale and preliminary results. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2016;17:429–437.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiernam MS, French AL, DeNofrio D, et al. Preoperative 3-dimensional echocardiography to assess risk of right ventricular failure after left ventricular assist device surgery. J Card Fail. 2015;21(3):189–197.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang RM, Badano LP, Mor-Avi V, et al. Recommendations for cardiac chamber quantification by echocardiography in adults: an update of the American society of echocardiography and the European association of cardiovascular imaging. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2015;28:1–39.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puwanant S, Hamilton KK, Klodell CT, et al. Tricuspid annular motion as a predictor of severe right ventricular failure after left ventricular assist device implantation. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2008;27(10):1102–1107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiga T, Kinugawa K, Imamura T, et al. Combination evaluation of preoperative risk indices predicts requirement of biventricular assist device. Circ J. 2012;76:2785–2791.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dandel M, Potapov E, Moazami N. Preoperative evaluation of right ventricular function. In: Montalto A, Loforte A, Musumeci F, et al., editors. Mechanical circulatory support in end-stage heart failure. Switzerland: Springer Nature; 2017. p. 76–90.
   Google Scholar
• Dandel M, Hetzer R. Evaluation of the right ventricle by echocardiography: particularities and major challenges. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2018;16(4):259–275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mauritz GJ, Kind T, Marcus JT, et al. Progressive changes in right ventricular geometric shortening and long-term survival in pulmonary arterial hypertension. Chest. 2012;141(4):935–943.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang G, Ha R, Banerjee D. Pulmonary artery pulsatility index predicts right ventricular failure after left ventricular assist device implantation. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2016;35(1):67–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soliman OII, Akin S, Muslem R, et al. Derivation and validation of a novel right-sided heart failure model after implantation of continuous flow left ventricular assist devices: the EUROMACS (European registry for patients with mechanical circulatory support) right-sided heart failure risk score. Circulation. 2018;137(9):891–906.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mann DL. Pathophysiology of heart failure. In: Bonow R, Mann DL, Zipes DP, et al., editors Braunwald’s heart disease. a textbook of cardiovascular medicine. 9th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier, Saunders; 2012. p. 487–504.
   Google Scholar
• Alnsasra H, Asleh R, Schettle SD, et al., Diastolic pulmonary gradient as a predictor of right ventricular failure after left ventricular assist device implantation. J Am Heart Assoc. 2019; 8(16): e012073.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cameli M, Bernazzali S, Lisi M, et al. Right ventricular longitudinal strain and right ventricular stroke work index in patients with severe heart failure: left ventricular assist device suitability for transplant candidates. Transplant Proc. 2012;44:2013–2015.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neyer J, Arsanjani R, Moriguchi J, et al. Echocardiographic parameters associated with right ventricular failure after left ventricular assist device. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2016;35:283–293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dandel M, Hetzer R. Temporary assist device support for the right ventricle. Pre-Implant Post-Implant Challenges Heart Failure Rev. 2018;23(2):157–171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anavekar NS, Gerson D, Skali H, et al. Two-dimensional assessment of right ventricular function. An echocardiographic-MRI correlative study. Echocardiography. 2007;24:452–456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dandel M, Hetzer R. Echocardiographic strain and strain rate imaging – clinical applications. Int J Cardiol. 2009;132(1):11–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Focardi M, Cameli M, Carbone SF, et al. Traditional and innovative echocardiographic parameters for the analysis of right ventricular performance in comparison with cardiac magnetic resonance. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging. 2015;16:47–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurtz CE. Right ventricular anatomy function and echocardiographic evaluation. In: Otto C, editor The practice of clinical echocardiography. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier, Saunders WB; 2012. p. 615–628.
   Google Scholar
• Rudski LG, Lai WW, Afilalo J, et al. Guidelines for echocardiographic assessment of right heart in adults: A report of the american society of echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2010;23:685–713.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aymami M, Amsallem M, Adams J, et al. The incremental value of right ventricular size and strain in the risk assessment of right heart failure post - left ventricular assist device implantation. J Card Fail. 2018;24(12):823–832.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dandel M, Knosalla C, Kemper D, et al. Assessment of right ventricular adaptability to loading conditions can improve the timing of listing to transplantation in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2015;34(3):319–328.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Maria MV, Burkett DA, Youoszai MD, et al. Echocardiographic estimation of right ventricular stroke work in children with pulmonary arterial hypertension. Comparison with invasive methods. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2015;28(11):1350–1357.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frea S, Bovolo V, Bergerone S, et al. Echocardiographic evaluation of right ventricular stroke work index in advanced heart failure: A new index? J Card Fail. 2012;18(12):886–893.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guazzi M, Bandera F, Pelissero G, et al. Tricuspid annular systolic excursion and pulmonary artery pressure relationship in heart failure: an index of right ventricular function and prognosis. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2013;305(9):H1373–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez-Candales A, Lopez FR, Trivedi S, et al. Right ventricular ejection efficiency: A new echocardiographic measure of mechanical performance in chronic pulmonary hypertension. Echocardiography. 2014;31:516–523.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abbas E, Franey LM, Marwick T, et al. Noninvasive assessment of pulmonary vascular resistance by Doppler echocardiography. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2013;26(10):1270–1277.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanderpool RR, Pinsky MR, Simon MA. Right ventricular-pulmonary arterial coupling predicts outcome in patients referred for pulmonary hypertension. Heart. 2015;101(1):37–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanz J, García-Alvarez A, Fernández-Friera L, et al. Right ventriculo-arterial coupling in pulmonary hypertension: a magnetic resonance study. Heart. 2012;98:238–243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trip P, Kind T, van de Veerdonk MC, et al. Accurate assessment of load-independent right ventricular systolic function in patients with pulmonary hypertension. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2013;32:50–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boulate D, Myriam Amsallem M, Kuznetsova T, et al. Echocardiographic evaluations of right ventriculo–arterial coupling in experimental and clinical pulmonary hypertension. Physiol Rep. 2019;7:e14322.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shiran H, Zamanian RT, McConnell MV, et al. Relationship between echocardiographic and magnetic resonance derived measures of right ventricular size and function in patients with pulmonary hypertension. Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2014;27(4):405–412.
   Google Scholar
• Chumnanvej S, Wood M, MacGillvray T, et al. Perioperative echocardiographic examination for ventricular assist device implantation. Anesth Analg. 2007;105:583–601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dembitsky W, Naka Y. Intraoperative management issues in mechanical circulatory support. In: Kormos RL, Miller LW, editors. Mechanical circulatory support: A companion to Braunwald’s heart disease. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2012. p. 153–164.
   Google Scholar
• Marzec LN, Ambardekar AV. Preoperative evaluation and perioperative management of right ventricular failure after left ventricular device implantation. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anest. 2013;17(4):249–261.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dandel M, Hetzer R. Role of echocardiography in selection, implantation, and management of left ventricular assist device therapy. In: Sawyer DB, Vasan RS, editors. Encyclopedia of cardio- vascular research and medicine. Vol. 4. Amsterdam, Oxford, Cambridge: Elsevier; 2018. p. 327–344.
   Google Scholar
• Jr Iii F, Frederick JR, Hiesinger W, et al. Early planned of biventricular mechanical support results in improved outcomes compared with delayed conversion of a left ventricular assist device to a biventricular assist device. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2009;137:971–977.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maltais S, Topilsky J, Tchantchaleishvili V, et al. Surgical treatment of tricuspid valve insufficiency promotes early reverse remodeling in patients with axial-flow left ventricular assist devices. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2012;143:1370–1376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Potapov EV, Schweiger M, Stepanenko A, et al. Tricuspid valve repair in patients supported with ventricular assist devices. Asaio J. 2011;57:363–367.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alfirevic A, Makarova N, Kelava M, et al. Predicting right ventricular failure after LVAD implantation: role of tricuspid valve annulus displacement. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2019. Sep 4. pii: S1053-0770(19)30912-7. Epub ahead of print. DOI:10.1053/j.jvca.2019.08.045
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gudejko MD, Gebhardt BR, Zahedi F, et al. Intraoperative hemodynamic and echocardiographic measurements associated with severe right ventricular failure after left ventricular assist device implantation. Anesth Analg. 2019 Jan;128(1):25–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boegershausen N, Zayat R, Aljalloud A, et al. Risk factors for the development of right ventricular failure after left ventricular assist device implantation – a single-center retrospective with focus on deformation imaging. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg. 2017;52(6):1069–1076.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Silverton NA, Patel R, Zimmerman J, et al. Intraoperative transesophageal echocardio graphy and right ventricular failure after left ventricular assist device implantation. J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2018;32(5):2096–2103.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck DR, Foley L, Rowe JR, et al. Right ventricular longitudinal strain in left ventricular assist device surgery - A retrospective cohort study. Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2017;31(6):2096–2102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eckman PM, John R. Bleeding and thrombosis in patients with continuous-flow ventricular assist devices. Circulation. 2012;125(24):3038–3047.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Argiriou M, Kolokotron S-M, Sakellaridis T, et al. Right heart failure post left ventricular assist device implantation. J Thorac Dis. 2014;6(S1):S52–S59.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mehmood M, Frank TA. Treatment of right heart failure: is there a solution to the problem? ESC E-J Cardiol Pract. 2016;14(33).
   Google Scholar
• Ventetuolo CE, Klinger JR. Management of acute right ventricular failure in the intensive care unit. AnnalsATS. 2014;11(5):811–822.
   Google Scholar
• Dandel M, Hetzer R. Clinical value of prostacyclin and its analogues in the management of pulmonary arterial hypertension. Curr Vasc Pharmacol. 2003;1(2):171–181.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wagner F, Dandel M, Günther G, et al. Nitric oxide inhalation in the treatment of right ventricular dysfunction following left ventricular assist device implantation. Circulation. 1997;916(9 suppl):II-291–296.
   Google Scholar
• Kassi M, Estep JD. Role of multimodality imaging in patients with left ventricular assist device. Curr Opin Cardiol. 2016;31:510–522.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Topilsky Y, Hasin T, Oh JK, et al. Echocardiographic variables after left ventricular assist device implantation associated with adverse outcome. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2011;4:648–661.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez SC, Bradley EA, Novak EL, et al. Slope of the anterior mitral leaflet: A new measurement of ventricular unloading for left ventricular assist devices and systolic dysfunction. Tex Heart Inst J. 2014;41(3):262–272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Estep JD, Vivo RP, Krim SR, et al. Echocardiographic evaluation of hemodynamics in patients with systolic heart failure supported by CF-flow LVAD. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2014;64(12):1231–1241.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jung MH, Hassager C, Balling L, et al. Relation between pressure and volume unloading during ramp testing in patients supported by continuous-flow left ventricular assist devices. Asaio J. 2015;61:307–312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkpatrick JN. Cardiac assist devices: normal findings, device failure, and weaning parameters. In: Otto CM, editor. The practice of clinical echocardiography. 4th ed. Philadelphia: Elsevier, Saunders; 2012. p. 597–612.
   Google Scholar
• Stainback RF, Croitoru M, Hernandez A, et al. Echocardiographic evaluation of the Jarvik 2000 axial-flow LVAD Tex heart. Inst J. 2005;32(3):263–270.
   Google Scholar
• Topilsky Y, Oh JK, Atchison FW, et al. Echocardiographic findings in stable outpatients with properly functioning HeartMate II left ventricular assist devices. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2011;24:159–169.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lam KM, Ennis S, O’Driscoll G, et al. Observations from non-invasive measures of right heart hemodynamics in left ventricular assist device patients. J Am Soc Echocardiogr. 2009;22:1055–1062.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkpatrick JN, Wiegers SE, Lang RM. Left ventricular assist devices and other devices for end-stage heart failure: utility of echocardiography. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2010;12:257–264.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shah NR, Cevic C, Hernandez A, et al. Transthoracic echocardiography of the HeartWare left ventricular assist devices. J Card Fail. 2012;18(9):745–748.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aronson D, Eitan A, Dragu R, et al. Relationship between reactive pulmonary hypertension and mortality in patients with acute decompensated heart failure. Circulation. 2011;4:644–650.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herod JW, Ambardekar AV. Right ventricular systolic and diastolic function as assessed by speckle-tracking echocardiography improved with prolonged isolated left ventricular assist device support. J Card Fail. 2014;20(7):498–505.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rich JD, Gosev I, Patel CB, et al. The incidence, risk factors and outcomes associated with late right-sided heart failure in patients supported with an axial-flow left ventricular assist device. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2017;36(1):50–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asleh R, Hasin T, Briasoulis A, et al. Hemodynamic assessment of patients with and without heart failure symptoms supported by a continuous-flow left ventricular assist device. Mayo Clin Proc. 2018;93(7):895–903.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cleveland JC, Naftel DC, Reece TB, et al. Survival after biventricular assist device implantation: an analysis of the interagency registry for mechanical assisted circulatory support database. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2011;30(8):862–869.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeda K, Naka Y, Yang JA, et al. Timing of temporary right ventricular assist device insertion for severe right heart failure after left ventricular assist device implantation. Asaio J. 2013;59(6):564–569.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazar JF, Swartz MF, Schiralli P, et al. Survival after left ventricular assist devices with and without temporary right ventricular support. Ann Thorac Surg. 2013;96:155–160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deschka H, Holthaus AJ, Sindermann JR. Can perioperative right ventricular support prevent postoperative right heart failure in patients with biventricular dysfunction undergoing left ventricular assist device implantation? J Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth. 2016;30(3):619–626.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leidenfrost J, Prasad S, Itoh A, et al. Right ventricular assist device with membrane oxygenator support for right ventricular failure following implantable left ventricular assist device placement. Eur J Cardiothor Surg. 2016;49:73–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saeed D, Maxhera B, Kamiya H, et al. Alternative right ventricular assist device implantation technique for patients with preoperative right ventricular failure. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2015;149:927–932.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dandel M, Potapov E, Krabatsch T, et al. Right ventricular assist device removal in patients with apparently unloading-promoted improvement of right ventricular function: criteria for weaning decisions. Circulation. 2011;124(21Suppl):17718.
   Google Scholar
• Akhter SA, Jeevanandam V. Special clinical settings for mechanical circulatory support. In: Kormos RL, Miller LW, editors. Mechanical circulatory support. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2012. p. 118–127.
   Google Scholar
• Saffarzadeh A, Bonde P. Options for temporary mechanical circulatory support. J Thorac Dis. 2015;7(12):2102–2111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shehab S, Macdonald PS, Keogh AM, et al. Long-term biventricular HeartWare ventricular assist device support–case series of right atrial and right ventricular implantation outcomes. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2016;35(4):466–473.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dandel M, Hetzer R. Evaluation of cardiac recovery in ventricular assist device recipients: particularities, reliability and practical challenges. Can J Cardiol. 2019;35(4):523–534.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drakos SG, Wever-Pinzon O, Selzman CH, et al. Magnitude and time course of changes induced by continuous-flow left ventricular assist device unloading in chronic heart failure: insights into cardiac recovery. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;61(19):1985–1994.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar