Epidemiology, prognosis, and clinical manifestation of cardiovascular disease in COVID-19

References

• Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, et al. A novel coronavirus from patients with pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(8):727–733.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020;323(11):1061. [cited 2020 Feb 7].
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang C, Horby PW, Hayden FG, et al. A novel coronavirus outbreak of global health concern. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):470–473. [cited 2020 Jan 29].
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu X, Chen P, Wang J, et al. Evolution of the novel coronavirus from the ongoing Wuhan outbreak and modeling of its spike protein for risk of human transmission. Sci China Life Sci. 2020;63(3):457–460.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zou X, Chen K, Zou J, et al. Single-cell RNA-seq data analysis on the receptor ACE2 expression reveals the potential risk of different human organs vulnerable to 2019-nCoV infection. Front Med. 2020;14(2):185–192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lei C, Fu W, Qian K, et al. Potent neutralization of 2019 novel coronavirus by recombinant ACE2-Ig. BioRxiv. 2020. [preprint on BioRxiv].
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li W, Moore MJ, Vasilieva N, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 is a functional receptor for the SARS coronavirus. Nature. 2003;426(6965):450–454.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iwata-Yoshikawa N, Okamura T, Shimizu Y, et al. TMPRSS2 contributes to virus spread and immunopathology in the airways of murine models after coronavirus infection. J Virol. 2019;93(6). DOI:10.1128/JVI.01815-18
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• US Food and Drug Administration. Recommendations for Investigational COVID-19Convalescent Plasma. [ updated 2020 Apr 13; cited 2020 Mar 28]. Available from: https://www.fda.gov/vaccines-bloodbiologics/ investigational-new-drug-ind-or-device-exemption-ide-process-cber/investigationalcovid- 19-convalescent-plasma-emergency-inds
   Google Scholar
• Yang J, Zheng Y, Gou X, et al. Prevalence of comorbidities and its effects in patients infected with SARS-CoV-2: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;94:91–95.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez-Morales AJ, Cardona-Ospina JA, Gutiérrez-Ocampo E, et al. Clinical, laboratory and imaging features of COVID-19: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Travel Med Infect Dis. 2020;34:101623.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emami A, Javanmardi F, Pirbonyeh N, et al. Prevalence of underlying diseases in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch Acad Emerg Med. 2020;8(1):e35.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li B, Yang J, Zhao F, et al. Prevalence and impact of cardiovascular metabolic diseases on COVID-19 in China. Clin Res Cardiol. 2020;109(5):531–538.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang JJ, Dong X, Cao YY, et al. Clinical characteristics of 140 patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 in Wuhan, China. Allergy. 2020;75:1730–1741. [cited 2020 Feb 19].
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vardavas CI, Nikitara K. COVID-19 and smoking: A systematic review of the evidence. Tob Induc Dis. 2020;18:20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lippi G, Henry BM. Active smoking is not associated with severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Eur J Intern Med. 2020;75:107–108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. People who are at higher risk for severe illness. [ cited 2020 Apr 01]. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/need-extra-precautions/people-at-higher-risk.html
   Google Scholar
• Chen N, Zhou M, Dong X, et al. Epidemiological and clinical characteristics of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):507–513.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feng RM, Zong YN, Cao SM, et al. Current cancer situation in China: good or bad news from the 2018 global cancer statistics? Cancer Commun (Lond). 2019;39(1):22.
   Google Scholar
• Characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 patients dying in Italy report based on available data on June 25th, 2020. Epidemiology for public health. Istituto Superiore di Sanità; 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Ganatra S, Hammond SP, Nohria A. The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) threat for patients with cardiovascular disease and cancer. JACC CardioOncol. 2020;2(2):350-355.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Guo T, Fan Y, Chen M, et al. Cardiovascular implications of fatal outcomes of patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). JAMA Cardiol. 2020;5:811. [cited 2020 Mar 27].
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi S, Qin M, Shen B, et al. Association of cardiac injury with mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China. JAMA Cardiol. 2020;5:802. [cited 2020 Mar 25].
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu Z, McGoogan JM. Characteristics of and important lessons from the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak in China: summary of a report of 72 314 cases from the Chinese center for disease control and prevention. JAMA. 2020;323(13):1239–1242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qian X, Ren R, Wang Y, et al. Report of the WHO-China joint mission on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19); 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Lee LYW, Cazier JB, Starkey T, et al. COVID-19 mortality in patients with cancer on chemotherapy or other anticancer treatments: a prospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395(10241):1919–1926.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hendren NS, Drazner MH, Bozkurt B, et al. Description and proposed management of the acute COVID-19 cardiovascular syndrome. Circulation. 2020;141(23):1903–1914.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oudit GY, Kassiri Z, Jiang C, et al. SARS-coronavirus modulation of myocardial ACE2 expression and inflammation in patients with SARS. Eur J Clin Invest. 2009;39(7):618–625.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkpatrick J, Hung J, Taub C, et al. ASE statement on protection of patients and echocardiography service providers during the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak. American society of echocardiography. [ updated 2020 Apr 1; cited 2020 Mar 22]. Available from: https://www.asecho.org/ase-statement-covid-19/
   Google Scholar
• Tavazzi G, Pellegrini C, Maurelli M, et al. Myocardial localization of coronavirus in COVID-19 cardiogenic shock. Eur J Heart Fail. 2020;22(5):911–915.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang C, Wang Y, Li X, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395(10223):497–506.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsumori A, Yamada T, Suzuki H, et al. Increased circulating cytokines in patients with myocarditis and cardiomyopathy. Br Heart J. 1994;72:561–566.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scally C, Abbas H, Ahearn T, et al. Myocardial and systemic inflammation in acute stress-induced (Takotsubo) cardiomyopathy. Circulation. 2019;139:1581–1592.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganatra S, Parikh R, Neilan TG. Cardiotoxicity of immune therapy. Cardiol Clin. 2019;37(4):385-397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganatra S, Carver JR, Hayek SS, et al. Chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy for cancer and heart: JACC council perspectives. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;74(25):3153–3163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thygesen K, Alpert JS, Jaffe AS, et al. Fourth universal definition of myocardial infarction (2018). J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72(18):2231–2264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arentz M, Yim E, Klaff L, et al. Characteristics and outcomes of 21 critically ill patients with COVID-19 in Washington state. JAMA. 2020;323:1612.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwong JC, Schwartz KL, Campitelli MA, et al. Acute myocardial infarction after laboratory-confirmed influenza infection. N Engl J Med. 2018;378(4):345–353.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Libby P, Loscalzo J, Ridker PM, et al. Inflammation, immunity, and infection in atherothrombosis: JACC review topic of the week. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72(17):2071–2081.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruan Q, Yang K, Wang W, et al. Clinical predictors of mortality due to COVID-19 based on an analysis of data of 150 patients from Wuhan, China. Intensive Care Med. 2020;46(5):846-848.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu H, Ma F, Wei X, et al. Coronavirus fulminant myocarditis saved with glucocorticoid and human immunoglobulin. Eur Heart J. 2020. DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehaa190. [cited 2020 Mar 16].
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ESC. Guidance for the diagnosis and management of CV disease during the COVID-19 pandemic. [ cited 2020 Jun 10].
   Google Scholar
• Kochav SM, Coromilas E, Nalbandian A, et al. Cardiac arrhythmias in COVID-19 infection. Circ Arrhythm Electrophysiol. 2020;13(6). DOI:10.1161/CIRCEP.120.008719
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu K, Fang YY, Deng Y, et al. Clinical characteristics of novel coronavirus cases in tertiary hospitals in Hubei province. Chin Med J (Engl). 2020;133(9):1025-1031.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colon CM, Barrios JG, Chiles JW, et al. Atrial arrhythmias in COVID-19 patients. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Li K, Wu J, Wu F, et al. The clinical and chest CT features associated with severe and critical COVID-19 pneumonia. Invest Radiol. 2020;55(6):327–331.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bao C, Liu X, Zhang H, et al. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) CT findings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Am Coll Radiol. 2020;17(6):701-709.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giannis D, Ziogas IA, Gianni P. Coagulation disorders in coronavirus infected patients: COVID-19, SARS-CoV-1, MERS-CoV and lessons from the past. J Clin Virol. 2020;127:104362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang N, Bai H, Chen X, et al. Anticoagulant treatment is associated with decreased mortality in severe coronavirus disease 2019 patients with coagulopathy. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(5):802–814.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta N, Zhao YY, Evans CE. The stimulation of thrombosis by hypoxia. Thromb Res. 2019;181:77–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ackermann M, Verleden SE, Kuehnel M, et al. Pulmonary vascular endothelialitis, thrombosis, and angiogenesis in Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;383:120–128. [cited 2020 May 21].
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klok FA, Kruip MJHA, van der Meer NJM, et al. Incidence of thrombotic complications in critically ill ICU patients with COVID-19. Thromb Res. 2020;191.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paranjpe I, Fuster V, Lala A, et al. Association of treatment dose anticoagulation with in-hospital survival among hospitalized patients with COVID-19. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;76(1):122-124..
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhai Z, Li C, Chen Y, et al. Prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism associated with coronavirus disease 2019 infection: a consensus statement before guidelines. Thromb Haemost. 2020;120(6):937–948.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jing QL, Liu MJ, Yuan J, et al. Household secondary attack rate of COVID-19 and associated determinants. Preprint. medRxiv. 2020. 2020.04.11.20056010 [cited 2020 Apr 15].
   Google Scholar
• Du RH, Liu LM, Yin W, et al. Hospitalization and critical care of 109 decedents with COVID-19 pneumonia in Wuhan, China. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2020;17:839–846. [cited 2020 Apr 07].
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1054–1062. [cited 2020 Mar 28].
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• COVID-19 clinical guidelines of Brigham and women’s hospital. [ cited 2020 Apr 9]. Available from: https://covidprotocols.org/protocols/06-cardiology
   Google Scholar
• Roden DM, Harrington RA, Poppas A, et al. Considerations for drug interactions on QTc in exploratory COVID-19 treatment. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;75:2623–2624. [cited 2020 Apr 14].
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jain S, Workman V, Ganeshan R, et al. Enhanced electrocardiographic monitoring of patients with coronavirus disease 2019. Heart Rhythm. 2020;S1547-5271(20)30421-5.
   Google Scholar
• ASE. Statement on protection of patients and echocardiography service providers during the 2019 novel coronavirus outbreak endorsed by the American college of cardiology 2020. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;75(24):1341–1350.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shang Y, Pan C, Yang X, et al. Management of critically ill patients with COVID-19 in ICU: statement from front-line intensive care experts in Wuhan, China. Ann Intensive Care. 2020 Jun 6;10(1):73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fried JA, Ramasubbu K, Bhatt R, et al. The variety of cardiovascular presentations of COVID-19. Circulation. 2020;141(23):1930–1936.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacLaren G, Fisher D, Brodie D. Preparing for the most critically ill patients with COVID-19: the potential role of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. JAMA. 2020;323:1245. [cited 2020 Feb 19].
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner AJ, Hiscox JA, Hooper NM. ACE2: from vasopeptidase to SARS virus receptor. Trends Pharmacol Sci. 2004;25(6):291–294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng YY, Ma YT, Zhang JY, et al. COVID-19 and the cardiovascular system. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2020;17(5):259–260.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gurwitz D. Angiotensin receptor blockers as tentative SARS-CoV-2 therapeutics. Drug Dev Res. 2020. DOI:10.1002/ddr.21656. [cited 2020 Mar 04].
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imai Y, Kuba K, Rao S, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 protects from severe acute lung failure. Nature. 2005;436(7047):112–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Simone G on behalf of the nucleus members ESC council on hypertension. Position statement of the ESC council on hypertension on ACE-inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers. [ cited 2020 Apr 18]. Available from: https://www.escardio.org/Councils/Council-on-Hypertension-(CHT)
   Google Scholar
• Statement from the American heart association, the heart failure society of America and the American college of cardiology. Patients taking ACE-i and ARBs who contract COVID-19 should continue treatment, unless otherwise advised by their physician. [ cited 2020 Apr 18]. Available from: https://newsroom.heart.org/news/patients-taking-ace-i-and-arbs-who-contract-covid-19-should-continue-treatment-unless-otherwise-advised-by-their-physician
   Google Scholar
• ClinicalTrial.Gov. Long-term use of drugs that could prevent the risk of serious COVID-19 infections or make it worse (TRAPSAH) NCT04356417.
   Google Scholar
• ClinicalTrial.Gov. Coronavirus (COVID-19) ACEi/ARB Investigation (CORONACION) NCT04330300.
   Google Scholar
• ClinicalTrial.Gov. ACE inhibitors or ARBs discontinuation in context of SARS-CoV-2 pandemic (ACORES-2) NCT04329195.
   Google Scholar
• ClinicalTrial.Gov. Elimination or prolongation of ACE inhibitors and ARB in coronavirus disease 2019 (REPLACECOVID) NCT04338009.
   Google Scholar
• ClinicalTrial.Gov. Prognosis of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients receiving receiving antihypertensives NCT04357535.
   Google Scholar
• ClinicalTrial.Gov. ACE inhibitors, angiotensin II Type-I receptor blockers and severity of COVID-19 (CODIV-ACE) NCT04318418.
   Google Scholar
• Vaduganathan M, Vardeny O, Michel T, et al. Renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors in patients with Covid-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(17):1653‐1659.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canonico ME, Siciliano R, Scudiero F, et al. The tug-of-war between coagulopathy and anticoagulant agents in patients with COVID-19. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother. 2020;6:262–264. [cited 2020 May 08].
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ClinicalTrials.gov. Coagulopathy of COVID-19: a pragmatic randomized controlled trial of therapeutic anticoagulation versus standard care. Identifier: NCT04362085. Toronto: St. Michael’s Hospital. [ cited 2020 Apr 24].
   Google Scholar
• DeCarolis DD, Westanmo AD, Chen Y-C, et al. Evaluation of a potential interaction between new regimens to treat hepatitis C and Warfarin. Ann Pharmacother. 2016;50(11):909–917.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueck W, Kubitza D, Becka M. Co-administration of rivaroxaban with drugs that share its elimination pathways: pharmacokinetic effects in healthy subjects. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 2013;76(3):455–466.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferri N, Corsini A, Bellosta S. Pharmacology of the new P2Y12 receptor inhibitors: insights on pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. Drugs. 2013;73(15):1681–1709.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Driggin E, Madhavan MV, Bikdeli B, et al. Cardiovascular considerations for patients, health care workers, and health systems during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;75(18):2352-2371.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sapp JL, Alqarawi W, MacIntyre CJ, et al. Guidance on minimizing risk of drug-induced ventricular arrhythmia during treatment of COVID-19: a statement from the canadian heart rhythm society. Can J Cardiol. 2020;36(6):948-951.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao M. Cytokine storm and immunomodulatory therapy in COVID-19: role of chloroquine and anti-IL-6 monoclonal antibodies. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;55(6):105982.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maron BJ, Udelson JE, Bonow RO, et al. Eligibility and disqualification recommendations for competitive athletes with cardiovascular abnormalities: task force 3: hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy and other cardiomyopathies, and myocarditis: a scientific statement from the American heart association and American college of cardiology. Circulation. 2015;132(22):e273-80.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gori T, Lelieveld J, Münzel T. Perspective: cardiovascular disease and the Covid-19 pandemic. Basic Res Cardiol. 2020;115(3):32. [cited 2020 Apr 10].
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bindman AB, Keane D, Lurie N. A public hospital closes. Impact on patients’ access to care and health status. JAMA. 1990;264:2899.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganatra S, Dani SS, Shah S, et al. Management of cardiovascular disease during coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. Trends Cardiovasc Med. 2020;S1050-1738(20)30069-4.
   Google Scholar
• Allahwala UK, Denniss AR, Zaman S, et al. Cardiovascular disease in the post-COVID-19 era - the impending tsunami? Heart Lung Circ. 2020;29(6):809–811.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonow RO, Fonarow GC, O’Gara PT, et al. Association of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) with myocardial injury and mortality. JAMA Cardiol. 2020;5:751. [cited 2020 Mar 27].
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia S, Albaghdadi MS, Meraj PM, et al. Reduction in ST-segment elevation cardiac catheterization laboratory activations in the United States during COVID-19 pandemic. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2020;75:2871–2872.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metzler B, Siostrzonek P, Binder RK, et al. Decline of acute coronary syndrome admissions in Austria since the outbreak of COVID-19: the pandemic response causes cardiac collateral damage. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(19):1852–1853.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Filippo O, D’Ascenzo F, Angelini F, et al. Reduced rate of hospital admissions for ACS during Covid-19 outbreak in Northern Italy. N Engl J Med. 2020;383:88–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Rosa S, Spaccarotella C, Basso C, et al. Reduction of hospitalizations for myocardial infarction in Italy in the COVID-19 era. Eur Heart J. 2020;41(22):2083-2088.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pessoa-Amorim G, Camm CF, Gajendragadkar P, et al. Admission of patients with STEMI since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. A survey by the European Society of Cardiology. Eur Heart J Qual Care Clin Outcomes. 2020. DOI:10.1093/ehjqcco/qcaa046.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tam CF, Cheung KS, Lam S, et al. Impact of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak on ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction care in Hong Kong, China. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes. 2020;13(4). DOI:10.1161/CIRCOUTCOMES.120.006631
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Piccolo R, Bruzzese D, Mauro C, et al. Population trends in rates of percutaneous coronary revascularization for acute coronary syndromes associated with the COVID-19 outbreak. Circulation. 2020;141:2035–2037.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar