305
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Early nutritional influences of cardiovascular health

ORCID Icon, &
Pages 1063-1073 | Received 24 Aug 2021, Accepted 16 Dec 2021, Published online: 27 Dec 2021

References

  • Barker DJ. In utero programming of chronic disease. Clin Sci (Lond). 1998 Aug;95(2):115–128.
  • Alexander BT, Dasinger JH, Intapad S. Fetal programming and cardiovascular pathology. Compr Physiol. 2015 Apr;5(2):997–1025.
  • Micha R, Penalvo JL, Cudhea F, et al. Association Between Dietary Factors and Mortality From Heart Disease, Stroke, and Type 2 Diabetes in the United States. JAMA. 2017 Mar 7;317(9):912–924.
  • Patel H, Chandra S, Alexander S, et al. Plant-Based Nutrition: an Essential Component of Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Management. Curr Cardiol Rep. 2017 Sep 8;19(10):104.
  • Kahleova H, Levin S, Barnard N. Cardio-Metabolic Benefits of Plant-Based Diets. Nutrients. 2017 Aug 9;9(8):848.
  • Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, et al. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet. 2004 Sep 11-17;364(9438):937–952.
  • Collaborators GBDO, Afshin A, Forouzanfar MH, et al. Health Effects of Overweight and Obesity in 195 Countries over 25 Years. N Engl J Med. 2017 Jul 6;377(1):13–27.
  • Baker JL, Olsen LW, Sorensen TI. Childhood body-mass index and the risk of coronary heart disease in adulthood. N Engl J Med. 2007 Dec 6;357(23):2329–2337.
  • Zieske AW, Malcom GT, Strong JP. Natural history and risk factors of atherosclerosis in children and youth: the PDAY study. Pediatr Pathol Mol Med. 2002 Mar-Apr;21(2):213–237.
  • Zieske AW, Malcom GT, Strong JP. Pathobiological determinants of atherosclerosis in youth (PDAY) cardiovascular specimen and data library. J La State Med Soc. 2000 Jun;152(6):296–301.
  • McGill HC Jr., Herderick EE, McMahan CA, et al. Atherosclerosis in youth. Minerva Pediatr. 2002 Oct;54(5):437–447.
  • Malachowska A, Jezewska-Zychowicz M. Does Examining the Childhood Food Experiences Help to Better Understand Food Choices in Adulthood? Nutrients. 2021 Mar 18;13(3):983.
  • Scaglioni S, De Cosmi V, Ciappolino V, et al. Factors Influencing Children’s Eating Behaviours. Nutrients. 2018 May 31;10(6):706.
  • Williams NA, Dev DA, Hankey M, et al. Role of food preoccupation and current dieting in the associations of parental feeding practices to emotional eating in young adults: a moderated mediation study. Appetite. 2017 Apr 1;111:195–202.
  • Barker DJ, Bagby SP, Hanson MA. Mechanisms of disease: in utero programming in the pathogenesis of hypertension. Nat Clin Pract Nephrol. 2006 Dec;2(12):700–707.
  • Barker DJ. Infant mortality, childhood nutrition, and ischaemic heart disease in England and Wales. Lancet. 1986 May 10;1(8489):1077–1081.
  • Barker DJ, Osmond C. Low birth weight and hypertension. BMJ. 1988 Jul 9;297(6641):134–135.
  • Wojcicki JM. The double burden household in sub-Saharan Africa: maternal overweight and obesity and childhood undernutrition from the year 2000: results from World Health Organization Data (WHO) and Demographic Health Surveys (DHS). BMC Public Health. 2014 Oct 31;14(1):1124.
  • Eitmann S, Nemeth D, Hegyi P, et al. Maternal overnutrition impairs offspring’s insulin sensitivity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Matern Child Nutr. 2020 Oct;16(4):e13031.
  • Montalvo-Martinez L, Maldonado-Ruiz R, Cardenas-Tueme M, et al. Maternal Overnutrition Programs Central Inflammation and Addiction-Like Behavior in Offspring. Biomed Res Int. 2018;2018:8061389.
  • Gaillard R. Maternal obesity during pregnancy and cardiovascular development and disease in the offspring. Eur J Epidemiol. 2015 Nov;30(11):1141–1152.
  • Black RE, Victora CG, Walker SP, et al. Maternal and child undernutrition and overweight in low-income and middle-income countries. Lancet. 2013 Aug 3;382(9890):427–451.
  • Christian P, Mullany LC, Hurley KM, et al. Nutrition and maternal, neonatal, and child health. Semin Perinatol. 2015 Aug;39(5):361–372.
  • Ahmed T, Hossain M, Sanin KI. Global burden of maternal and child undernutrition and micronutrient deficiencies. Ann Nutr Metab. 2012;61(1):8–17.
  • Boubred F, Saint-Faust M, Buffat C, et al. Developmental origins of chronic renal disease: an integrative hypothesis. Int J Nephrol. 2013;2013:346067.
  • Jiang X, Ma H, Wang Y, et al. Early life factors and type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Res. 2013;2013:485082.
  • Law CM, Shiell AW. Is blood pressure inversely related to birth weight? The strength of evidence from a systematic review of the literature. J Hypertens. 1996 Aug;14(8):935–941.
  • Barker DJ. Fetal origins of coronary heart disease. BMJ. 1995 Jul 15;311(6998):171–174.
  • Crispi F, Miranda J, Gratacos E. Long-term cardiovascular consequences of fetal growth restriction: biology, clinical implications, and opportunities for prevention of adult disease. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2018 Feb;218(2S):S869–S879.
  • Comas M, Crispi F, Cruz-Martinez R, et al. Tissue Doppler echocardiographic markers of cardiac dysfunction in small-for-gestational age fetuses. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2011 Jul;205(1):57 e1–6.
  • Cruz-Lemini M, Crispi F, Valenzuela-Alcaraz B, et al. Value of annular M-mode displacement vs tissue Doppler velocities to assess cardiac function in intrauterine growth restriction. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Aug;42(2):175–181.
  • Cruz-Lemini M, Crispi F, Valenzuela-Alcaraz B, et al. Fetal cardiovascular remodeling persists at 6 months in infants with intrauterine growth restriction. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2016 Sep;48(3):349–356.
  • Brodszki J, Lanne T, Marsal K, et al. Impaired vascular growth in late adolescence after intrauterine growth restriction. Circulation. 2005 May 24;111(20):2623–2628.
  • Bjarnegard N, Morsing E, Cinthio M, et al. Cardiovascular function in adulthood following intrauterine growth restriction with abnormal fetal blood flow. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol. 2013 Feb;41(2):177–184.
  • Zandi-Nejad K, Luyckx VA, Brenner BM. Adult hypertension and kidney disease: the role of fetal programming. Hypertension. 2006 Mar;47(3):502–508.
  • Yiu V, Buka S, Zurakowski D, et al. Relationship between birthweight and blood pressure in childhood. Am J Kidney Dis. 1999 Feb;33(2):253–260.
  • Jones JE, Jurgens JA, Evans SA, et al. Mechanisms of fetal programming in hypertension. Int J Pediatr. 2012;2012:584831.
  • Shankaran S, Das A, Bauer CR, et al. Fetal origin of childhood disease: intrauterine growth restriction in term infants and risk for hypertension at 6 years of age. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2006 Sep;160(9):977–981.
  • Hemachandra AH, Klebanoff MA, Duggan AK, et al. The association between intrauterine growth restriction in the full-term infant and high blood pressure at age 7 years: results from the Collaborative Perinatal Project. Int J Epidemiol. 2006 Aug;35(4):871–877.
  • Spence D, Stewart MC, Alderdice FA, et al. Intra-uterine growth restriction and increased risk of hypertension in adult life: a follow-up study of 50-year-olds. Public Health. 2012 Jul;126(7):561–565.
  • Anderson CM, Lopez F, Zimmer A, et al. Placental insufficiency leads to developmental hypertension and mesenteric artery dysfunction in two generations of Sprague-Dawley rat offspring. Biol Reprod. 2006 Mar;74(3):538–544.
  • Vickers MH. Early life nutrition, epigenetics and programming of later life disease. Nutrients. 2014 Jun 2;6(6):2165–2178.
  • Stang J, Huffman LG. Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: obesity, Reproduction, and Pregnancy Outcomes. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2016 Apr;116(4):677–691.
  • Godfrey KM, Reynolds RM, Prescott SL, et al. Influence of maternal obesity on the long-term health of offspring. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2017 Jan;5(1):53–64.
  • Fan X, Turdi S, Ford SP, et al. Influence of gestational overfeeding on cardiac morphometry and hypertrophic protein markers in fetal sheep. J Nutr Biochem. 2011 Jan;22(1):30–37.
  • Reynolds RM, Allan KM, Raja EA, et al. Maternal obesity during pregnancy and premature mortality from cardiovascular event in adult offspring: follow-up of 1 323 275 person years. BMJ. 2013 Aug 13;347(aug13 1):f4539.
  • Xue Q, Chen F, Zhang H, et al. Maternal high-fat diet alters angiotensin II receptors and causes changes in fetal and neonatal ratsdagger. Biol Reprod. 2019 May 1;100(5):1193–1203.
  • Gernand AD, Schulze KJ, Stewart CP, et al. Micronutrient deficiencies in pregnancy worldwide: health effects and prevention. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2016 May;12(5):274–289.
  • Pan J, Baker KM. Retinoic acid and the heart. Vitam Horm. 2007;75:257–283.
  • Clagett-Dame M, DeLuca HF. The role of vitamin A in mammalian reproduction and embryonic development. Annu Rev Nutr. 2002;22(1):347–381.
  • Torrens C, Brawley L, Anthony FW, et al. Folate supplementation during pregnancy improves offspring cardiovascular dysfunction induced by protein restriction. Hypertension. 2006 May;47(5):982–987.
  • Belizan JM, Villar J, Bergel E, et al. Long-term effect of calcium supplementation during pregnancy on the blood pressure of offspring: follow up of a randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 1997 Aug 2;315(7103):281–285.
  • Gillman MW, Rifas-Shiman SL, Kleinman KP, et al. Maternal calcium intake and offspring blood pressure. Circulation. 2004 Oct 5;110(14):1990–1995.
  • Bakker R, Rifas-Shiman SL, Kleinman KP, et al. Maternal calcium intake during pregnancy and blood pressure in the offspring at age 3 years: a follow-up analysis of the Project Viva cohort. Am J Epidemiol. 2008 Dec 15;168(12):1374–1380.
  • Merialdi M, Caulfield LE, Zavaleta N, et al. Randomized controlled trial of prenatal zinc supplementation and the development of fetal heart rate. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004 Apr;190(4):1106–1112.
  • Barker DJ, Osmond C, Forsen TJ, et al. Trajectories of growth among children who have coronary events as adults. N Engl J Med. 2005 Oct 27;353(17):1802–1809.
  • Barnett TA, Kelly AS, Young DR, et al. Sedentary Behaviors in Today’s Youth: approaches to the Prevention and Management of Childhood Obesity: a Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2018 Sep 11;138(11):e142–e159.
  • Gibbs BG, Forste R. Socioeconomic status, infant feeding practices and early childhood obesity. Pediatr Obes. 2014 Apr;9(2):135–146.
  • Williams AS, Ge B, Petroski G, et al. Socioeconomic Status and Other Factors Associated with Childhood Obesity. J Am Board Fam Med. 2018 Jul-Aug;31(4):514–521.
  • Yu ZB, Han SP, Zhu GZ, et al. Birth weight and subsequent risk of obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Obes Rev. 2011 Jul;12(7):525–542.
  • Taveras EM, Rifas-Shiman SL, Sherry B et al . Crossing growth percentiles in infancy and risk of obesity in childhood. Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med. 2011 Nov;165(11):993–998.
  • El-Behadli AF, Sharp C, Hughes SO, et al. Maternal depression, stress and feeding styles: towards a framework for theory and research in child obesity. Br J Nutr. 2015 Jan;113(S1):S55–71.
  • Bouchard C. Genetic determinants of regional fat distribution. Hum Reprod. 1997 Oct;12 Suppl 1(suppl 1):1–5.
  • Ng M, Fleming T, Robinson M, et al. Global, regional, and national prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adults during 1980-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet. 2014 Aug 30;384(9945):766–781.
  • Strong JP, Malcom GT, McMahan CA et al . Prevalence and Extent of Atherosclerosis in Adolescents and Young Adults Implications for Prevention From the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth Study. JAMA. 1999 Feb 24;281(8):727–735.
  • Carsley SE, Anderson LN, Plumptre L, et al. Severe Obesity, Obesity, and Cardiometabolic Risk in Children 0 to 6 Years of Age. Child Obes. 2017 Oct;13(5):415–424.
  • Li X, Keown-Stoneman CDG, Lebovic G, et al. The association between body mass index trajectories and cardiometabolic risk in young children. Pediatr Obes. 2020 Aug;15(8):e12633.
  • Andersen LG, Angquist L, Eriksson JG, et al. Birth weight, childhood body mass index and risk of coronary heart disease in adults: combined historical cohort studies. PLoS One. 2010 Nov 29;5(11):e14126.
  • Van Hulst A, Barnett TA, Paradis G, et al. Birth Weight, Postnatal Weight Gain, and Childhood Adiposity in Relation to Lipid Profile and Blood Pressure During Early Adolescence. J Am Heart Assoc. 2017 Aug 4;6(8). DOI:https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.117.006302.
  • Leunissen RW, Kerkhof GF, Stijnen T, et al . Timing and tempo of first-year rapid growth in relation to cardiovascular and metabolic risk profile in early adulthood. JAMA. 2009 Jun 3;301(21):2234–2242.
  • Singhal A, Cole TJ, Fewtrell M, et al. Promotion of faster weight gain in infants born small for gestational age: is there an adverse effect on later blood pressure? Circulation. 2007 Jan 16;115(2):213–220.
  • Chomtho S, Wells JC, Williams JE, et al. Infant growth and later body composition: evidence from the 4-component model. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Jun;87(6):1776–1784.
  • Ekelund U, Ong KK, Linne Y, et al. Association of weight gain in infancy and early childhood with metabolic risk in young adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007 Jan;92(1):98–103.
  • Messiah SE, Arheart KL, Lipshultz SE, et al. Perinatal Factors Associated with Cardiovascular Disease Risk among Preschool-Age Children in the United States: an Analysis of 1999-2008 NHANES Data. Int J Pediatr. 2012;2012:157237.
  • Yan J, Liu L, Zhu Y, et al. The association between breastfeeding and childhood obesity: a meta-analysis. BMC Public Health. 2014 Dec 13;14(1):1267.
  • Martin RM, Davey Smith, G, Mangtani P, et al. Breastfeeding and cardiovascular mortality: the Boyd Orr cohort and a systematic review with meta-analysis. Eur Heart J. 2004 May;25(9):778–786.
  • Martin RM, Ebrahim S, Griffin M, et al. Breastfeeding and atherosclerosis: intima-media thickness and plaques at 65-year follow-up of the Boyd Orr cohort. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2005 Jul;25(7):1482–1488.
  • Ip S, Chung M, Raman G, et al. Breastfeeding and maternal and infant health outcomes in developed countries. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep). 2007;153:1–186.
  • Umer A, Hamilton C, Edwards RA, et al. Association Between Breastfeeding and Childhood Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors. Matern Child Health J. 2019 Feb;23(2):228–239.
  • Parikh NI, Hwang SJ, Ingelsson E, et al. Breastfeeding in infancy and adult cardiovascular disease risk factors. Am J Med. 2009 Jul;122(7):656–63 e1.
  • Moorcroft KE, Marshall JL, McCormick FM. Association between timing of introducing solid foods and obesity in infancy and childhood: a systematic review. Matern Child Nutr. 2011 Jan;7(1):3–26.
  • Papoutsou S, Savva SC, Hunsberger M, et al. Timing of solid food introduction and association with later childhood overweight and obesity: the IDEFICS study. Matern Child Nutr. 2018 Jan;14(1):e12471.
  • Gijsbers L, Ding EL, Malik VS, et al. Consumption of dairy foods and diabetes incidence: a dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016 Apr;103(4):1111–1124.
  • Dehghan M, Mente A, Rangarajan S, et al. Association of dairy intake with cardiovascular disease and mortality in 21 countries from five continents (PURE): a prospective cohort study. Lancet. 2018 Nov 24;392(10161):2288–2297.
  • Yu E, Hu FB. Dairy Products, Dairy Fatty Acids, and the Prevention of Cardiometabolic Disease: a Review of Recent Evidence. Curr Atheroscler Rep. 2018 Mar 21;20(5):24.
  • Ludwig DS, Willett WC. Three daily servings of reduced-fat milk: an evidence-based recommendation? JAMA Pediatr. 2013 Sep;167(9):788–789.
  • Ghosh S, He W, Gao J, et al. Whole milk consumption is associated with lower risk of coronary artery calcification progression: evidences from the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis. Eur J Nutr. 2021 Mar;60(2):1049–1058.
  • Anderson JJ, Kruszka B, Delaney JA, et al. Calcium Intake From Diet and Supplements and the Risk of Coronary Artery Calcification and its Progression Among Older Adults: 10-Year Follow-up of the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (Mesa). J Am Heart Assoc. 2016 Oct 11;5(10). DOI:https://doi.org/10.1161/JAHA.116.003815.
  • Astrup A. Yogurt and dairy product consumption to prevent cardiometabolic diseases: epidemiologic and experimental studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 2014 May;99(5 Suppl):1235S–42S.
  • O’Sullivan TA, Schmidt KA, Kratz M. Whole-Fat or Reduced-Fat Dairy Product Intake, Adiposity, and Cardiometabolic Health in Children: a Systematic Review. Adv Nutr. 2020 Jul 1;11(4):928–950.
  • Singhal S, Baker RD, Baker SS. A Comparison of the Nutritional Value of Cow’s Milk and Nondairy Beverages. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2017 May;64(5):799–805.
  • Makinen OE, Wanhalinna V, Zannini E, et al. Foods for Special Dietary Needs: non-dairy Plant-based Milk Substitutes and Fermented Dairy-type Products. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2016;56(3):339–349.
  • Verduci E, D’Elios S, Cerrato L, et al. Cow’s Milk Substitutes for Children: nutritional Aspects of Milk from Different Mammalian Species, Special Formula and Plant-Based Beverages. Nutrients. 2019 Jul 27;11(8):1739.
  • Malik VS, Pan A, Willett WC, et al. Sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain in children and adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013 Oct;98(4):1084–1102.
  • Malik VS, Schulze MB, Hu FB. Intake of sugar-sweetened beverages and weight gain: a systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006 Aug;84(2):274–288.
  • Te Morenga L, Mallard S, Mann J. Dietary sugars and body weight: systematic review and meta-analyses of randomised controlled trials and cohort studies. BMJ. 2012 Jan 15;346(jan15 3):e7492.
  • Malik VS, Hu FB. Sugar-Sweetened Beverages and Cardiometabolic Health: an Update of the Evidence. Nutrients. 2019 Aug 8;11(8):1840.
  • Davison KK, Birch LL. Childhood overweight: a contextual model and recommendations for future research. Obes Rev. 2001 Aug;2(3):159–171.
  • Fidler Mis N, Braegger C, Bronsky J, et al. Sugar in Infants, Children and Adolescents: a Position Paper of the European Society for Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Committee on Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2017 Dec;65(6):681–696.
  • Max M, Shanker YG, Huang L, et al. Tas1r3, encoding a new candidate taste receptor, is allelic to the sweet responsiveness locus Sac. Nat Genet. 2001 May;28(1):58–63.
  • Drewnowski A, Henderson SA, Barratt-Fornell A. Genetic taste markers and food preferences. Drug Metab Dispos. 2001 Apr;29(4 Pt 2):535–538.
  • Furquim TR, Poli-Frederico RC, Maciel SM, et al. Sensitivity to bitter and sweet taste perception in schoolchildren and their relation to dental caries. Oral Health Prev Dent. 2010;8(3):253–259.
  • Giner V, Poch E, Bragulat E, et al. Renin-angiotensin system genetic polymorphisms and salt sensitivity in essential hypertension. Hypertension. 2000 Jan;35(1 Pt 2):512–517.
  • Poch E, Gonzalez D, Giner V, et al. Molecular basis of salt sensitivity in human hypertension. Evaluation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system gene polymorphisms. Hypertension. 2001 Nov;38(5):1204–1209.
  • Vallee Marcotte B, Guenard F, Cormier H, et al. Plasma Triglyceride Levels May Be Modulated by Gene Expression of IQCJ, NXPH1, PHF17 and MYB in Humans. Int J Mol Sci. 2017 Jan 26;18(2):257.
  • Tremblay BL, Cormier H, Rudkowska I, et al. Association between polymorphisms in phospholipase A2 genes and the plasma triglyceride response to an n-3 PUFA supplementation: a clinical trial. Lipids Health Dis. 2015 Feb 21;14(1):12.
  • Goni L, Cuervo M, Milagro FI, et al. A genetic risk tool for obesity predisposition assessment and personalized nutrition implementation based on macronutrient intake. Genes Nutr. 2015 Jan;10(1):445.
  • Ventura AK, Worobey J. Early influences on the development of food preferences. Curr Biol. 2013 May 6;23(9):R401–8.
  • Yee AZH, Lwin MO, Ho SS. The influence of parental practices on child promotive and preventive food consumption behaviors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2017 Apr 11;14(1):47.
  • Langer SL, Seburg E, JaKa MM, et al. Predicting dietary intake among children classified as overweight or at risk for overweight: independent and interactive effects of parenting practices and styles. Appetite. 2017 Mar 1;110:72–79.
  • Golley RK, Hendrie GA, McNaughton SA. Scores on the dietary guideline index for children and adolescents are associated with nutrient intake and socio-economic position but not adiposity. J Nutr. 2011 Jul;141(7):1340–1347.
  • Darmon N, Drewnowski A. Does social class predict diet quality? Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 May;87(5):1107–1117.
  • Perusse L, Tremblay A, Leblanc C, et al. Familial resemblance in energy intake: contribution of genetic and environmental factors. Am J Clin Nutr. 1988 Apr;47(4):629–635.
  • Gibson EL, Wardle J, Watts CJ. Fruit and vegetable consumption, nutritional knowledge and beliefs in mothers and children. Appetite. 1998 Oct;31(2):205–228.
  • Vauthier JM, Lluch A, Lecomte E, et al. Family resemblance in energy and macronutrient intakes: the Stanislas Family Study. Int J Epidemiol. 1996 Oct;25(5):1030–1037.
  • Sherman JB, Alexander MA, Clark L, et al. Instruments measuring maternal factors in obese preschool children. West J Nurs Res. 1992 Oct;145:555–569. discussion 569-75.
  • Nguyen VT, Larson DE, Johnson RK, et al. Fat intake and adiposity in children of lean and obese parents. Am J Clin Nutr. 1996 Apr;63(4):507–513.
  • Xie B, Gilliland FD, Li YF, et al. Effects of ethnicity, family income, and education on dietary intake among adolescents. Prev Med. 2003 Jan;36(1):30–40.
  • Neumark-Sztainer D, Hannan PJ, Story M, et al. Family meal patterns: associations with sociodemographic characteristics and improved dietary intake among adolescents. J Am Diet Assoc. 2003 Mar;103(3):317–322.
  • Cullen KW, Ash DM, Warneke C, et al. Intake of soft drinks, fruit-flavored beverages, and fruits and vegetables by children in grades 4 through 6. Am J Public Health. 2002 Sep;92(9):1475–1478.
  • Fink SK, Racine EF, Mueffelmann RE, et al. Family meals and diet quality among children and adolescents in North Carolina. J Nutr Educ Behav. 2014 Sep-Oct;46(5):418–422.
  • Avery A, Anderson C, McCullough F. Associations between children’s diet quality and watching television during meal or snack consumption: a systematic review. Matern Child Nutr. 2017 Oct;13(4). DOI:https://doi.org/10.1111/mcn.12428.
  • Liang T, Kuhle S, Veugelers PJ. Nutrition and body weights of Canadian children watching television and eating while watching television. Public Health Nutr. 2009 Dec;12(12):2457–2463.
  • Trofholz AC, Tate A, Loth K, et al. Watching Television while Eating: associations with Dietary Intake and Weight Status among a Diverse Sample of Young Children. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2019 Sep;119(9):1462–1469.
  • Martines RM, Machado PP, Neri DA, et al. Association between watching TV whilst eating and children’s consumption of ultraprocessed foods in United Kingdom. Matern Child Nutr. 2019 Oct;15(4):e12819.
  • Vik FN, Bjornara HB, Overby NC, et al. Associations between eating meals, watching TV while eating meals and weight status among children, ages 10-12 years in eight European countries: the ENERGY cross-sectional study. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2013 May 15;10(1):58.
  • Vilela S, Correia D, Severo M, et al. Eating frequency and weight status in Portuguese children aged 3-9 years: results from the cross-sectional National Food, Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey 2015-2016. Public Health Nutr. 2019 Oct;22(15):2793–2802.
  • Kachurak A, Davey A, Bailey RL, et al. Daily Snacking Occasions and Weight Status Among US Children Aged 1 to 5 Years. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2018 Jun;26(6):1034–1042.
  • Brazendale K, Beets MW, Weaver RG, et al. Understanding differences between summer vs. school obesogenic behaviors of children: the structured days hypothesis. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2017 Jul 26;14(1):100.
  • Von Hippel PT, Powell B, Downey DB, et al. The effect of school on overweight in childhood: gain in body mass index during the school year and during summer vacation. Am J Public Health. 2007 Apr;97(4):696–702.
  • Moreno JP, Johnston CA, Woehler D. Changes in weight over the school year and summer vacation: results of a 5-year longitudinal study. J Sch Health. 2013 Jul;83(7):473–477.
  • Baranowski T, O’Connor T, Johnston C, et al. School year versus summer differences in child weight gain: a narrative review. Child Obes. 2014 Feb;10(1):18–24.
  • Weaver RG, Hunt E, Rafferty A, et al. The potential of a year-round school calendar for maintaining children’s weight status and fitness: preliminary outcomes from a natural experiment. J Sport Health Sci. 2020 Jan;9(1):18–27.
  • Micha R, Karageorgou D, Bakogianni I, et al. Effectiveness of school food environment policies on children’s dietary behaviors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One. 2018;13(3):e0194555.
  • Ask AS, Hernes S, Aarek I, et al. Serving of free school lunch to secondary-school pupils - a pilot study with health implications. Public Health Nutr. 2010 Feb;13(2):238–244.
  • Eagle TF, Gurm R, Smith CA, et al. A middle school intervention to improve health behaviors and reduce cardiac risk factors. Am J Med. 2013 Oct;126(10):903–908.
  • Muckelbauer R, Libuda L, Clausen K, et al. Promotion and provision of drinking water in schools for overweight prevention: randomized, controlled cluster trial. Pediatrics. 2009 Apr;123(4):e661–7.
  • Bogart LM, Elliott MN, Cowgill BO, et al. Two-Year BMI Outcomes From a School-Based Intervention for Nutrition and Exercise: a Randomized Trial. Pediatrics. 2016 May;137(5). doi:https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2015-2493.
  • Schwartz AE, Leardo M, Aneja S, et al. Effect of a School-Based Water Intervention on Child Body Mass Index and Obesity. JAMA Pediatr. 2016 Mar;170(3):220–226.
  • Heelan KA, Bartee RT, Nihiser A, et al. Healthier School Environment Leads to Decreases in Childhood Obesity: the Kearney Nebraska Story. Child Obes. 2015 Oct;11(5):600–607.
  • Ip P, Ho FK, Louie LH, et al. Childhood Obesity and Physical Activity-Friendly School Environments. J Pediatr. 2017 Dec;191:110–116.
  • Bere E, Hilsen M, Klepp KI. Effect of the nationwide free school fruit scheme in Norway. Br J Nutr. 2010 Aug;104(4):589–594.
  • Coyle KK, Potter S, Schneider D, et al. Distributing free fresh fruit and vegetables at school: results of a pilot outcome evaluation. 433021. 2009 Sep-Oct;124(5):660–669.
  • He M, Beynon C, Sangster Bouck M, et al. Impact evaluation of the Northern Fruit and Vegetable Pilot Programme - a cluster-randomised controlled trial. Public Health Nutr. 2009 Nov;12(11):2199–2208.
  • Rossen LM, Curriero FC, Cooley-Strickland M, et al. Food availability en route to school and anthropometric change in urban children. J Urban Health. 2013 Aug;90(4):653–666.
  • Powell LM, Auld MC, Chaloupka FJ, et al. Associations between access to food stores and adolescent body mass index. Am J Prev Med. 2007 Oct;33(4 Suppl):S301–7.
  • Lamichhane AP, Puett R, Porter DE, et al. Associations of built food environment with body mass index and waist circumference among youth with diabetes. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2012 Jun 29;9(1):81.
  • Leung CW, Laraia BA, Kelly M, et al. The influence of neighborhood food stores on change in young girls’ body mass index. Am J Prev Med. 2011 Jul;41(1):43–51.
  • Sturm R, Datar A. Body mass index in elementary school children, metropolitan area food prices and food outlet density. Public Health. 2005 Dec;119(12):1059–1068.
  • Cobb LK, Appel LJ, Franco M, et al. The relationship of the local food environment with obesity: a systematic review of methods, study quality, and results. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2015 Jul;23(7):1331–1344.
  • Shier V, An R, Sturm R. Is there a robust relationship between neighbourhood food environment and childhood obesity in the USA? Public Health. 2012 Sep;126(9):723–730.
  • Desmond MA, Sobiecki JG, Jaworski M, et al. Growth, body composition, and cardiovascular and nutritional risk of 5- to 10-y-old children consuming vegetarian, vegan, or omnivore diets. Am J Clin Nutr. 2021 Jun 1;113(6):1565–1577.
  • Hovinen T, Korkalo L, Freese R, et al. Vegan diet in young children remodels metabolism and challenges the statuses of essential nutrients. EMBO Mol Med. 2021 Feb 5;13(2):e13492.
  • Sutter DO, Bender N. Nutrient status and growth in vegan children. Nutr Res. 2021 Jul;91:13–25.
  • Messina V, Mangels AR. Considerations in planning vegan diets: children. J Am Diet Assoc. 2001 Jun;101(6):661–669.
  • Novak D, Stefan L, Prosoli R, et al. Mediterranean Diet and Its Correlates among Adolescents in Non-Mediterranean European Countries: a Population-Based Study. Nutrients. 2017 Feb 22;9(2):177.
  • Agakidis C, Kotzakioulafi E, Petridis D, et al. Mediterranean Diet Adherence is Associated with Lower Prevalence of Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders in Children and Adolescents. Nutrients. 2019 Jun 6;11(6):1283.
  • Anania C, Perla FM, Olivero F, et al. Mediterranean diet and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. World J Gastroenterol. 2018 May 21;24(19):2083–2094.
  • Douros K, Thanopoulou MI, Boutopoulou B, et al. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet and inflammatory markers in children with asthma. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr). 2019 May - Jun;47(3):209–213.
  • Sureda A, Bibiloni MDM, Julibert A, et al. Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet and Inflammatory Markers. Nutrients. 2018 Jan 10;10(1):62.
  • Castro-Quezada I, Roman-Vinas B, Serra-Majem L. The Mediterranean diet and nutritional adequacy: a review. Nutrients. 2014 Jan 3;6(1):231–248.
  • Giannini C, Diesse L, D’Adamo E, et al. Influence of the Mediterranean diet on carotid intima-media thickness in hypercholesterolaemic children: a 12-month intervention study. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2014 Jan;24(1):75–82.
  • Buja A, Grotto G, Brocadello F, et al. Primary school children and nutrition: lifestyles and behavioral traits associated with a poor-to-moderate adherence to the Mediterranean diet. A cross-sectional study. Eur J Pediatr. 2020 May;179(5):827–834.
  • Tognon G, Moreno LA, Mouratidou T, et al. Adherence to a Mediterranean-like dietary pattern in children from eight European countries. The IDEFICS study. Int J Obes (Lond). 2014 Sep;38(2):S108–14.
  • Couch SC, Saelens BE, Khoury PR, et al. Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Dietary Intervention Improves Blood Pressure and Vascular Health in Youth With Elevated Blood Pressure. Hypertension. 2021 Jan;77(1):241–251.
  • Cohen JFW, Lehnerd ME, Houser RF, et al. Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension Diet, Weight Status, and Blood Pressure among Children and Adolescents: national Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys 2003-2012. J Acad Nutr Diet. 2017 Sep;117(9):1437–1444 e2.
  • Novotny R, Nigg CR, Li F, et al. Pacific kids DASH for health (PacDASH) randomized, controlled trial with DASH eating plan plus physical activity improves fruit and vegetable intake and diastolic blood pressure in children. Child Obes. 2015 Apr;11(2):177–186.
  • Moore LL, Bradlee ML, Singer MR, et al. Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) eating pattern and risk of elevated blood pressure in adolescent girls. Br J Nutr. 2012 Nov 14;108(9):1678–1685.
  • Peairs AD, Shah AS, Summer S, et al. Effects of the dietary approaches to stop hypertension (DASH) diet on glucose variability in youth with Type 1 diabetes. Diabetes Manag (Lond). 2017;7(5):383–391.
  • Mahdavi A, Mohammadi H, Foshati S, et al. Effects of the dietary approach to stop hypertension (DASH) diet on blood pressure, blood glucose, and lipid profile in adolescents with hemophilia: a randomized clinical trial. Food Sci Nutr. 2021 Jan;9(1):145–153.
  • Asghari G, Yuzbashian E, Mirmiran P, et al. Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) Dietary Pattern Is Associated with Reduced Incidence of Metabolic Syndrome in Children and Adolescents. J Pediatr. 2016 Jul;174:178–184 e1.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.