492
Views
2
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: a review of risk factors, management and current challenges

, &
Pages 35-43 | Received 19 Nov 2021, Accepted 24 Jan 2022, Published online: 02 Feb 2022

References

  • Simonneau G, Montani D, and Celermajer DS, et al. Haemodynamic definitions and updated clinical classification of pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J. 2019;53(1):1801913.
  • Galiè N, Kim NHS. Pulmonary microvascular disease in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Proc Am Thorac Soc. 2006;3(7):571–576.
  • Moser KM, Bloor CM. Pulmonary vascular lesions occurring in patients with chronic major vessel thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Chest. 1993;103(3):685–692.
  • Kim NH, Delcroix M, Jais X, et al. Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J. 2019;53(1):1801915.
  • Riedel M, Stanek V, Widimsky J, et al. Longterm follow-up of patients with pulmonary thromboembolism. Late prognosis and evolution of hemodynamic and respiratory data. Chest. 1982;81(2):151–158.
  • Becattini C, Agnelli G, Pesavento R, et al. Incidence of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension after a first episode of pulmonary embolism. Chest. 2006;130(1):172–175.
  • Klok FA, van Kralingen KW, Apj VD, et al. Prospective cardiopulmonary screening program to detect chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension in patients after acute pulmonary embolism. Haematologica. 2010;95:970–975.
  • Martí D, Gómez V, Escobar C, et al. Incidence of symptomatic and asymptomatic chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Arch Bronconeumol. 2010;46(12):628–633.
  • Miniati M, Monti S, Bottai M, et al. Survival and restoration of pulmonary perfusion in a long-term follow-up of patients after acute pulmonary embolism. Medicine (Baltimore). 2006;85(5):253–262.
  • Pengo V, Lensing AWA, Prins MH, et al. Incidence of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension after pulmonary embolism. N Engl J Med. 2004;350(22):2257–2264.
  • Ribeiro A, Lindmarker P, Johnsson H, et al. Pulmonary embolism: one-year follow-up with echocardiography Doppler and five-year survival analysis. Circulation. 1999;99(10):1325–1330.
  • Hoeper MM, Humbert M, Souza R, et al. A global view of pulmonary hypertension. Lancet Respir Med. 2016;4:306–322.
  • Guerin L, Couturaud F, Parent F, et al. Prevalence of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension after acute pulmonary embolism. Thromb Haemost. 2014;112(9):598–605.
  • Simonneau G, Torbicki A, Dorfmüller P, et al. The pathophysiology of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir Rev. 2017;26(143):160112.
  • Pepke-Zaba J, Delcroix M, Lang I, et al. Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH): results from an international prospective registry. Circulation. 2011;124(18):1973–1981.
  • Lang IM, Simonneau G, Pepke-Zaba, et al. Factors associated with diagnosis and operability of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: a case–control study. Thromb Haemost. 2013;110(7):83–91.
  • Lang IM, Dorfmüller P, Vonk Noordegraaf A. The pathobiology of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Ann Am Thorac Soc. 2016;13(Suppl. 3):S215–S221.
  • Wolf M, Boyer-Neumann C, Parent F, et al. Thrombotic risk factors in pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J. 2000;15(2):395–399.
  • Bonderman D, Turecek PL, Jakowitsch J, et al. High prevalence of elevated clotting factor VIII in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Thromb Haemost. 2003;90:372–376.
  • Bonderman D, Wilkens H, Wakounig S, et al. Risk factors for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J. 2009;33(2):325–331.
  • Newnham M, South K, Bleda M, et al. The ADAMTS13–VWF axis is dysregulated in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J. 2019;53(3):1801805.
  • Condliffe R, Kiely DG, Gibbs JSR, et al. Prognostic and aetiological factors in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J. 2009;33(2):332–338.
  • Suntharalingam J, Machado RD, Sharples LD, et al. Demographic features, BMPR2 status and outcomes in distal chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Thorax. 2007;62(7):617–622.
  • Ulrich S, Szamalek-Hoegel J, Hersberger M, et al. Sequence variants in BMPR2 and genes involved in the serotonin and nitric oxide pathways in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension and chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: relation to clinical parameters and comparison with left heart disease. Respiration. 2010;79(4):279–287.
  • Galie N, Humbert M, Vachiery JL, et al. ESC/ERS Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of pulmonary hypertension: the Joint Task Force for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Respiratory Society (ERS). Eur Respir J. 2015;46:903–975.
  • Tunariu N, Gibbs SJ, Win Z, et al. Ventilation–perfusion scintigraphy is more sensitive than multidetector CTPA in detecting chronic thromboembolic pulmonary disease as a treatable cause of pulmonary hypertension. J Nucl Med. 2007;48(5):680–684.
  • He J, Fang W, Lv B, et al. Diagnosis of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: comparison of ventilation/perfusion scanning and multidetector computed tomography pulmonary angiography with pulmonary angiography. Nucl Med Commun. 2012;33(5):459–463.
  • Held M, Kolb P, Grun M, et al. Functional characterization of patients with chronic thromboembolic disease. Respiration. 2016;91(6):503–509.
  • Jamieson SW, Kapelanski DP, Sakakibara N, et al. Pulmonary endarterectomy: experience and lessons learned in 1,500 cases. Ann Thorac Surg. 2003;76(5):1457–1462.
  • Madani M, Jamieson SW. Pulmonary endarterectomy for chronic thromboembolic disease.Oper Tech Thorac Cardiovas Surg. 2006;114:264–274.
  • Vuylsteke A, Sharples L, Charman G, et al. Circulatory arrest versus cerebral perfusion during pulmonary endarterectomy surgery (PEACOG): a randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2011;378(9800):1379–1387.
  • Madani M, Auger W, Pretorius V, et al. Pulmonary endarterectomy: recent changes in a single institution’s experience of more than 2700 patients. Ann Thorac Surg. 2012;94(1):97–103.
  • Mayer E, Jenkins D, Lindner J, et al. Surgical management and outcome of patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: results from an international prospective registry. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2011 Mar;141(3):702–710.
  • Cannon JE, Su L, Kiely D, et al. Dynamic risk stratification of patient long-term outcome after pulmonary endarterectomy: results from the United Kingdom cohort. Circulation. 2016;133(18): 1761–1771.
  • Delcroix M, Lang I, Pepke-Zaba J, et al. Long-term outcome of patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: results from an international prospective registry. Circulation. 2016;133(9):859–871.
  • Quadery SR, Swift AJ, Billings CG, et al. The impact of patient choice on survival in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir J. 2018;52(3):1800589.
  • D’Armini AM, Morsolini M, Mattiucci G, et al. Pulmonary endarterectomy for distal chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2014;148(3):1005–1011. 12 e1-2; discussion 11-2.
  • Newnham M, Bunclark K, Abraham N, et al. CAMPHOR score: patient-reported outcomes are improved by pulmonary endarterectomy in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). Eur Respir J. 2020;56(4):1902096.
  • Feinstein JA, Goldhaber SZ, Lock JE, et al. Balloon pulmonary angioplasty for treatment of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Circulation. 2001;103(1):10–30.
  • Kim NH, Delcroix M, Jenkins DP, et al. Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2013;62(25 Suppl):D92–9.
  • Lang I, Meyer BC, Ogo T, et al. Balloon pulmonary angioplasty in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Eur Respir Rev. 2017;26(143):160119.
  • Hug KP, Coghlan JG, Cannon J, et al. Serial right heart catheter assessment between balloon pulmonary angioplasty sessions identify procedural factors that influence response to treatment. Jhlt. 2021;40:1223–1234.
  • Gerges C, Friewald R, Gerges M, et al. Efficacy and safety of percutaneous pulmonary artery subtotal occlusion and chronic total occlusion intervention in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Circ Cardiovas Interv. 2021;14:e010243.
  • Inami T, Kataoka M, Shimura N, et al. Pressure-wire-guided percutaneous transluminal pulmonary angioplasty: a breakthrough in catheter-interventional therapy for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2014;7(11): 1297–1306.
  • Khan MS, Amin E, Memon MM, et al. Meta-analysis of use of balloon pulmonary angioplasty in patients with inoperable chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Int J Cardiol. 2019;291:134–139. doi:S0167-5273(18)36648-8 [pii] https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijcard.2019.02.051
  • Broch K, Murbraech K, Ragnarsson A, et al. Echocardiographic evidence of right ventricular functional improvement after balloon pulmonary angioplasty in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2016;35(1):80–86. published Online First: 2015/10/20.
  • Hoole SP, Coghlan JG, Cannon JE, et al. Balloon pulmonary angioplasty for inoperable chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: the UK experience. Open Heart. 2020;7(1):e001144.
  • Mizoguchi H, Ogawa A, Munemasa M, et al. Refined balloon pulmonary angioplasty for inoperable patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Circulation: Cardiovasc Interventions. 2012;5(6):748–755.
  • Inami T, Kataoka M, Yanagisawa R, et al. Long-term outcomes after percutaneous transluminal pulmonary angioplasty for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Circulation. 2016;134(24): 2030–2032.
  • Tanabe N, Kawakami T, Satoh T, et al. Balloon pulmonary angioplasty for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: a systematic review. Respir Investig. 2018;56(4):332–341.
  • Inami T, Kataoka M, Shimura N, et al. Pulmonary edema predictive scoring index (PEPSI), a new index to predict risk of reperfusion pulmonary edema and improvement of hemodynamics in percutaneous transluminal pulmonary angioplasty. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2013;6(7): 725–736.
  • Phan K, Jo HE, Xu J, et al. Medical Therapy versus balloon angioplasty for CTEPH: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Heart Lung Circ. 2018;27(1):89–98.
  • Jais X, Brenot P, Bouvaist H, et al. Late breaking abstract - balloon pulmonary angioplasty versus riociguat for the treatment of inoperable chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: results from the randomised controlled RACE study. Eur Respir J. 2019;54(suppl63):RCT1885.
  • Wiedenroth CB, Liebetrau C, Breithecker A, et al. Combined pulmonary endarterectomy and balloon pulmonary angioplasty in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. J Heart Lung Transplant. 2016;35(5):591–596.
  • Bunclark K, Newnham M, Chiu Y‐D, et al. A multicenter study of anticoagulation in operable chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. J Thromb Haemost. 2020;18(1):114–122.
  • Cannon J, Pepke Zaba J. Is distal chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension treatable with PAH targeted drugs? Seminars in Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 2013;34(5):620–626.
  • Ghofrani HA, D’Armini AM, Grimminger F, et al. Riociguat for the treatment of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. N Engl J Med. 2013;369(4):319–329.
  • Jais X, D’Armini AM, Jansa P, et al. Bosentan for treatment of inoperable chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: bENEFiT (bosentan effects in iNopErable forms of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension), a randomized, placebo-controlled trial. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2008;52(25):2127–2134.
  • Ghofrani HA, Simonneau G, D’Armini AM, et al. Macitentan for the treatment of inoperable chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (MERIT-1): results from the multicentre, phase 2, randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Lancet Respir Med. 2017;5(10):785–794.
  • Soduchi-Kolici R, Jansa P, Kopec G, et al. Subcutaneous treprostinil for the treatment of severe non-operable chornic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH): a double blind, phase 3, randomised controlled trial. Lancet Respir Med. 2019;7(3):239–248.
  • Jensen KW, Kerr KM, Fedullo PF, et al. Pulmonary hypertensive medical therapy in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension before pulmonary thromboendarterectomy. Circulation. 2009;120(13):1248–1254.
  • Jais X, Brenot P, Bouvaist H, et al. BPA and riociguat for the management of inoperable CTEPH: results of the extension study following the RACE randomized controlled. Trial (RCT) Am J Resp Crit Care Med. 2021;203. A1182.
  • Sugimura K, Fukumoto Y, Satoh K, et al. Percutaneous transluminal pulmonary angioplasty markedly improves pulmonary hemodynamics and long-term prognosis in patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. Circ J. 2012;76(2):485–488.
  • Kataoka M, Inami T, Kawakami T, et al. Balloon pulmonary angioplasty (percutaneous transluminal pulmonary angioplasty) for chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension: a Japanese perspective. JACC Cardiovasc Interv. 2019;12(14):1382–1388.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.