Myocarditis and pericarditis following mRNA COVID-19 vaccination in younger patients: is there a shared thread?

References

• Luk A, Clarke B, and Dahdah N, et al. Myocarditis and pericarditis after covid-19 mrna vaccination: practical considerations for care providers. Can J Cardiol. 2021;8: S0828-282X(21)00624-3. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cjca.2021.
   Google Scholar
• Hajjo R, Sabbah DA, Bardaweel SK, et al. Shedding the Light on post-vaccine myocarditis and pericarditis in covid-19 and non-covid-19 vaccine recipients. Vaccines (Basel). 2021;9(10):1186. 15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bozkurt B, Kamat I, Hotez PJ. Myocarditis with COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines. Circulation. 2021;144(6):471–484. 10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dickey JB, Albert E, Badr M, et al. A series of patients with myocarditis following sars-cov-2 vaccination with mrna-1279 and bnt162b2. Jacc Cardiovasc Imaging. 2021;14(9):1862–1863.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gargano JW, Wallace M, Hadler SC, et al. Use of mrna covid-19 vaccine after reports of myocarditis among vaccine recipients: update from the advisory committee on immunization practices - United States. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2021;70(27):977–982. 9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Caso F, Costa L, Ruscitti P, et al. Could Sars-Coronavirus-2 trigger autoimmune and/or autoinflammatory mechanisms in genetically predisposed subjects? Autoimmun Rev. 2020;19(5):102524. 102524.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diaz GA, Parsons GT, Gering SK, et al. Pericarditis After Vaccination for COVID-19. JAMA. 2021 Sep 28;326(12):1210–1212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazaros G, Klein AL, Hatziantoniou S, et al. The novel platform of mrna covid-19 vaccines and myocarditis: clues into the potential underlying mechanism. Vaccine. 2021 Aug 16;39(35):4925–4927.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Su JR, McNeil MM, Welsh KJ, et al. Myopericarditis after vaccination, vaccine adverse event reporting system (VAERS). Vaccine 1990-2018. 29 2021;39(5):839–845.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall M, Ferguson ID, Lewis P, et al. Symptomatic acute myocarditis in 7 adolescents after pfizer-biontech covid-19 vaccination. Pediatrics. 2021;148(3):e2021052478.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nguyen TD, Mall G, and Westphal JG, et al. Acute myocarditis after COVID-19 vaccination with mRNA-1273 in a patient with former SARS-CoV-2 infection. In: ESC Heart Fail. Sep 18; 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Verma AK, Lavine KJ, Lin CY. Myocarditis after Covid-19 mRNA Vaccination. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(14):1332–1334. 30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sheikh AA, Cooper L, Feng M, et al. Context-dependent role for t-bet in t follicular helper differentiation and germinal center function following viral infection. Cell Rep. 2019;28(7):1758–72.e4. 13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mittrücker HW, Visekruna A, Huber M. Heterogeneity in the differentiation and function of cd8+ t cells. Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp 2014;62(6):449–458.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joshi NS, Cui W, Chandele A, et al. Inflammation directs memory precursor and short-lived effector CD8(+) T cell fates via the graded expression of T-bet transcription factor. Immunity. 2007;27(2):281–295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grabie N, Hsieh DT, Buono C, et al. Neutrophils sustain pathogenic CD8+ T cell responses in the heart. Am J Pathol. 2003;163(6):2413–2420.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soderquest K, Hertweck A, Giambartolomei C, et al. Genetic variants alter T-bet binding and gene expression in mucosal inflammatory disease. PLoS Genet. 2017;13(2):e1006587. 10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ji N, Sosa RA, Forsthuber TG. More than just a T-box: the role of T-bet as a possible biomarker and therapeutic target in autoimmune diseases. Immunotherapy. 2011;3(3):435–441.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haybar H, Rezaeeyan H, Shahjahani M, et al. T-bet transcription factor in cardiovascular disease: attenuation or inflammation factor? J Cell Physiol. 2019;234(6):7915–7922.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taqueti VR, Grabie N, Colvin R, et al. T-bet controls pathogenicity of CTLs in the heart by separable effects on migration and effector activity. J Immunol. 2006;177(9):5890–5901. 1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rangachari M, Mauermann N, Marty RR, et al. T-bet negatively regulates autoimmune myocarditis by suppressing local production of interleukin 17. J Exp Med. 2006;203(8):2009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dolfi DV, Mansfield KD, Polley AM, et al. Increased T-bet is associated with senescence of influenza virus-specific CD8 T cells in aged humans. J Leukocyte Biol. 2013;93(6):825–836.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee KA, Shin KS, Kim GY, et al. Characterization of age-associated exhausted CD8⁺ T cells defined by increased expression of Tim-3 and PD-1. Aging Cell. 2016 Apr;15(2):291–300.2016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun Y, Li L, Wu Y, et al. PD-1/PD-L1 in cardiovascular disease. Clin Chim Acta. 2020;505:26–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma F, Zhao M, Song Z, et al. T-bet interferes with PD-1/PD-L1-mediated suppression of CD4+ T cell inflammation and survival in crohn’s disease. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2019;46(9):798–805.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kao C, Oestreich KJ, Paley MA, et al. Transcription factor T-bet represses expression of the inhibitory receptor PD-1 and sustains virus-specific CD8+ T cell responses during chronic infection. Nat Immunol. 2011;12(7):663–671. 29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• David P, Megger DA, Kaiser T, et al. The PD-1/PD-L1 pathway affects the expansion and function of cytotoxic cd8+ t cells during an acute retroviral infection. Front Immunol. 2019;10:54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pirozzi F, Poto R, Aran L, et al. Cardiovascular toxicity of immune checkpoint inhibitors: clinical risk factors. Curr Oncol Rep. 2021;23(2):13. 7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tarrio ML, Grabie N, Bu DX, et al. PD-1 protects against inflammation and myocyte damage in T cell-mediated myocarditis. J Immunol. 2012;188(10):4876–4884. 15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polanczyk MJ, Hopke C, Vandenbark AA, et al. Estrogen-mediated immunomodulation involves reduced activation of effector T cells, potentiation of Treg cells, and enhanced expression of the PD-1 costimulatory pathway. J Neurosci Res. 2006;84(2):370–378. 1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karpuzoglu E, Phillips RA, Gogal RMJ, et al. IFN-gamma-inducing transcription factor, T-bet is upregulated by estrogen in murine splenocytes: role of IL-27 but not IL-12. Mol Immunol. 2007;44(7):1808–1814.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mathew D, Giles JR, Baxter AE, et al., Deep immune profiling of COVID-19 patients reveals distinct immunotypes with therapeutic implications. Science. 369(6508): eabc8511. 2020.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar