The role of blood pressure management in stroke prevention: current status and future prospects

References

• Krishnamurthi RV, Ikeda T, Feigin VL. Global, regional and country-specific burden of ischaemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage and subarachnoid haemorrhage: a systematic analysis of the global burden of disease study 2017. Neuroepidemiology. 2020;54(2):171–179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McMahon S, Peto R, Cutler J, et al. Blood pressure, stroke, and coronary heart disease. Part 1, Prolonged differences in blood pressure: prospective observational studies corrected for regression dilution bias. Lancet. 1990;335(8692):765–774.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Umemura S, Arima H, Arima S, et al. The Japanese Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension (JSH2019). Hypertens Res. 2019;42(9):1235–1481.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whelton PK, Carey RM, Aronow WS, et al. ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ ACPM/AGS/APhA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: a report of the American college of cardiology/American heart association task force on clinical practice guidelines. Hypertension. 2018;71(6):e13–e115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, et al. 2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J. 2018;39(33):3021–3104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohkubo T, Imai Y, Tsuji I, et al. Home blood pressure measurement has a stronger predictive power for mortality than does screening blood pressure measurement: a population-based observation in Ohasama, Japan. J Hypertens. 1998;16(7):971–975.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niiranen TJ, Hanninen MR, Johansson J, et al. Home-measured blood pressure is a stronger predictor of cardiovascular risk than office blood pressure: the Finn-Home study. Hypertension. 2010;55(6):1346–1351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoshide S, Yano Y, Haimoto H, et al. Morning and evening home blood pressure and risks of incident stroke and coronary artery disease in the Japanese general practice population: the Japan morning surge-home blood pressure study. Hypertension. 2016;68(1):54–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kario K, Saito I, Kushiro T, et al. Morning home blood pressure is a strong predictor of coronary artery disease: the HONEST Study. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67(13):1519–1527.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sega R, Facchetti R, Bombelli M, et al. Prognostic value of ambulatory and home blood pressure compared with office blood pressure in the general population: follow-up results from the Pression Arteriose Monitorate e Loro Assocoazioni (PAMELA) study. Circulation. 2005;111(14):1777–1783.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boggia J, Li Y, Thijs L, et al. International database on ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in relation to Cardiovascular Outcomes (IDACO) investigators. Prognostic accuracy of day versus night ambulatory blood pressure: a cohort study. Lancet. 2007;370(9594):1219–1229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kario K, Hoshide S, Mizuno H, et al. on behalf of the JAMP study group. Nighttime blood pressure phenotype and cardiovascular prognosis. Circulation. 2020;42:1810–1820.
   Google Scholar
• Kario K, Pickering TG, Matsuo T, et al. Stroke prognosis and abnormal nocturnal blood pressure falls in older hypertensives. Hypertension. 2001;38(4):852–857.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muller JE, Tofler GH, Stone PH. Circadian variation and triggers of onset of acute cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 1989;79(4):733–743.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoshide S, Kario K. Morning surge in blood pressure and stroke events in a large modern ambulatory blood pressure monitoring cohort: results of the JAMP study. Hypertension. 2021;78(3):894–896.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kario K, Pickering TG, Umeda Y, et al. Morning surge in blood pressure as a predictor of silent and clinical cerebrovascular disease in elderly hypertensives: a prospective study. Circulation. 2003;107(10):1401–1406.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Y, Thijs L, Hansen TW, et al. International Database on Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in relation to Cardiovascular Outcomes (IDACO) investigators. Prognostic value of the morning blood pressure surge in 5645 subjects from 8 populations. Hypertension. 2010;55(4):1040–1048.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narita K, Hoshide S, Ae R, et al. Simple predictive score for nocturnal hypertension and masked nocturnal hypertension. J Hypertens. 2022;40(8):1513–1521. .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kario K. Essential manual on perfect 24-hour blood pressure management from morning to nocturnal hypertension: up-to-date for anticipation medicine. Japan: Wiley-Blackwell; 2018. p. 1–1309.
   Google Scholar
• Narita K, Hoshide S, Kario K. Seasonal variation in blood pressure: current evidence and recommendations for hypertension management. Hypertens Res. 2021;44(11):1363–1372.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao M, Guan L, Wang Y. The association of autonomic nervous system function with ischemic stroke, and treatment strategies. Front Neurol. 2020;10:1411.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kario K, Shimada K, Schwartz JE, et al. Silent and clinically overt stroke in older Japanese subjects with white-coat and sustained hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2001;38(1):238–245.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bobrie G, Chatellier G, Genes N, et al. Cardiovascular prognosis of “masked hypertension” detected by blood pressure self-measurement in elderly treated hypertensive patients. JAMA. 2004;291(11):1342–1349.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujiwara T, Yano Y, Hoshide S, Kanegae H and Kario K. (2018). Association of Cardiovascular Outcomes With Masked Hypertension Defined by Home Blood Pressure Monitoring in a Japanese General Practice Population. JAMA Cardiol, 3(7), 583 10.1001/jamacardio.2018.1233
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kario K, Kanegae H, Tomitani N, et al. Nighttime blood pressure measured by home blood pressure monitoring as an independent predictor of cardiovascular events in general practice. Hypertension. 2019;73(6):1240–1248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujiwara T, Hoshide S, Kanegae H and Kario K. (2020). Cardiovascular Event Risks Associated With Masked Nocturnal Hypertension Defined by Home Blood Pressure Monitoring in the J-HOP Nocturnal Blood Pressure Study. Hypertension, 76(1), 259–266. 10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.14790
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narita K, Hoshide S, Kario K. Nighttime home blood is associated with the cardiovascular disease events risk in treatment-resistant hypertension. Hypertension. 2022;79(2):e18–e20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narita K, Hoshide S, Kario K. Lowering the systolic blood pressure target in hypertensive patients: current controversies and future outlook. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2018;16(12):889–895.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SPRINT Research Group; Upadhya B, Rocco M, Lewis CE, et al. Effect of intensive blood pressure treatment on heart failure events in the systolic blood pressure reduction intervention trial. Circ Heart Fail. 2017;10(4):e003613.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright JT Jr, Williamson JD, Whelton PK, et al. The SPRINT Research Group. A randomized trial of intensive versus standard blood-pressure control. N Engl J Med. 2015;373:2103–2116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis CE, Fine LJ, Beddhu S, SPRINT Research Group. The SPRINT study group. Final report of a trial of intensive versus standard blood pressure control. N Engl J Med. 2021;384(20):1921–1930.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Havenon A, Sharma R, Falcone GJ, et al. Effect of intensive blood pressure control on incidence stroke risk in patients with mild cognitive impairment. Stroke. 2022;53:e242–e245.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ettehad D, Emdin CA, Kiran A, et al. Blood pressure lowering for prevention of cardiovascular disease and death: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet. 2016;387(10022):957–967.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bundy JD, Li C, Stuchlik P, et al. Systolic blood pressure reduction and risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality. JAMA Cardiol. 2017;2(7):775–781.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The SPS3 Study Group. Blood-pressure targets in patients with recent lacunar stroke: the SPS3 randomized trial. Lancet. 2013;382(9891):507–515.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kario K, Wang JG. Could 130/80 mmHg be adapted as the diagnostic threshold and management goal of hypertension in consideration of the characteristics of Asian populations? Hypertension. 2018;71(6):979–984.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang W, Zhang S, Deng Y, et al., Trial of intensive blood-pressure control in older patients with hypertension. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(14): 1268–1279.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kario K, Mogi M, Hoshide S. Latest hypertension research to inform clinical practice in Asia. Hypertens Res. 2022;45(4):555–572.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rakugi H. Step for breaking free from clinical inertia. Hypertens Res. 2022;45(1):5–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cardoso CRL, Salles GF. Prognostic impact of home blood pressures for adverse cardiovascular outcomes and mortality in patients with resistant hypertension: a prospective cohort study. Hypertension. 2021;78(5):1617–1627.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narita K, Hoshide S, Kario K. Association of treatment-resistant hypertension defined by home blood pressure monitoring with cardiovascular outcome. Hypertens Res. 2022;45(1):75–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kario K, Hoshide S, Narita K, et al. Cardiovascular prognosis in drug-resistant hypertension stratified by 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure: the JAMP study. Hypertension. 2021;78(6):1781–1790.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams B, MacDonald TM, Morant S, et al. Spironolactone versus placebo, bisoprolol, and doxazosin to determine the optimal treatment for drug-resistant hypertension (PATHWAY-2): a randomized, double-blind, crossover trial. Lancet. 2015;386(10008):2059–2068.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams B, Cockcroft JR, Kario K, et al. Effects of sacubitril/valsartan versus olmesartan on central hemodynamics in the elderly with systolic hypertension: the PARAMETER study. Hypertension. 2017;69(3):411–420.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kario K, Williams B. Angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitors for hypertension——hemodynamic effects and relevance to hypertensive heart disease. Hypertens Res. 2022;45(7):1097–1110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rakugi H, Kario K, Yamaguchi M, et al. Efficacy of sacubitril/valsartan versus olmesartan in Japanese patients with essential hypertension: a randomized, double-blind, multicenter study. Hypertens Res. 2022;45(5):824–833.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Desai AS, Solomon SD, Shah AM, et al. Effect of sacubitril-valsartan vs enalapril on aortic stiffness in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2019;322(11):1077–1084.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson AM, Jhund PS, Anand IS, et al. Sacubitril-valsartan as a treatment for apparent resistant hypertension in patients with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(36):3741–3752.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zinman B, Wanner C, Lachin JM, et al. Empagliflozin, cardiovascular outcomes, and mortality in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2015;373(22):2117–2128.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CANVAS Program Collaboration Group; Neal B, Perkovic V, Mahaffey KW, et al. Canagliflozin and cardiovascular and renal events in type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2017;377(7):644–657.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mcmurray JJV, Solomon SD, Inzucchi SE, et al. Dapagliflozin in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction. N Engl J Med. 2019;381(21):1995–2008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anker SD, Butler J, Filippatos G, et al. for the EMPEROR-Preserved trial investigatos. Empagliflozin in heart failure with a preserved ejection fraction. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(16):1451–1461.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kario K, Okada K, Kato M, et al. 24-hour blood pressure lowering effect of an SGLT-2 inhibitor in patients with diabetes and uncontrolled nocturnal hypertension: results from the randomized, placebo-controlled SACRA study. Circulation. 2018;139(18):2089–2097.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kario K, Chia YC, Siddique S, et al. Seven-action approaches for the management of hypertension in Asia: the HOPE Asia network. J Clin Hypertens. 2022;24(3):213–223.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ito S, Itoh H, Rakugi H, et al. Antihypertensive effects and safety of esaxerenone in patients with moderate kidney dysfunction. Hypertens Res. 2021;44(5):489–497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naruke I, Maemura K, Oki T, et al. Efficacy and safety of esaxerenone in patients with hypertension and concomitant heart failure. Hypertens Res. 2021;44(5):601–603.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arai K, Homma T, Morikawa Y, et al. Pharmacological profiles of CS-3150, a novel, high potent and selective non-steroidal mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist. Eur J Pharmacol. 2015;761:226–234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Motimoto S, Ichihara A. Efficacy of esaxerenone-a nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor blocker-on nocturnal hypertension. Hypertens Res. 2022;45(2):376–377.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kario K, Ito S, Itoh H, et al. Effect of esaxerenone on nocturnal blood pressure and natriuretic peptide in different dipping phenotypes. Hypertens Res. 2022;45(1):97–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arai K, Morikawa Y, Ubukata N, et al. Synergistic reduction in albuminuria in type 2 diabetic mice by esaxerenone (CS-3150), a novel nonsteroidal selective mineralocorticoid receptor blocker, combined with angiotensin II receptor blocker. Hypertens Res. 2020;43(11):1204–1213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Itoh H, Ito S, Rakugi H, et al. Efficacy and safety of dosage-escalation of low-dosage esaxerenone added to a RAS inhibitor in hypertensive patients with type 2 diabetes and albuminuria: a single-arm, open-label study. Hypertens Res. 2019;42(10):1572–1581.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitt B, Filippatos G, Agarwal R, et al. the FIGARO-DKD Investigators. Cardiovascular events with finerenone in kidney disease and type 2 diabetes. N Engl J Med. 2021;385(24):2252–2263.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agarwal R, Filippatos G, Pitt B, et al. Cardiovascular and kidney outcomes with finerenone in patients with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease: the FIDELITY pooled analysis. Eur Heart J. 2022;43(6):474–484.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Townsend RR, Mahfoud F, Kandzari DE, et al. SPYRAL HTN-OFF MED trial investigators. Catheter-based renal denervation in patients with uncontrolled hypertension in the absence of antihypertensive medications (SPYRAL HTN-OFF MED): a randomised, sham-controlled, proof-of-concept trial. Lancet. 2017;390(10108):2160–2170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kandzari DE, Böhm M, Mahfoud F, et al. SPYRAL HTN-ON MED Trial Investigators. Effect of renal denervation on blood pressure in the presence of antihypertensive drugs: 6-month efficacy and safety results from the SPYRAL HTN-ON MED proof-of-concept randomised trial. Lancet. 2018;391(10137):2346–2355.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azizi M, Schmieder RE, Mahfoud F, et al. RADIANCE-HTN Investigators. Endovascular ultrasound renal denervation to treat hypertension (RADIANCE-HTN SOLO): a multicentre, international, single-blind, randomised, sham-controlled trial. Lancet. 2018;391(10137):2335–2345.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kario K, Kim BK, Aoki J, et al. Renal denervation in Asia, Consensus statement of the Asia renal denervation consortium. Hypertension. 2020;75(3):590–602.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kario K, Böhm M, Mahfoud F, et al. Twenty-four-hour ambulatory blood pressure reduction patterns after renal denervation in the SPYRAL HTN-OFF MED trial. Circulation. 2018;138(15):1602–1604.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahfoud F, Kandzari DE, Kario K, et al. Long-term efficacy and safety of renal denervation in the presence of antihypertensive drugs (SPYRAL HTN-ON MED): a randomised, sham-controlled trial. Lancet. 2022;399(10333):1401–1410.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansson JK, Niiranen TJ, Puukka PJ, et al. Prognostic value of the variability in home-measured blood pressure and heart rate: the Finn-Home study. Hypertension. 2012;59(2):212–218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoside S, Yano Y, Mizuno H, et al. Day-by-day variability of home blood pressure and incident cardiovascular disease in clinical practice. The J-HOP study (Japan morning Surge-Home blood pressure). Hypertension. 2018;71(1):177–184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothwell PM, Howard SC, Dolan E, et al. Prognostic significance of visit-to-visit variability, maximum systolic blood pressure, and episodic hypertension. Lancet. 2010;375(9718):895–905.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanazawa T, Asayama K, Watabe D, et al. Seasonal variation in self-measured home blood pressure among patients on antihypertensive medications: HOMED-BP study. Hypertens Res. 2017;40(3):284–290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narita K, Hoshide S, Kario K. Difference between morning and evening home blood pressure and cardiovascular events: the J-HOP study (Japan morning Surge-Home blood pressure). Hypertens Res. 2021;44(12):1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narita K, Hoshide S, Kario K. Seasonal variation in day-by-day home blood pressure variability and effect on cardiovascular disease incidence. Hypertension. 2022;79(9 2062–2070).
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narita K, Hoshide S, Fujiwara T, et al. Seasonal variation of home blood pressure and its association with target organ damage: the J-HOP study (Japan morning Surge-Home blood pressure). Am J Hypertens. 2020;33(7):620–628.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kario K, Chirinos J, Townsend R, et al. Systemic hemodynamic atherothrombotic syndrome (SHATS) – coupling vascular disease and blood pressure variability: proposed concept from pulse of Asia. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2020;63(1):22–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomitani N, Kanegae H, Kario K. Reproducibility of nighttime home blood pressure measured by a wrist-type nocturnal home blood pressure monitoring device. J Clin Hypertens. 2021;23(10):1872–1878.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomitani N, Hoshide S, Kario K. Accurate nighttime blood pressure monitoring with less sleep disturbance. Hypertens Res. 2021;44(12):1671–1673.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kario K, Tomitani N, Kanegae H, et al. Development of a new ICT-based multisensory blood pressure monitoring system for use in hemodynamic biomarker-initiated anticipation medicine for cardiovascular disease: the national IMPACT program project. Prog Cardiovasc Dis. 2017;60(3):435–449.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narita K, Hoshide S, Kario K. Improvement of actisensitivity after ventricular reverse remodeling in heart failure: New ICT-based multisensory ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. Am J Hypertens. 2020;33(2):161–164.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narita K, Hoshide S, Kario K. Changes in blood pressure reactivity against physical activity evaluated by multisensory-ABPM in heart failure patients. JACC Asia. 2022;2(3):387–389.
   Google Scholar
• Mukkamala R, Yavarimanesh M, Natarajan K, et al. Evaluation of the accuracy of cuffless blood pressure measurement devices: challenges and proposals. Hypertension. 2021;78(5):1161–1167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoshide S, Yohihisa A, Tsuchida F, et al. Pulse transit time-estimated blood pressure: a comparison of beat-to-beat and intermittent measurement. Hypertens Res. 2022;45(6):1001–1007.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mogi M, Maruhashi T, Higashi Y, et al. Update of hypertension research in 2021. Hypertens Res. 2022;45(8): 1276–1297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kario K, Nomura A, Harada N, et al. Efficacy of a digital therapeutics system in the management of essential hypertension: the HERB-DH1 pivotal trial. Eur Heart J. 2021;42(40):4111–4122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar