267
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Special Report

Lipid profile screening and ASCVD prevention

, , & ORCID Icon
Pages 463-471 | Received 19 Feb 2023, Accepted 22 May 2023, Published online: 27 May 2023

References

  • Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, et al. Effect of potentially modifiable risk factors associated with myocardial infarction in 52 countries (the INTERHEART study): case-control study. Lancet. 2004;364(9438):937–952. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(04)17018-9
  • Goldstein JL, Brown MS. A century of cholesterol and coronaries: from plaques to genes to statins. Cell. 2015;161:161–172.
  • Ference BA, Ginsberg HN, Graham I, et al. Low-density lipoproteins cause atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. 1. Evidence from genetic, epidemiologic, and clinical studies. A consensus statement from the European atherosclerosis society consensus panel. Eur Heart J. 2017;38(32):2459–2472. DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehx144
  • Goldstein JL, Hobbs HH, Brown MS. Familial hypercholesterolemia. In: Scriver C, Beaudet A, Sly W Valle D, editors. The Metabolic and Molecular Bases of Inherited Disease. 8th ed. (NY): McGraw-Hill Information Services Company; 2001. p. 2863–2913.
  • Kolansky DM, Cuchel M, Clark BJ, et al. Longitudinal evaluation and assessment of cardiovascular disease in patients with homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia. Am J Cardiol. 2008;102(11):1438–1443. DOI:10.1016/j.amjcard.2008.07.035
  • Pirillo A, Casula M, Olmastroni E, et al. Global epidemiology of dyslipidaemias. Nat Rev Cardiol. 2021;18(10):689–700. DOI:10.1038/s41569-021-00541-4
  • Boren J, Williams KJ. The central role of arterial retention of cholesterol-rich apolipoprotein-B-containing lipoproteins in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: a triumph of simplicity. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2016;27(5):473–483.
  • Ference BA, Graham I, Tokgozoglu L, et al. Impact of lipids on cardiovascular health: jACC health promotion series. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018;72(10):1141–1156. DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2018.06.046
  • Castelli WP, Garrison RJ, Wilson PW, et al. Incidence of coronary heart disease and lipoprotein cholesterol levels. The Framingham study. JAMA. 1986;256(20):2835–2838. DOI:10.1001/jama.1986.03380200073024
  • Abdullah SM, Defina LF, Leonard D, et al. Long-term association of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol with cardiovascular mortality in individuals at low 10-year risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease: results from the Cooper Center Longitudinal Study. Circuation. 2018;138(21):2315–2325. DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.034273
  • Austin MA, Hutter CM, Zimmern RL, et al. Familial hypercholesterolemia and coronary heart disease: a HuGE association review. Am J Epidemiol. 2004;160(5):421–429. DOI:10.1093/aje/kwh237
  • Schmidt N, Grammer T, Gouni-Berthold I, et al. CaRe high - Cascade screening and registry for high cholesterol in Germany. Atheroscler Suppl. 2017;30:72–76.
  • Khera AV, Won HH, Peloso GM, et al. Diagnostic yield and clinical utility of sequencing familial hypercholesterolemia genes in patients with severe hypercholesterolemia. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2016;67(22):2578–2589. DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2016.03.520
  • Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’ (CTT) Collaboration. Baigent C, Blackwell L, Emberson J, et al. Efficacy and safety of more intensive lowering of LDL cholesterol: a meta-analysis of data from 170,000 participants in 26 randomised trials. Lancet 2010;376(9753):1670–1681.
  • Silverman MG, Ference BA, Im K, et al. Association between lowering LDL-C and cardiovascular risk reduction among different therapeutic interventions: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA. 2016;316(12):1289–1297. DOI:10.1001/jama.2016.13985
  • Cholesterol Treatment Trialists’, Collaborators CTT), Mihaylova B, et al. The effects of lowering LDL cholesterol with statin therapy in people at low risk of vascular disease: meta-analysis of individual data from 27 randomised trials. Lancet 2012;380(9841):581–590.
  • Sagan A, McDaid D, Rajan S, et al. Screening: when is it appropriate and how can we get it right? [Internet] Copenhagen (Denmark): European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, ISSN; 2020. p. 1997–8073. PMID: 32716617.
  • Stahel P, Xiao C, Hegele RA, et al. The atherogenic dyslipidemia complex and novel approaches to cardiovascular disease prevention in diabetes. Can J Cardiol. 2018;34(5):595–604. DOI:10.1016/j.cjca.2017.12.007
  • Meeusen JW, Snozek CL, Baumann NA, et al. Reliability Of calculated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Am J Cardiol. 2015;116(4):538–540. DOI:10.1016/j.amjcard.2015.05.013
  • Welsh C, Celis-Morales CA, Brown R, et al. Comparison of conventional lipoprotein tests and apolipoproteins in the prediction of cardiovascular disease. Circulation. 2019;140(7):542–552. DOI:10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.119.041149
  • Verbeek R, Hovingh GK, Boekholdt SM. Non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol: current status as cardiovascular marker. Curr Opin Lipidol. 2015;26(6):502–510.
  • Pencina KM, Thanassoulis G, Wilkins JT, et al. Trajectories of Non-HDL cholesterol across midlife: implications for cardiovascular prevention. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2019;74(1):70–79. DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2019.04.047
  • Carr SS, Hooper AJ, Sullivan DR, et al. Non-HDL-cholesterol and apolipoprotein B compared with LDL-cholesterol in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk assessment. Pathology. 2019;51(2):148–154. DOI:10.1016/j.pathol.2018.11.006
  • Kronenberg F, Mora S, Stroes ESG, et al. Lipoprotein(a) in atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and aortic stenosis: a European Atherosclerosis Society consensus statement. Eur Heart J. 2022;43(39):3925–3946. DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/ehac361
  • Mathur P, Ostadal B, Romeo F, et al. Gender-Related Differences in Atherosclerosis. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther. 2015;29(4):319–327. DOI:10.1007/s10557-015-6596-3
  • Young L, Cho L. Unique cardiovascular risk factors in women. Heart. 2019;105(21):1656–1660.
  • Muka T, Oliver-Williams C, Kunutsor S, et al. Association of age at onset of menopause and time since onset of menopause with cardiovascular outcomes, intermediate vascular traits, and all-cause mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. JAMA Cardiol. 2016;1(7):767–776. DOI:10.1001/jamacardio.2016.2415
  • Force Members A, Baigent C, Catapano AL. ESC Committee for Practice Guidelines (CPG), ESC National Cardiac Societies. 2019 ESC/EAS guidelines for the management of dyslipidaemias: lipid modification to reduce cardiovascular risk. Atherosclerosis. 2019;290:140–205.
  • ESC Scientific Document Group, Visseren FLJ, Mach F, et al. ESC Guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Eur J Prev Cardiol. 2021;29(1):5–115.
  • Jacobson TA, Ito MK, Maki KC, et al. National Lipid Association recommendations for patient-centered management of dyslipidemia: part 1 - executive summary. J Clin Lipidol. 2014;8(5):473–488. DOI:10.1016/j.jacl.2014.07.007
  • Jacobson TA, Maki KC, Orringer CE, et al. National Lipid Association Recommendations for Patient-Centered Management of Dyslipidemia: part 2. J Clin Lipidol. 2015;9(6 Suppl):1–122. DOI:10.1016/j.jacl.2015.09.002
  • McGill HC, McMahan CA, Gidding SS. Preventing heart disease in the 21st century: implications of the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) study. Circulation. 2008;117:1216–1227.
  • Webber LS, Srinivasan SR, Wattigney WA, et al. Tracking of serum lipids and lipoproteins from childhood to adulthood. The Bogalusa Heart Study. Am J Epidemiol. 1991;133(9):884–899. DOI:10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a115968
  • Ito MK, McGowan MP, Moriarty PM, et al. Management of familial hypercholesterolemias in adult patients: recommendations from the National Lipid Association Expert Panel on Familial Hypercholesterolemia. J Clin Lipidol. 2011;5(3 Suppl):S38–45. DOI:10.1016/j.jacl.2011.04.001
  • Nordestgaard BG, Chapman MJ, Humphries SE, et al. European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel. Familial hypercholesterolaemia is underdiagnosed and undertreated in the general population: guidance for clinicians to prevent coronary heart disease: consensus statement of the European Atherosclerosis Society. Eur Heart J. 2013;34(45):3478–3490. DOI:10.1093/eurheartj/eht273
  • Griffin TC, Christoffel KK, Binns HJ, et al. Family history evaluation as a predictive screen for childhood hypercholesterolemia Pediatric Practice Research Group. Pediatrics. 1989;84:365–373.
  • Freedman DS, Byers T, Sell K. Tracking of serum cholesterol levels in a multiracial sample of preschool children. Pediatrics. 1992;90(1 Pt 1):80–86.
  • Cohen JC, Boerwinkle E, Mosley TH, et al. Sequence variations in PCSK9, low LDL, and protection against coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med. 2006;354(12):1264–1272. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa054013
  • Ference BA, Yoo W, Alesh I, et al. Effect of long-term exposure to lower low-density lipoprotein cholesterol beginning early in life on the risk of coronary heart disease: a Mendelian randomization analysis. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60(25):2631–2639. DOI:10.1016/j.jacc.2012.09.017
  • Grundy SM, Stone NJ, Bailey AL, et al. 2018 AHA/ACC/AACVPR/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/ADA/AGS/APhA/ASPC/NLA/PCNA Guideline on the Management of Blood Cholesterol: executive Summary: a Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Clinical Practice Guidelines. Circulation. 2019;139(25):e1046–1081.
  • Expert Panel on Integrated Guidelines for Cardiovascular Health and Risk Reduction in Children and Adolescents. Expert panel on integrated guidelines for cardiovascular health and risk reduction in children and adolescents: summary report. Pediatrics. 2011;128:S213–256.
  • US Preventive Services Task Force. Screening adults for lipid disorders Recommendations and rationale. Am J Prev Med. 2001;20(3S):73–76.
  • Chou R, Dana T, Blazina I, et al. Screening for Dyslipidemia in Younger Adults: a Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Ann Intern Med. 2016;165(8):560–564. DOI:10.7326/M16-0946
  • Asselbergs FW, Diercks GF, Hillege HL, et al. Effects of fosinopril and pravastatin on cardiovascular events in subjects with microalbuminuria. Circulation110. 2004;110(18):2809–2816. DOI:10.1161/01.CIR.0000146378.65439.7A
  • Chan KL, Teo K, Dumesnil JG, et al. Effect of lipid lowering with rosuvastatin on progression of aortic stenosis: results of the Aortic Stenosis Progression Observation: measuring Effects of Rosuvastatin (ASTRONOMER) trial. Circulation. 2010;121:306–314.
  • Beishuizen ED, Van De Ree MA, Jukema JW, et al. Two-year statin therapy does not alter the progression of intima-media thickness in patients with type 2 diabetes without manifest cardiovascular disease. Diabetes Care. 2004;27:2887–2892.
  • Muldoon MF, Ryan CM, Sereika SM, et al. Randomized trial of the effects of simvastatin on cognitive functioning in hypercholesterolemic adults. Am j med. 2004;117(11):823–829. DOI:10.1016/j.amjmed.2004.07.041
  • Versmissen J, Oosterveer DM, Yazdanpanah M, et al. Efficacy of statins in familial hypercholesterolaemia: a long term cohort study. BMJ. 2008;337:a2423.
  • Preventive Services Task Force US, Bibbins-Domingo K, Grossman DC, et al. Screening for lipid disorders in children and adolescents: us preventive services task force recommendation statement. JAMA. 2016;316(6):625–633. DOI:10.1001/jama.2016.9852
  • Cottrell L, John C, Murphy E, et al. Individual-, family-, community-, and policy-level impact of a school-based cardiovascular risk detection screening program for children in underserved, rural areas: the CARDIAC Project. J Obes. 2013;2013:732579. DOI:10.1155/2013/732579
  • Skovby F, Micic S, Jepsen B, et al. Screening for familial hypercholesterolaemia by measurement of apolipoproteins in capillary blood. Arch Dis Child. 1991;66(7):844–847. DOI:10.1136/adc.66.7.844
  • Lozano P, Henrikson NB, Dunn J, et al. Lipid Screening in Childhood and Adolescence for Detection of Familial Hypercholesterolemia: a Systematic Evidence Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality; 2016.
  • Jacobs DR, Woo JG, Sinaiko AR, et al. Childhood Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Adult Cardiovascular Events. N Engl J Med. 2022;386(20):1877–1888. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa2109191
  • Ray KK, Ference BA, Séverin T, et al. World heart federation cholesterol roadmap 2022. Glob Heart. 2022;17(1):75. DOI:10.5334/gh.1154
  • Vallejo-Vaz AJ, Stevens CAT, Lyons ARM, et al. Global perspective of familial hypercholesterolaemia: a cross-sectional study from the EAS familial hypercholesterolaemia studies collaboration (FHSC). Lancet. 2021;398(10312):1713–1725. DOI:10.1016/S0140-6736(21)01122-3
  • McKay AJ, Hogan H, Humphries SE, et al. Universal screening at age 1–2 years as an adjunct to cascade testing for familial hypercholesterolaemia in the UK: a cost-utility analysis. Atherosclerosis. 2018;275:434–443.
  • Wald DS, Bestwick JP, Morris JK, et al. Child-parent familial hypercholesterolemia screening in primary care. N Engl J Med. 2016;375(17):1628–1637. DOI:10.1056/NEJMoa1602777
  • Juhola J, Magnussen CG, Viikari JS, et al. Tracking of serum lipid levels, blood pressure, and body mass index from childhood to adulthood: The cardiovascular risk in young finns study. J Pediatr. 2011;159(4):584–590. DOI:10.1016/j.jpeds.2011.03.021
  • Neil HA, Hammond T, Huxley R, et al. Extent of underdiagnosis of familial hypercholesterolaemia in routine practice: prospective registry study. BMJ. 2000;321(7254):148. DOI:10.1136/bmj.321.7254.148

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.