Trusting the process? Anxiety-provoking situations as challenges to the symbolization and processing of experience in person-centered groups

References

• Bakali, J.V., Wilberg, T., Hagtvet, K.A., & Lorentzen, S. (2010). Sources accounting for alliance and cohesion at three stages in group psychotherapy: Variance Component analyses. Group Dynamics: Theory, Research, & Practice, 14(4), 368–383. doi:10.1037/a0019170
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett-Lennard, G.T. (1979). A new model of communicational-relational systems in intensive groups. Human Relations, 32(10), 841–849. doi:10.1177/001872677903201002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bebout, J. (1974). It takes one to know one: Existential-Rogerian concepts in encounter groups. In D.A. Wexler & L.N. Rice (Eds.), Innovations in client-centered therapy (pp. 367–420). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Beck, A.P. (1981). A study of group phase development and emergent leadership. Group, 5(4), 48–54. doi:10.1007/BF01456613
   Google Scholar
• Braaten, L.J. (1974/1975). Developmental phases of encounter groups and related intensive groups. Interpersonal Development, 5, 112–129.
   Google Scholar
• Braaten, L.J. (1979). Some ethical dilemmas in sensitivity training, encounter groups and related activities. Scandinavian Journal of Psychology, 20, 81–91. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9450.1979.tb00687.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braaten, L.J. (1989). Predicting positive goal attainment and symptom reduction from early group climate dimensions. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 39, 377–387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braaten, L.J. (1991). Group cohesion: A new multidimensional model. Group, 15(1), 39–55. doi:10.1007/BF01419845
   Google Scholar
• Braaten, L.J. (1999). To what extent do clients discriminate among the group leader’s basic therapeutic attitudes? A person-centered contribution. The Person-Centered Journal, 6(1), 32–45.
   Google Scholar
• Burlingame, G.M., Fuhriman, A., & Johnson, J.E. (2001). Cohesion in group psychotherapy. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research, Practice, Training, 38(4), 373–379. doi:10.1037/0033-3204.38.4.373
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, J.V., & Culbert, S.A. (1965). Mutually therapeutic perception and self-awareness in a T-group. The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science, 1(2), 180–194. doi:10.1177/002188636500100206
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coulson, W. (1981). Client-centered therapy. In R. Malnati, J. Donigion, & D. Kendall (Eds.), Critical situations in group counseling (pp. 9–22). Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
   Google Scholar
• Dierick, P., & Lietaer, G. (1990). Member and therapist perceptions of therapeutic factors in therapy and growth groups: Comments on a category system. In G. Lietaer, J. Rombauts, & R. van Balen (Eds.), Client-centered and experiential psychotherapy in the nineties (pp. 741–770). Belgium: Leuven University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Dierick, P., & Lietaer, G. (2008). Client perception of therapeutic factors in group psychotherapy and growth groups: An empirically-based hierarchical model. International Journal of Group Psychotherapy, 58(2), 203–230. doi:10.1521/ijgp.2008.58.2.203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dies, R.R. (1983). Clinical implications of research on leadership in short-term group psychotherapy. In R.R. Dies & K.R. MacKenzie (Eds.), Advances in group psychotherapy: Integrating research and practice (pp. 27–78). New York, NY: International Universities Press.
   Google Scholar
• Elliott, R. (2007). Relational ruptures in large groups. Blog Retrieved from http://pe-eft.blogspot.co.uk/2007_09_01_archive.html
   Google Scholar
• Embleton Tudor, L., Keemar, K., Tudor, K., Valentine, J., & Worrall, M. (2004). Group. The person-centred approach: A contemporary introduction (pp. 220–229). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Gendlin, E.T. (1970). A theory of personality change. In J.T. Hart & T.M. Tomlinson (Eds.), New directions in client-centered therapy (pp. 129–173). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
   Google Scholar
• Gendlin, E.T. (1996). Focusing-oriented psychotherapy: A manual of the experiential method. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gendlin, E.T., & Beebe, J. (1968). Experiential groups: Instructions for groups. In G.M. Gazda (Ed.), Innovations to group psychotherapy (pp. 190–206). Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas.
   Google Scholar
• Gendlin, E.T., Beebe, J., Cassens, J., Klein, M.H., & Oberlander, M. (1968). Focusing ability in psychotherapy, personality, and creativity. In J.M. Shlien (Ed.), Research in psychotherapy: Proceedings of the third conference (Vol. III, pp. 217–241). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
   Google Scholar
• Giesekus, U., & Mente, A. (1986). Client empathic understanding in client-centered therapy. Person-Centered Review, 1, 163–171.
   Google Scholar
• Gorlow, L., Hoch, E.L., & Telschow, E.F. (1952). The nature of non-directive group psychotherapy: An experimental investigation. New York, NY: Colombia University.
   Google Scholar
• Greenberg, L.S., Rice, L.N., & Elliott, R. (1993). Facilitating emotional change: The moment-by-moment process. New York, NY: Guilford.
   Google Scholar
• Hobbs, N. (1951). Group-centered psychotherapy. In C.R. Rogers (Ed.), Client-centered therapy (pp. 278–319). London: Constable.
   Google Scholar
• Klein, M.H., Mathieu-Coughlan, P., & Kiesler, D.J. (1986). The experiencing scales. In L.S. Greenberg & W.M. Pinsof (Eds.), The psychotherapeutic process: A research handbook (pp. 21–71). New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Leijssen, M. (1998). Focusing microprocesses. In L.S. Greenberg, J.C. Watson, & G. Lietaer (Eds.), Handbook of experiential psychotherapy (pp. 121–154). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lewis, C.M. (1985). Symbolization of experience in the process of group development. Group, 9(2), 29–34. doi:10.1007/BF01456602
   Google Scholar
• Lieberman, M.A., Yalom, I.D., & Miles, M.B. (1973). Encounter groups: First facts. New York, NY: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar
• Lietaer, G., & Dierick, P. (1996). Client-centered group psychotherapy in dialogue with other orientations. In R. Hutterer, G. Pawlowsky, P.F. Schmid, & R. Stipsits (Eds.), Client-centered and experiential psychotherapy: A paradigm in motion (pp. 563–583). Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang.
   Google Scholar
• Meador, B. (1975). Client-centered group therapy. In G.M. Gazda (Ed.), Basic approaches to group psychotherapy and group counseling (pp. 175–195). Springfield, IL: Charles C Thomas.
   Google Scholar
• Mente, A. (1990). Improving Rogers’ theory: Toward a more completely client-centered psychotherapy. In G. Lietaer, J. Rombauts, & R. van Balen (Eds.), Client-centered and experiential psychotherapy in the nineties (pp. 771–778). Belgium: Leuven University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Merry, T. (2002). Personal development through groupwork learning and being in person-centred counselling (2nd ed., pp. 165–169). Ross-on-Wye: PCCS Books.
   Google Scholar
• Missiaen, C. (2002). Client-centered group psychotherapy: Six theses of the theory put to the test. A contribution from practice. In J.C. Watson, R.N. Goldman, & M.S. Warner (Eds.), Client-centered and experiential psychotherapy in the 21st century: Advances in theory, research and practice (pp. 370–379). Ross-on-Wye: PCCS Books.
   Google Scholar
• Mountford, C. (2001). Jonah and the dark side. Person-Centred Practice, 9(2), 85–91.
   Google Scholar
• Peres, H. (1947). An investigation of nondirective group therapy. Journal of Consulting Psychology, 11(4), 159–172. doi:10.1037/h0056546
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Purton, C. (2004). Person-centred therapy: The focusing-oriented approach. Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Rice, L.N. (1984). Client tasks in client-centered therapy. In R.F. Levant & J.M. Shlien (Eds.), Client-centered therapy and the person-centered approach (pp. 182–202). Westport, CT: Praeger.
   Google Scholar
• Rice, L.N. & Greenberg, L.S. (Eds.). (1984). Patterns of change: Intensive analysis of psychotherapy process. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Rogers, C.R. (1951). Client-centered therapy. London: Constable.
   Google Scholar
• Rogers, C.R. (1958). A process conception of psychotherapy. American Psychologist, 13(4), 142–149. doi:10.1037/h0042129
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers, C.R. (1959). A theory of therapy, personality, and interpersonal relationships, as developed in the client-centered framework. In S. Koch (Ed.), Psychology: A study of a science. Volume III: Formulations of the person and the social context (Vol. 3, pp. 184–256). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Rogers, C.R. (1970a). Carl Rogers on encounter groups (1973 ed.). New York, NY: Harrow Books.
   Google Scholar
• Rogers, C.R. (1970b). The process equation of psychotherapy. In J.T. Hart & T.M. Tomlinson (Eds.), New directions in client-centered therapy (pp. 190–205). Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
   Google Scholar
• Schmid, P.F., & O‘Hara, M. (2007). Group therapy and encounter groups. In M. Cooper, M. O‘Hara, P.F. Schmid, & G. Wyatt (Eds.), The handbook of person-centred psychotherapy and counselling (pp. 93–106). Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Shlien, J.M. (2003). Basic concepts in group psychotherapy: A client-centered point of view. In P. Sanders (Ed.), To lead an honorable life: A collection of the work of John M. Shlien (pp. 131–137). Ross-on-Wye: PCCS Books.
   Google Scholar
• Tudor, K., & Worrall, M. (2006). Person-centred therapy: A clinical philosophy. Hove, Sussex: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Warner, M.S. (2006). Toward an integrated person-centered theory of wellness and psychopathology. Person-Centered and Experiential Psychotherapies, 5(1), 4–20.
   Google Scholar
• Warner, M.S. (2009). Defense or actualization? Reconsidering the role of processing, self and agency within Rogers’ theory of personality. Person-Centered & Experiential Psychotherapies, 8(2), 109–126.
   Google Scholar
• Warner, M.S. (2013). Difficult client process. In M. Cooper, M. O‘Hara, P.F. Schmid, & A.C. Bohart (Eds.), The handbook of person-centred psychotherapy & counselling (2nd ed., pp. 343–358). Houndmills, Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Watson, J.C. (2011). The process of growth and transformation: Extending the process model. Person-Centered & Experiential Psychotherapies, 10(1), 11–27. doi:10.1080/14779757.2011.564760
   Google Scholar
• Wexler, D.A. (1974). A cognitive theory of experiencing, self-actualization, and therapeutic process. In D.A. Wexler & L.N. Rice (Eds.), Innovations in client-centered therapy (pp. 49–116). New York, NY: John Wiley & Sons.
   Google Scholar
• Wood, J.K. (2008). Carl Rogers’ person-centered approach: Toward an Understanding of its implications. Ross-on-Wye: PCCS Books.
   Google Scholar
• Yalom, I.D., & Leszcz, M. (2005). The theory and practice of group psychotherapy (5th ed.). New York, NY: Basic Books.
   Google Scholar