Towards an understanding of the experience of psychosis: the legacies of Rogers and Gendlin

References

• American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Alexandria, VA: Author.
   Google Scholar
• Anderson, H. (2001). Postmodern collaborative and person-centred therapies: What would Carl Rogers say? Journal of Family Therapy, 23, 339–360.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson, H. (2002). In the space between people: Seikkula’s open dialogue approach. Journal of Marital and Family Therapy, 28, 279–281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrett-Lennard, G. T. (2007). The relational foundations of person-centered practice. In M. Cooper, M. O’Hara, P. F. Schmid, & G. Wyatt (Eds.), The handbook of person-centered psychotherapy and counselling (pp. 127–139). Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Beck, A. T. (2004). A cognitive model of schizophrenia. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 18, 281–288.
   Google Scholar
• Bohart, A. C. (2001). A meditation on the nature of self-healing and personality change in psychotherapy based on Gendlin’s theory of experiencing. The Humanistic Psychologist, 29, 249–279.
   Google Scholar
• Bozarth, J. D. (1996). A silent young man: The case of Jim Brown. In B. A. Farber, D. C. Fink, & P. M. Raskin (Eds.), The psychotherapy of Carl Rogers: Cases and commentary (pp. 240–250). New York: The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Brabban, A., Byrne, R., Longden, E., & Morrison, A. P. (2017). The importance of human relationships, ethics and recovery-oriented values in the delivery of CBT for people with psychosis. Psychosis, 9, 157–166.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brockman, R., & Murrell, E. (2015). What are the primary goals of cognitive behavior therapy for psychosis? A theoretical and empirical review. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 29, 45–67.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrne, R., & Morrison, A. P. (2014). Service users’ priorities and preferences for treatment of psychosis: A user-led Delphi study. Psychiatric Services, 65, 1167–1169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark, G. I., & Egan, S. J. (2015). The Socratic method in cognitive-behavioural therapy: A narrative review. Cognitive Therapy Research, 39, 863–879.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooper, M., & Bohart, A. C. (2013). Experiential and phenomenological foundations. In M. Cooper, M. O’Hara, P. F. Schmid, & A. C. Bohart (Eds.), The handbook of person-centered psychotherapy and counselling (2nd ed., pp. 102–117). Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Corstens, D., & Longden, E. (2013). The origins of voices: Links between life history and voice hearing in a survey of 100 cases. Psychosis, 5, 270–285.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crisp, R. (2018a). Rogers and Goldstein redux: The actualising person responding to trauma and loss. Person-Centered & Experiential Psychotherapies, 17, 70–85.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crisp, R. (2018b). An existential ontology for understanding the experience of psychosis. The Humanistic Psychologist, 46, 230–244.
   Google Scholar
• Davidson, L., Schmutte, T., Dinze, T., & Andres-Hyman, R. (2008). Remission and recovery in schizophrenia: Practitioner and patient perspectives. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 34, 5–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Jager, A., Rhodes, P., Beavan, V., Holmes, D., McCabe, K., Thomas, N., … Hayward, M. (2016). Intimacy and its barriers: A qualitative exploration of intimacy and related struggles among people diagnosed with psychosis. Psychosis, 9, 301–309.
   Google Scholar
• Dickerson, F. B. (2004). Update on cognitive behavioural psychotherapy for schizophrenia: Review of recent studies. Journal of Cognitive Psychotherapy, 18, 189–205.
   Google Scholar
• Elliott, R., Greenberg, L. S., Watson, J., Timulak, L., & Freire, E. (2013). Research on humanistic-experiential psychotherapies. In M. J. Lambert (Ed.), Bergin and Garfields’ handbook of psychotherapy and behavior change (6th ed., pp. 495–538). New York: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Friedman, N. (2003). Eugene Gendlin’s theory and practice of psychotherapy, a personal account. Person-Centered & Experiential Psychotherapies, 2, 31–42.
   Google Scholar
• Galbusera, L., & Kyselo, M. (2018). The difference that makes the difference: A conceptual analysis of the open dialogue approach. Psychosis, 10, 47–54.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gendlin, E. T. (1959). The concept of congruence reformulated in terms of experiencing. Counseling Center Discussion Papers, 5(12). Retrieved from http://www.focusing.org/gendlin/docs/gol_2077.html
   Google Scholar
• Gendlin, E. T. (1962). Client-centered developments and work with schizophrenics. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 9, 205–212.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gendlin, E. T. (1964a). A theory of personality change. In P. Worchel & D. Byrne (Eds.), Personality change (pp. 100–148). New York: John Wiley & Sons. Retrieved from http://www.focusing.org/gendlin/docs/gol_2145.html
   Google Scholar
• Gendlin, E. T. (1964b). Schizophrenia: Problems and methods of psychotherapy. Review of Existential Psychology & Psychiatry, 4, 168–179. Retrieved from http://www.focusing.org/gendlin/docs/gol_3026.html
   Google Scholar
• Gendlin, E. T. (1966). Research in psychotherapy with schizophrenic patients and the nature of that “illness.”. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 20, 4–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gendlin, E. T. (2017a). Befindlichkeit: Heidegger and the philosophy of psychology. In E. T. Gendlin, E. S. Casey, & D. M. Schoeller (Eds.), Saying what we mean: Implicit precision and the responsive order (pp. 194–224). Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press. (Originally published 1978).
   Google Scholar
• Gendlin, E. T. (2017b). The new phenomenology of carrying forward. In E. T. Gendlin, E. S. Casey, & D. M. Schoeller (Eds.), Saying what we mean: Implicit precision and the responsive order (pp. 80–92). Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press. (Originally published 2004).
   Google Scholar
• Gendlin, E. T. (2017c). Words can say how they work. In E. T. Gendlin, E. S. Casey, & D. M. Schoeller (Eds.), Saying what we mean: Implicit precision and the responsive order (pp. 93–108). Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press. (Originally published 1993).
   Google Scholar
• Gendlin, E. T. (2017d). The responsive order: A new empiricism. In E. T. Gendlin, E. S. Casey, & D. M. Schoeller (Eds.), Saying what we mean: Implicit precision and the responsive order (pp. 253–281). Evanston, Illinois: Northwestern University Press. (Originally published 1997).
   Google Scholar
• Georgaca, E., & Zissi, A. (2018). Living with psychosis: Strategies and social conditions for recovery. Psychosis, 10, 81–89.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldsmith, L. P., Lewis, S. W., Dunn, G., & Bentall, R. P. (2015). Psychological treatments for early psychosis can be beneficial or harmful, depending on the therapeutic alliance: An instrumental variable analysis. Psychological Medicine, 45, 2365–2373.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenberg, L. (1996). The power of empathic exploration: A process-experiential/gestalt perspective on the Jim Brown case. In B. A. Farber, D. C. Fink, & P. M. Raskin (Eds.), The psychotherapy of Carl Rogers: Cases and commentary (pp. 251–260). New York: The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gumley, A., White, C. A., & Power, K. (1999). An interacting cognitive subsystems model of relapse and the course of psychosis. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy, 6, 261–278.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ikemi, A. (2005). Carl Rogers and Eugene Gendlin on the bodily felt sense: What they share and where they differ. Person-Centered & Experiential Psychotherapies, 4, 31–42.
   Google Scholar
• Kirschenbaum, H. (2007). The life and work of Carl Rogers. Ross-on-Wye, UK: PCCS Books.
   Google Scholar
• Leamy, M., Bird, V., Le Boutillier, C., Williams, J., & Slade, M. (2011). Conceptual framework for personal recovery in mental health: Systematic review and narrative synthesis. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 199, 445–452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Longden, E. (2010). Making sense of voices: A personal story of recovery. Psychosis, 2, 255–259.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Longden, E. (2017). Listening to the voices people hear: Auditory hallucinations beyond a diagnostic framework. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 57, 573–601.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Longden, E., & Read, J. (2016). Social adversity in the etiology of psychosis: A review of the evidence. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 70, 5–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madison, G. (2010). Focusing on existence: Five facets of an experiential-existential model. Person-Centered & Experiential Psychotherapies, 9, 189–204.
   Google Scholar
• McGlashan, T. H., Addington, J., Cannon, T., Heinimaa, M., McGorry, P., O’Brien, M., … Yung, A. (2007). Recruitment and treatment practices for help-seeking “prodromal” patients. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 33, 715–726.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehl, S., Werner, D., & Lincoln, T. M. (2015). Does cognitive behavior therapy for psychosis (CBTp) show a sustainable effect on delusions? A meta-analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1450.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merleau-Ponty, M. (1962). Phenomenology of perception. (Trans., C. Smith). London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. (Originally published 1945).
   Google Scholar
• Moore, J. (2018). Living from the ‘formative tendency’: ‘Cosmic congruence.’. In M. Bazzano (Ed.), Re-visioning person-centred therapy: Theory and practice of a radical paradigm (pp. 174–191). London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Morrison, A. P., & Barratt, S. (2010). What are the components of CBT for psychosis? A Delphi study. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 36, 136–142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitt, L., Kilbride, M., Nothard, S., Welford, M., & Morrison, A. P. (2007). Researching recovery from psychosis: A user-led project. Psychiatric Bulletin, 31, 55–60.
   Google Scholar
• Prouty, G. (1976). Pre-Therapy – A method of treating pre-expressive psychotic and retarded patients. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research & Practice, 13, 290–294.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prouty, G. (2003). Pre-therapy: A newer development in the psychotherapy of schizophrenia. Journal of the Academy of Psychoanalysis and Dynamic Psychiatry, 31, 59–73.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Prouty, G. (2007). Pre-therapy: The application of contact reflections. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 61, 285–295.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Raskin, N. (1996). The case of Loretta: A psychiatric patient. In B. A. Farber, D. C. Fink, & P. M. Raskin (Eds.), The psychotherapy of Carl Rogers: Cases and commentary (pp. 44–56). New York: The Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Read, J., Fosse, R., Moskowitz, A., & Perry, B. (2014). The traumagenic neurodevelopmental model of psychosis revisited. Neuropsychiatry, 4, 65–79.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers, C. R. (1959). A theory of therapy, personality and interpersonal relationships, as developed in the client-centered framework. In S. Koch (Ed.), Psychology: A study of science: Vol. 3. Formulations of the person and the social context (pp. 184–256). New York: McGraw-Hill.
   Google Scholar
• Rogers, C. R. (1961). On becoming a person. London: Constable.
   Google Scholar
• Rogers, C. R. (1964). Toward a modern approach to values: The valuing process in the mature person. Journal of Abnormal & Social Psychology, 68, 160–167.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogers, C. R. (1989). A client-centered/person-centered approach to therapy. In H. Kirschenbaum & V. L. Henderson (Eds.), The Carl Rogers reader (pp. 135–156). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. (Originally published 1986).
   Google Scholar
• Romme, M., Escher, S., Dillon, J., Corstens, D., & Morris, M. (2009). Living with voices. Ross-On-Wye, UK: PCCS Books.
   Google Scholar
• Romme, M., & Morris, M. (2013). The recovery process with hearing voices: Accepting as well as exploring their emotional background through a supported process. Psychosis, 5, 259–269.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanders, P. (2007). Schizophrenia is not an illness – A response to van Blarikom. Person-Centered & Experiential Psychotherapies, 6, 112–128.
   Google Scholar
• Schmid, P. F. (2013). The anthropological, relational and ethical foundations of person-centred therapy. In M. Cooper, M. O”Hara, P. F. Schmid, & A. C. Bohart (Eds.), The handbook of person-centered psychotherapy and counselling (2nd ed., pp. 66–83). Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Seikkula, J. (2011). Becoming dialogical: Psychotherapy or a way of life? The Australian and New Zealand Journal of Family Therapy, 32, 179–193.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seikkula, J., Alakare, B., & Aaltonen, J. (2001). Open dialogue in psychosis I: An introduction and case illustration. Journal of Constructivist Psychology, 14, 247–265.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seikkula, J., Alakare, B., & Aaltonen, J. (2011). The comprehensive open-dialogue approach in western Lapland: II. Long-term stability of acute psychosis outcomes in advanced community care. Psychosis, 3, 192–204.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shlien, J. (2003). A client-centered approach to schizophrenia: First approximation. In P. Sanders (Ed.), To lead an honorable life: Invitations to think about client-centered therapy and the person-centered approach (pp. 30–59). Ross-On-Wye, UK: PCCS Books. (Originally published 1961).
   Google Scholar
• Slade, M., Leamy, M., Bacon, F., Janosik, M., Le Boutillier, C., Williams, J., & Bird, V. (2012). International differences in understanding recovery: A systematic review. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Services, 21, 353–364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Traynor, W., Elliott, R., & Cooper, M. (2011). Helpful factors and outcomes in person-centered therapy with clients who experience psychotic processes: Therapists’ perspectives. Person-Centered & Experiential Psychotherapies, 10, 89–104.
   Google Scholar
• Turner, D. T., van der Gaag, M., Karyotaki, E., & Cuijpers, P. (2014). Psychological interventions for psychosis: A meta-analysis of comparative outcome studies. American Journal of Psychiatry, 171, 523–538.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Werde, D., & Prouty, G. (2013). Clients with contact-impaired functioning: Pre-therapy. In M. Cooper, M. O’Hara, P. F. Schmid, & A. C. Bohart (Eds.), The handbook of person-centered psychotherapy and counselling (2nd ed., pp. 327–342). Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Vanhooren, S. (2018). Experiential-existential psychotherapy: Deepening existence, engaging with life. In M. Bazzano (Ed.), Re-visioning person-centred therapy: Theory and practice of a radical paradigm (pp. 151–163). London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• Warner, M. (2007). Client incongruence and psychopathology. In M. Cooper, M. O’Hara, P. F. Schmid, & G. Wyatt (Eds.), The handbook of person-centered psychotherapy and counselling (pp. 154–167). Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Warner, M. (2013). Difficult client process. In M. Cooper, M. O’Hara, P. F. Schmid, & A. C. Bohart (Eds.), The handbook of person-centered psychotherapy and counselling (2nd ed., pp. 343–358). Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Winn, J. S. (2016). An existential-phenomenological investigation of the experience of being accepted in individuals who have undergone psychiatric institutionalisation. The Indo-Pacific Journal of Phenomenology, 16, 1–14.
   Google Scholar
• Wykes, T. (2014). Cognitive-behavior therapy and schizophrenia. Evidence Based Mental Health, 17(3), 67–68.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zarogiannis, P. (2018). Person-centered approach as discursivity and person-centered therapy as heterotopic practice. In M. Bazzano (Ed.), Re-visioning person-centred therapy: Theory and practice of a radical paradigm (pp. 110–127). London: Routledge.
   Google Scholar