1,275
Views
17
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Articles

What is left for the radical left? A comparative examination of the policies of radical left parties in western Europe before and after 1989

Pages 16-40 | Received 07 Jun 2015, Accepted 19 Nov 2015, Published online: 02 Mar 2016

References

  • Adams, James. 2012. “Causes and Electoral Consequences of Party Policy Shifts in Multiparty Elections: Theoretical Results and Empirical Evidence.” Annual Review of Political Science 15: 401–419.10.1146/annurev-polisci-031710-101450
  • Adams, James, and Zeynep Somer-Topcu. 2009. “Policy Adjustment by Parties in Response to Rival Parties’ Policy Shifts: Spatial Theory and the Dynamics of Party Competition in Twenty-Five Post-War Democracies.” British Journal of Political Science 39: 825–846.10.1017/S0007123409000635
  • Arter, David. 2002. “‘Communists We Are No Longer, Social Democrats We Can Never Be’: The Evolution of the Leftist Parties in Finland and Sweden.” Journal Of Communist Studies and Transition Politics 18 (3): 1–28.
  • Backes, Uwe, and Patrick Moreau, eds. 2008a. Communist and Post-communist Parties in Europe. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht.
  • Backes, Uwe, and Patrick Moreau. 2008b. “Conclusion.” In Communist and Post-communist Parties in Europe, edited by Uwe Backes and Patrick Moreau, 535–607. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht.10.13109/9783666369124
  • Backes, Uwe, and Patrick Moreau. 2008c. “Introduction.” In Communist and Post-communist Parties in Europe, edited by Uwe Backes and Patrick Moreau, 9–12. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht.10.13109/9783666369124
  • Bale, Tim, and Richard Dunphy. 2011. “In from the Cold? Left Parties and Government Involvement since 1989.” Comparative European Politics 9: 269–291.10.1057/cep.2010.12
  • Bell, David S. 1993. “Introduction.” In Western European Communists and the Collapse of Communism, edited by David S. Bell, 1–13. Providence, RI: Berg Publishers.
  • Bobbio, Norberto. 1996. Left and Right: The Significance of a Political Distinction. Translated by Allan Cameron. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Botella, Joan, and Luis Ramiro, eds. 2003a. The Crisis of Communism and Party Change: The Evolution of Western European Communist and Post-communist Parties. Barcelona: Institut de Ciències Polítiques i Socials.
  • Botella, Joan, and Luis Ramiro. 2003b. “Preface: The Crisis of Communism and Party Change.” In The Crisis of Communism and Party Change: The Evolution of Western European Communist and Post-communist Parties, edited by Joan Botella and Luis Ramiro, 9–12. Barcelona: Institut de Ciències Polítiques i Socials.
  • Bozóki, András, and John T. Ishiyama, eds. 2002. The Communist Successor Parties of Central and Eastern Europe. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.
  • Budge, Ian, and David Farlie. 1983. “Party Competition – Selective Emphasis or Direct Confrontation? An Alternative View with Data.” In Western European Party Systems: Continuity and Change, edited by Hans Daalder and Peter Mair, 267–305. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
  • Budge, Ian, Hans-Dieter Klingemann, Andrea Volkens, Judith Bara, and Eric Tanenbaum. 2001. Mapping Policy Preferences: Estimates for Parties, Electors, and Governments 1945–1998. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Budge, Ian, and Thomas M. Meyer. 2013. “Understanding and Validating the Left-Right Scale (RILE).” In Mapping Policy Preferences from Texts III: Statistical Solutions for Manifesto Analysts, edited by Andrea Volkens, Judith Bara, Ian Budge, Michael D. McDonald, and Hans-Dieter Klingemann, 85–106. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Bull, Martin J. 1994. “The West European Communist Movement: Past, Present and Future.” In West European Communist Parties after the Revolutions of 1989, edited by Martin J. Bull and Paul Heywood, 203–222. New York: St. Martin’s Press.10.1007/978-1-349-23692-3
  • Carter, Neil. 2007. The Politics of the Environment: Ideas, Activism, Policy. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511819179
  • Caul, Miki L., and Mark M. Gray. 2000. “From Platform Declarations to Policy Outcomes: Changing Party Profiles and Partisan Influence over Policy.” In Parties without Partisans: Political Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies, edited by Russell J. Dalton and Martin P. Wattenberg, 208–237. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Charalambous, Giorgos. 2011. “All the Shades of Red: Examining the Radical Left’s Euroscepticism.” Contemporary Politics 17: 299–320.10.1080/13569775.2011.597142
  • Christensen, Dag Arne. 2010. “The Danish Socialist People’s Party: Still Waiting after All These Years?.” In Left Parties in National Governments, edited by Jonathan Olsen, Michael Koβ, and Dan Hough, 121–137. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Coffé, Hilde, and Rebecca Plassa. 2010. “Party Policy Position of Die Linke: A Continuation of the PDS?” Party Politics 16: 721–735.10.1177/1354068809346075
  • Cunha, Carlos. 2008. “Few but Pure and Good Members Are Preferred to a Mass Party – The Portuguese Communist Party’s Continued Orthodoxy.” In Communist and Post-communist Parties in Europe, edited by Uwe Backes and Patrick Moreau, 193–214. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht.10.13109/9783666369124
  • Dalton, Russell J., David M. Farrell, and Ian McAllister. 2011. Political Parties and Democratic Linkage: How Parties Organize Democracy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:osobl/9780199599356.001.0001
  • Dalton, Russell J., and Ian McAllister. 2015. “Random Walk or Planned Excursion? Continuity and Change in the Left-Right Positions of Political Parties.” Comparative Political Studies 48: 759–787.10.1177/0010414014558257
  • Downs, Anthony. 1957. An Economic Theory of Democracy. New York: Harper and Row.
  • Dunphy, Richard. 2007. “In Search of an Identity: Finland’s Left Alliance and the Experience of Coalition Government.” Contemporary Politics 13: 37–55.10.1080/13569770701246203
  • Dunphy, Richard, and Tim Bale. 2007. “Red Flag Still Flying?: Explaining AKEL – Cyprus’s Communist Anomaly.” Party Politics 13: 287–304.10.1177/1354068807071268
  • Dunphy, Richard, and Tim Bale. 2011. “The Radical Left in Coalition Government: Towards a Comparative Measurement of Success and Failure.” Party Politics 17: 488–504.10.1177/1354068811400524
  • Dunphy, Richard, and Luke March. 2013. “Seven Year Itch? The European Left Party: Struggling to Transform the EU.” Perspectives on European Politics and Society 14: 520–537.10.1080/15705854.2013.773653
  • Eley, Geoff. 2002. Forging Democracy: The History of the Left in Europe, 1850–2000. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Fagerholm, Andreas. 2013. “Towards a Lighter Shade of Red? Social Democratic Parties and the Rise of Neo-liberalism in Western Europe, 1970–1999.” Perspectives on European Politics and Society 14: 538–561.10.1080/15705854.2013.772748
  • Fagerholm, Andreas. 2015. “Why Do Political Parties Change Their Policy Positions? A Review.” Political Studies Review. doi:10.1111/1478-9302.12078.
  • Franzmann, Simon, and André Kaiser. 2006. “Locating Political Parties in Policy Space: A Reanalysis of Party Manifesto Data.” Party Politics 12: 163–188.10.1177/1354068806061336
  • Gabel, Matthew J., and John D. Huber. 2000. “Putting Parties in Their Place: Inferring Party Left-Right Ideological Positions from Party Manifesto Data.” American Journal of Political Science 44: 94–103.10.2307/2669295
  • Gemenis, Kostas. 2013. “What to Do (and Not to Do) with the Comparative Manifestos Project Data.” Political Studies 61 (S1): 23–43.
  • Green-Pedersen, Christoffer. 2007. “The Growing Importance of Issue Competition: The Changing Nature of Party Competition in Western Europe.” Political Studies 55: 607–628.10.1111/post.2007.55.issue-3
  • Grzymala-Busse, Anna. 2002. “The Programmatic Turnaround of Communist Successor Parties in East Central Europe, 1989–1998.” Communist and Post-Communist Studies 35: 51–66.10.1016/S0967-067X(01)00024-1
  • Hanley, Seán. 2001. “Towards Breakthrough or Breakdown? The Consolidation of KSČM as a Neo-Communist Successor Party in the Czech Republic.” Journal Of Communist Studies and Transition Politics 17 (3): 96–116.
  • Hildebrandt, Kai, and Russell J. Dalton. 1977. “Die neue Politik: Politischer Wandel oder Schönwetterpolitik?” [The New Politics: Political Change or Sunshine Politics?] Politische Vierteljahresschrift 18 (S2): 230–256.
  • Hotelling, Harold. 1929. “Stability in Competition.” The Economic Journal 39: 41–57.10.2307/2224214
  • Hudson, Kate. 2012. The New European Left: A Socialism for the Twenty-First Century?. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.10.1057/9781137265111
  • Inglehart, Ronald. 1977. The Silent Revolution: Changing Values and Political Styles among Western Publics. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Inglehart, Ronald. 1984. “The Changing Structure of Political Cleavages in Western Society.” In Electoral Change in Advanced Industrial Democracies: Realignment or Dealignment?, edited by Russell J. Dalton, Scott C. Flanagan, and Paul Allen Beck, 25–69. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Inglehart, Ronald, and Jacques-René Rabier. 1986. “Political Realignment in Advanced Industrial Society: From Class-based Politics to Quality-of-Life Politics.” Government and Opposition 21: 456–479.10.1111/goop.1986.21.issue-4
  • Ishiyama, John T., and András Bozóki. 2001. “Adaptation and Change: Characterizing the Survival Strategies of the Communist Successor Parties.” Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics 17 (3): 32–51.10.1080/714003582
  • Jahn, Detlef. 2011. “Conceptualizing Left and Right in Comparative Politics: Towards a Deductive Approach.” Party Politics 17: 745–765.10.1177/1354068810380091
  • Jahn, Detlef. 2014. “What is Left and Right in Comparative Politics? A Response to Simon Franzmann.” Party Politics 20: 297–301.10.1177/1354068813520273
  • Jahn, Detlef, Thomas Behm, Nils Düpont, and Christoph Oberst. 2014. PIP – Parties, Institutions and Preferences: Left-Right Party Scores [Version 2014–09]. Greifswald: Chair of Comparative Politics, University of Greifswald.
  • Kim, Heemin, and Richard C. Fording. 1998. “Voter Ideology in Western Democracies, 1946–1989.” European Journal of Political Research 33: 73–97.
  • Kirchheimer, Otto. 1966. “The Transformation of the Western European Party Systems.” In Political Parties and Political Development, edited by Joseph La Palombara and Myron Weiner, 177–200. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Kitschelt, Herbert. 1988. “Left-Libertarian Parties: Explaining Innovation in Competitive Party Systems.” World Politics 40: 194–234.10.2307/2010362
  • Kitschelt, Herbert, and Staf Hellemans. 1990. “The Left-Right Semantics and the New Politics Cleavage.” Comparative Political Studies 23: 210–238.10.1177/0010414090023002003
  • Klingemann, Hans-Dieter, Andrea Volkens, Judith Bara, Ian Budge, and Michael D. McDonald. 2006. Mapping Policy Preferences II: Estimates for Parties, Electors, and Governments in Eastern Europe, European Union, and OECD 1990–2003. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Knutsen, Oddbjørn. 1995. “Value Orientations, Political Conflicts and Left-Right Identification: A Comparative Study.” European Journal of Political Research 28: 63–93.10.1111/ejpr.1995.28.issue-1
  • Knutsen, Oddbjørn. 1998a. “Europeans Move Towards the Center: A Comparative Longitudinal Study of Left–Right Self-Placement in Western Europe.” International Journal of Public Opinion Research 10: 292–316.10.1093/ijpor/10.4.292
  • Knutsen, Oddbjørn. 1998b. “Expert Judgements of the Left–Right Location of Political Parties: A Comparative Longitudinal Study.” West European Politics 21 (2): 63–94.10.1080/01402389808425245
  • Knutsen, Oddbjørn. 1998c. “The Strength of the Partisan Component of Left-Right Identity: A Comparative Longitudinal Study of Left-Right Party Polarization in Eight West European Countries.” Party Politics 4: 5–31.10.1177/1354068898004001001
  • König, Thomas, Moritz Marbach, and Moritz Osnabrügge. 2013. “Estimating Party Positions across Countries and Time – A Dynamic Latent Variable Model for Manifesto Data.” Political Analysis 21: 468–491.10.1093/pan/mpt003
  • Krouwel, André. 2012. Party Transformations in European Democracies. Albany: State University of New York Press.
  • Kuzio, Taras. 2008. “Comparative Perspectives on Communist Successor Parties in Central-Eastern Europe and Eurasia.” Communist and Post-Communist Studies 41: 397–419.10.1016/j.postcomstud.2008.09.006
  • Lowe, Will, Kenneth Benoit, Slava Mikhaylov, and Michael Laver. 2011. “Scaling Policy Preferences from Political Texts.” Legislative Studies Quarterly 36: 123–155.10.1111/j.1939-9162.2010.00006.x
  • Marantzidis, Nikos. 2008. “The Communist Party of Greece after the Collapse of Communism (1989–2006) – From Proletarian Internationalism to Ethno-Populism.” In Communist and Post-communist Parties in Europe, edited by Uwe Backes and Patrick Moreau, 245–258. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht.10.13109/9783666369124
  • March, Luke. 2006. “Power and Opposition in the Former Soviet Union: The Communist Parties of Moldova and Russia.” Party Politics 12: 341–365.10.1177/1354068806063085
  • March, Luke. 2007. “From Moldovanism to Europeanization? Moldova’s Communists and Nation Building.” Nationalities Papers 35: 601–626.10.1080/00905990701475061
  • March, Luke. 2012. Radical Left Parties in Europe. Abingdon: Routledge.
  • March, Luke, and Cas Mudde. 2005. “What’s Left of the Radical Left? The European Radical Left after 1989: Decline and Mutation.” Comparative European Politics 3: 23–49.10.1057/palgrave.cep.6110052
  • March, Luke, and Charlotte Rommerkirchen. 2015. “Out of Left Field? Explaining the Variable Electoral Success of European Radical Left Parties.” Party Politics 21: 40–53.10.1177/1354068812462929
  • Meyer, Thomas M. 2013. Constraints on Party Policy Change. Colchester: ECPR Press.
  • Moreau, Patrick, Marc Lazar, and Gerhard Hirscher, eds. 1998. Der Kommunismus in Westeuropa: Niedergang oder Mutation? [Communism in Western Europe: Decline or Mutation?]. Landsberg Am Lech: Günter Olzog Verlag.
  • Müller, Wolfgang C., and Kaare Strøm, eds. 1999. Policy, Office, or Votes? How Political Parties in Western Europe Make Hard Decisions. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Olsen, Jonathan. 2010. “The Norwegian Socialist Left Party: Office-seekers in the Service of Policy?” In Left Parties in National Governments, edited by Jonathan Olsen, Michael Koβ, and Dan Hough, 16–32. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Olsen, Jonathan, Michael Koβ, and Dan Hough. 2010a. “Conclusion: Left Parties in National Governments.” In Left Parties in National Governments, edited by Jonathan Olsen, Michael Koβ, and Dan Hough, 173–185. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.10.1057/9780230282704
  • Olsen, Jonathan, Michael Koβ, and Dan Hough, eds. 2010b. Left Parties in National Governments. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Pennings, Paul. 1999. “European Social Democracy between Planning and Market: A Comparative Exploration of Trends and Variations.” Journal of European Public Policy 6: 743–756.10.1080/135017699343351
  • Petrocik, John R. 1996. “Issue Ownership in Presidential Elections, with a 1980 Case Study.” American Journal of Political Science 40: 825–850.10.2307/2111797
  • Poguntke, Thomas. 1987. “New Politics and Party Systems: The Emergence of a New Type of Party?” West European Politics 10: 76–88.
  • Prosser, Christopher. 2014. “Building Policy Scales from Manifesto Data: A Referential Content Validity Approach.” Electoral Studies 35: 88–101.10.1016/j.electstud.2014.05.004
  • Ramiro, Luis. 2016. “Support for Radical Left Parties in Western Europe: Social Background, Ideology and Political Orientations.” European Political Science Review 8: 1–23.
  • Robertson, David. 1976. A Theory of Party Competition. London: Wiley.
  • Sakwa, Richard. 1998. “Left or Right? The CPRF and the Problem of Democratic Consolidation in Russia.” Journal of Communist Studies and Transition Politics 14 (1–2): 128–158.10.1080/13523279808415372
  • Sartori, Giovanni. 1970. “Concept Misformation in Comparative Politics.” The American Political Science Review 64: 1033–1053.10.2307/1958356
  • Sartori, Giovanni. 1976. Parties and Party Systems: A Framework for Analysis. vol. I. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Sassoon, Donald. 1996. One Hundred Years of Socialism: The West European Left in the Twentieth Century. New York: The New Press.
  • Seliger, Martin. 1976. Ideology and Politics. London: George Allen and Unwin.
  • Shamir, Michal. 1984. “Are Western Party Systems ‘Frozen’? A Comparative Dynamic Analysis.” Comparative Political Studies 17: 35–79.10.1177/0010414084017001002
  • Simon-Ekovich, Francine. 1998. “Kommunisten, Ex-Kommunisten und die Grünen in Europa: Auf der Suche nach einer neuen Identität?” [Communists, Ex-communists and the Greens in Europe: In Search of a New Identity?]. In Der Kommunismus in Westeuropa: Niedergang o der Mutation? [Communism in Western Europe: Decline or Mutation?], edited by Patrick Moreau, Marc Lazar and Gerhard Hirscher, 600–620. Landsberg am Lech: Günter Olzog Verlag.
  • Sjöblom, Gunnar. 1968. Party Strategies in a Multiparty System. Translated by W. F. Salisbury. Lund: Studentlitteratur.
  • Thomas, John Clayton. 1979. “The Changing Nature of Partisan Divisions in the West: Trends in Domestic Policy Orientations in Ten Party Systems.” European Journal of Political Research 7: 397–413.10.1111/ejpr.1979.7.issue-4
  • Volkens, Andrea. 2004. “Policy Changes of European Social Democrats, 1945–98.” In Social Democratic Party Policies in Contemporary Europe, edited by Giuliano Bonoli and Martin Powell, 21–42. Abingdon: Routledge.
  • Volkens, Andrea. 2007. “Strengths and Weaknesses of Approaches to Measuring Policy Positions of Parties.” Electoral Studies 26: 108–120.10.1016/j.electstud.2006.04.003
  • Volkens, Andrea, Judith Bara, Ian Budge, Michael D. McDonald, and Hans-Dieter Klingemann, eds. 2013. Mapping Policy Preferences from Texts III: Statistical Solutions for Manifesto Analysts. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Volkens, Andrea, and Hans-Dieter Klingemann. 2002. “Parties, Ideologies, and Issues: Stability and Change in Fifteen European Party Systems 1945–1998.” In Political Parties in the New Europe: Political and Analytical Challenges, edited by Kurt Richard Luther and Ferdinand Müller-Rommel, 143–167. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Volkens, Andrea, Pola Lehmann, Nicolas Merz, Sven Regel, Annika Werner, and Henrike Schultze. 2014. The Manifesto Data Collection [Manifesto Project (MRG/CMP/MARPOR), Version 2014b]. Berlin: Wissenschaftszentrum Berlin fürSozialforschung (WZB).
  • Ziblatt, Daniel F., and Nick Biziouras. 2002. “Doomed to Be Radicals? Organization, Ideology, and the Communist Successor Parties in East Central Europe.” In The Communist Successor Parties of Central and Eastern Europe, edited by András Bozóki and John T. Ishiyama, 287–302. Armonk, NY: M. E. Sharpe.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.