The Maastricht Treaty and public debates about European integration: the emergence of a European public sphere?Footnote

* Christiane Barth graduated from Maastricht University’s MA in European Studies in 2016. Dr Patrick Bijsmans supervised her thesis, from which this article is drawn.

References

• Bijsmans, P. , C. Galpin , and B. Leruth . 2017. “‘Brexit’ in Transnational Perspective: An Analysis of Newspapers in France, Germany and the Netherlands.” Comparative European Politics : 1–18. doi:10.1057/s41295-017-0104-z.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Wilde, P. , A. Michailidou , and H.-J. Trenz . 2013. Contesting Europe: Exploring Euroscepticism in Online Media Coverage . Colchester: ECPR Press.
   Google Scholar
• Díez Medrano, J. , and E. Gray . 2010. “Framing the European Union in National Public Spheres.” In The making of a European public sphere: Media discourse and political contention , edited by R. Koopmans and P. Statham , 195–220. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511761010
   Google Scholar
• Eder, K. , and C. Kantner . 2000. “Transnationale Resonanzstrukturen in Europa: Eine Kritik der Rede vom Öffentlichkeitsdefizit.” In Die Europäisierung nationaler Gesellschaften , edited by M. Bach , 306–331. Wiesbaden: Westdeutscher Verlag.10.1007/978-3-322-80390-0
   Google Scholar
• Entman, R. M. 1993. “Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm.” Journal of Communication 43 (4): 51–58.10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Entman, R. M. , J. Matthes , and L. Pellicano . 2009. “Nature, Sources, and Effects of News Framing.” In The Handbook of Journalism Studies , edited by K. Wahl-Jorgensen and T. Hanitzsch , 175–190. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar
• George, S. 1998. An awkward partner: Britain in the European Community . 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Gerhards, J. 2000. “Europäisierung von Ökonomie und Politik und die Trägheit der Entstehung einer europäischen Öffentlichkeit.” In Die Europäisierung nationaler Gesellschaften , edited by M. Bach , 277–305. Wiesbaden: Westdeutscher Verlag.10.1007/978-3-322-80390-0
   Google Scholar
• Grande, E. , and S. Hutter . 2016. “The Politicisation of Europe in Public Debates on Major Integration Steps.” In Politicising Europe. Integration and Mass Politics , edited by S. Hutter , E. Grande , and H. Kriesi , 63–89. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9781316422991
   Google Scholar
• Grande, E. , S. Hutter , A. Kerscher , and R. Becker . 2016. “Framing Europe: are cultural-identitarian frames driving politicisation?” In Politicising Europe , edited by S. Hutter , E. Grande , and H. Kriesi , 181–206. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9781316422991
   Google Scholar
• Grimm, D. 1995. “Does Europe Need a Constitution?” European Law Journal 1 (3): 282–302.
   Google Scholar
• Guerra, S. 2017. “Eurosceptic Voices: Beyond Party Systems, Across Civil Society.” In Euroscepticism, Democracy and the Media: Communicating Europe, Contesting Europe , edited by M. Caiani and S. Guerra , 21–48. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.10.1057/978-1-137-59643-7
   Google Scholar
• Habermas, J. 1995. “Remarks on Dieter Grimm’s ‘Does Europe Need a Constitution?’.” European Law Journal 1 (3): 303–307.
   Google Scholar
• Hardy, C. , B. Harley , and N. Phillips . 2004. “Discourse Analysis and Content Analysis: Two Solitudes?” Qualitative Methods 2 (1): 19–22.
   Google Scholar
• Hooghe, L. , and G. Marks . 2008. “A Postfunctionalist Theory of European Integration: From Permissive Consensus to Constraining Dissensus.” British Journal of Political Science 39 (1): 1–23.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kantner, C. 2015. “National Media as Transnational Discourse Arenas: The Case of Humanitarian Military Interventions.” In European public spheres: Politics is back , edited by T. Risse , 84–107. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Koopmans, R. , and P. Statham . 2010. “Theoretical Framework, Research Design, and Methods.” In THE MAKing of a European Public Sphere: Media Discourse and Political Contention , edited by R. Koopmans and P. Statham , 34–60. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511761010
   Google Scholar
• Loth, W. 2013. “Negotiating the Maastricht Treaty.” Journal of European Integration History 19 (1): 67–84.10.5771/0947-9511-2013-1
   Google Scholar
• Meyer, J.-H. 2010. The European Public Sphere. Media and Transnational Communication in European Integration 1969–1991 . Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.
   Google Scholar
• Müller, M. 2011. “The European Public Sphere in the Run-up to the Maastricht Treaty: Who was the Addressee of the Debate on the “hard ECU” Proposal?” Zeitgeschicht 38 (4): 232–250.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Risse, T. 2010. A Community of Europeans? Transnational Identities and Public Spheres . Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Risse, T. 2015. “Introduction.” In European Public Spheres: Politics is Back , edited by T. Risse , 1–28. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Schrag Sternberg, C. 2013 A Struggle for EU Legitimacy. Public Contestation, 1950–2005 . Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.
   Google Scholar
• Startin, N. 2015. “Have We Reached a Tipping Point? The Mainstreaming of Euroscepticism in the UK.” International Political Science Review 36 (3): 311–323.10.1177/0192512115574126
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Gorp, B. 2010. “Strategies to Take Subjectivity out of Framing Analysis.” In Doing News Framing Analysis: Empirical and Theoretical Perspectives , edited by P. D’Angelo and J. A. Kuypers , 84–109. New York: Routledge.
   Google Scholar