Characterisation and comparison of corrosion products originated in steel pipelines transporting sour gas and crude oil

References

• H. Koch, P. H. Brongers, G. Thompson, O. Virmani and J. H. Payer: ‘Corrosion cost and preventive strategies in the United Stated’, NACE international. Publication No. FHWA-RD-01-156, 2002. Available from: http://www.nace.org/uploadedFiles/Publications/ccsupp.pdf.
   Google Scholar
• Grupo del Banco Mundial, 2016. http://datos.bancomundial.org/indicador/NY.GDP.MKTP.CD/countries/MX?display=graph.
   Google Scholar
• G. Smith: ‘ Utility pigs and applications to North slope pipelines’, Maintenance pigging of pipelines conference. Draft Conference Proceedings Report Anchorage. 2006. Alaska.
   Google Scholar
• NRF-030-PEMEX-2009 (Rev:0): ‘Diseño, Construcción, Inspección y Mantenimiento de Ductos Terrestres para Transporte y Recolección de Hidrocarburos’, Comité de Normalización de Petróleos Mexicanos y Organismos Subsidiarios. 1–104.
   Google Scholar
• J. Wyldeand and L. Slayer: ‘Development, testing and field application of a heavy oil pipeline cleaning chemical: a cradle to grave case history’, SPE., 2009, 119688, 1–14.
   Google Scholar
• Y. Takahashi, E. Matsubara, S. Suzuki, Y. Okamoto, T. Komatsu, H. Konishi, J. Mizuki and Y. Waseda: ‘In-situ X-ray diffraction of corrosion products formed on iron surfaces’, Mater. Trans., 2005, 46, (3), 637–642. doi: 10.2320/matertrans.46.637
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. Lauretta, G. Duffó, S. Farina, C. Saragovi and C. Ramos: ‘Caracterización de Productos de corrosión de un acero al carbono mediante Espectroscopia de Mossbauer’, Congreso SAM/CONAMET, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• C. Cook: ‘Application of Mössbauer spectroscopy to the study of corrosion’, Hyperfine Interact., 2004, 153, 61–82. doi: 10.1023/B:HYPE.0000024714.84742.fd
   Google Scholar
• J. Elbridge and W. Hoffman: ‘A Mössbauer spectroscopy study of the potential dependence of the passivated iron films’, J. Electrochem Soc., 1989, 136, 955–960. doi: 10.1149/1.2096893
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ASTM D 4006-11: ‘Standard test method for water in crude oil by distillation’.
   Google Scholar
• ASTM C 613-14: ‘Standard test method for constituent content of composite prepreg by Soxhlet Extraction’.
   Google Scholar
• MAUD Program, materials analysis using diffraction by L Luttrotti, Version: 2.058 (February 2007). Available from: http://www.ing.unitn.it/maud.
   Google Scholar
• R. Brand: ‘Normos Mössbauer fitting program’, Nucl. Instr. Meth., 1987, B28, 398 doi: 10.1016/0168-583X(87)90182-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• H. Fang, D. Young and S. Nesic: ‘Corrosion of mild steel in the presence of elemental sulfur’, Paper No. 08637. NACE 2008 Corrosion Conference and Expo.
   Google Scholar
• D. J. Pack, D. W. Parks and A. B. Chesnoy: ‘Gas pipeline preferential site selection occurrence for elemental sulphur & other particle matter formation & deposition’, J. of Pet. Sci. and Eng., 2012, 94–95, 12–18. doi: 10.1016/j.petrol.2012.06.022
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• J. P. L. Santos, A. K. C. L. Lobato, C. Moraes and L. C. L. Santos: ‘Influence of natural gas composition on the formation and deposition of elemental sulfur in pipelines’, Braz. J. Pet. Gas., 2015, 9, 2.
   Google Scholar
• J. Bojes, J. Lerbscher, W. Wamburi and C. Dilley: ‘Elemental sulfur in 3-phase sour gas systems — is condensate really your ally?’, NACE, Northern Area Western Conference., 2010, 15–18.
   Google Scholar
• N. Yaakob, M. Singer and D. Young: ‘Elemental sulfur corrosion of carbon steel in the presence of sulfur solvent and monoethylene glicol’, NACE International, Corrosion 2015 Conference and Expo. Paper No. 5930.
   Google Scholar
• P. Taylor, T. E Rummery and D. G. Owen: ‘On the conversion of mackinawite to greigite’, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1979a, 41, 595–596. doi: 10.1016/0022-1902(79)80454-6
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K. Osseo-Asare and D. Wei: ‘Semiconductor Electrochemistry of Coal Pyrite’, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, Technical Progress Report, January–March 1993.
   Google Scholar
• S. N. Smith, J. L. Pacheco: ‘Prediction of corrosion in slightly sour environments’, Paper 02241, NACE Corrosion Conference 2002.
   Google Scholar
• A. R. Lennie, S. A. T. Redfern, P. E. Champness, C. P. Stoddart, P. F. Schofield and D. J. Vaughan: ‘Transformation of mackinawite to greigite: an in situ x-ray powder diffraction and transmission electron microscope study’, Amer. Mineral., 1997, 82, 302–309. doi: 10.2138/am-1997-3-408
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P. Taylor, T. E. Rummery and D. G. Owen: ‘Reactions of iron monosulfide solids with aqueous hydrogen sulfide up to 160°C,’ J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., 1979, 41, (12), 1683–1687. doi: 10.1016/0022-1902(79)80106-2
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D. Rickard and G. W. Luther III: ‘Kinetics of pyrite formation by the H2S oxidation of iron (II) monosulfide in aqueous solutions between 25 and 125 °C, the mechanism’, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta., 1997, 61, 135–147. doi: 10.1016/S0016-7037(96)00322-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R. A. Berner: ‘Sedimentary pyrite formation’, Am. J. Sci., 1970, 268, 1–23. doi: 10.2475/ajs.268.1.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D. Rickard and J. W. Morse: Mar. Chem., 2005, 97, 141–197. doi: 10.1016/j.marchem.2005.08.004
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• W. Sun: ‘ Kinetics of iron carbonate and iron sulfide scale formation in CO2/H2S corrosion’, PhD Theses, The Russ College of Engineering and Technology of Ohio University, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• S. Hunger and L. G. Benning: ‘Greigite: a true intermediate on the polysulfide pathway to pyrite’, Geochem. Trans., 2007, 8, 1. doi: 10.1186/1467-4866-8-1
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R. T. Wilkin and H. L. Barnes: ‘Pyrite formation by reactions of iron monosulfides with dissolved inorganic and organic sulfur species’, Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 1996, 60, 4167–4179. doi: 10.1016/S0016-7037(97)81466-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L. G. Benning, R. T. Wilkin and H. L. Barnes: ‘Reaction pathways in the FeS system below 100 °C’, Chem. Geol., 2000, 167, 25–51. doi: 10.1016/S0009-2541(99)00198-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• R. A. Berner: ‘Thermodynamic stability of sedimentary iron sulfides’, Am. J. Sci., 1967, 265, (9), 773–785. doi: 10.2475/ajs.265.9.773
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• S. N. Smith and J. L. Pacheco: ‘Prediction of corrosion in slightly sour environment’, Corrosion 2002, Paper No. 02241, Nace International, Houston Texas, 2002.
   Google Scholar
• J. Schieber: ‘Oxidation of detrital pyrite as a cause for Marcasite Formation in marine lag deposits from the Devonian of the eastern US’, Deep-Sea Res. II., 2007, 54, 1312–1326. doi: 10.1016/j.dsr2.2007.04.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• M. A. A. Schoonen and H. L. Barnes: ‘Reactions forming pyrite and marcasite from solution: I. Nucleation of FeS2 below 100 °C,’ Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta., 1991, 55, (6), 1495–1504. doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(91)90122-L
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• N. Sridhar, D. S. Dunn, A. M. Anderko, M. M. Lencka and H. U. Schutt: ‘Effects of water and gas compositions on the internal corrosion of gas pipelines-modeling and experimental studies’, Corrosion, 2001, 57, (3), 221–235. doi: 10.5006/1.3290347
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• F. F. Lyle: ‘Carbon dioxide/hydrogen sulfide corrosion under wet low-flow gas pipeline conditions in the presence of bicarbonate, chloride and oxygen’, PRCI Final Report PR-15-9313, 1997.
   Google Scholar
• R. Winston Revie: ‘Oil and gas pipelines integrity and safety handbook’, 2015, USA, Wiley, 426–428.
   Google Scholar
• M. Abdelmounam Sherik: ‘BLACK POWDER—1: Study examines sources, makeup in dry gas systems’, Based on presentation to NACE Corrosion 2008 Conference, New Orleans, La., Mar., 2008, 16–20.
   Google Scholar
• S. Joshi, G. Venkateswaran, K. S. Venkateswarlu and K. AP. Rao: ‘Stimulated decomposition of Fe(OH)2 in the presence of AVT chemicals and metallic surfaces—relevance to low temperature feed water line corrosion’, Corrosion, 1993, 49, (4), 300–309. doi: 10.5006/1.3316053
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• B. R. Davis and D. Calabretta: ‘Thermodynamic analysis of formation of black powder in sales gas pipelines’, Saudi Aramco Report No. 6510217086, 2007.
   Google Scholar
• A. R. Lennie, S. A. T. Redfern, P. E. Champness, C. P. Stoddart, P. F. Schofield and D. J. Vaughan: Am. Mineral., 1997, 82, 302. doi: 10.2138/am-1997-3-408
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• L. G. Benning, R. T. Wilkin and H. L. Barnes: ‘Reaction pathways in Fe-S system below 100 °C’, Chem. Geol., 2000, 167, 25. doi: 10.1016/S0009-2541(99)00198-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• P. Taylor: ‘The stereochemistry of iron sulfides—a structural rationale for the-crystallization of some metastable phases from aqueous solution’, Am. Mineral., 1980, 65, 1026,
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• K. Osseo-Asare and D. Wei: “Semiconductor electrochemistry of coal pyrite”. Department of Materials Science and Engineering. United States Department of Energy. 1993.
   Google Scholar
• R. A. Berner: ‘Tetragonal iron sulfide’, Science, 1962, 137, 669. doi: 10.1126/science.137.3531.669-a
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• E. Murad: ‘Magnetic properties of microcrystalline iron(III) oxides and related minerals as reflected in their Mössbauer spectra’, Phys. Chem. Min., 1996, 23, 248–262. doi: 10.1007/BF00207766
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A. A. Olowe, B. Pauron and J. M. R. Génin: ‘The influence of temperature on the oxidation of ferrous hydroxide in sulphated aqueous medium: activation energies of formation of the products and hyperfine structure of magnetite’, Corr. Sci., 1991, 32, (9), 985–1001. doi: 10.1016/0010-938X(91)90017-J
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D. Cook: ‘Application of Mössbauer spectroscopy to the study of corrosion’, Hyperfine Interact., 2004, 153, 61–82. doi: 10.1023/B:HYPE.0000024714.84742.fd
   Google Scholar
• K. E. Garcia, A. L. Morales, C. A. Barrero and J. M. Greneche: ‘New contributions to the understanding of rust layer formation in steels exposed to a total immersion test’, Corros. Sci., 2006, 48, 2813–2830. doi: 10.1016/j.corsci.2005.09.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar