Simplistic Explanations are the Problem: Crime, Homicide, and the Zimring–Hawkins Proposition

References

• Alvarez , A. and Bachman , R. 2003 . Murder, American style , Belmont, CA : Wadsworth .
   Google Scholar
• Anderson , E. 1999 . Code of the street: Decency, violence, and the moral life of the inner city , New York : W. W. Norton .
   Google Scholar
• Bellair , P. E. and McNulty , T. L. 2005 . Beyond the bell curve: Community disadvantage and the explanation of black–white differences in adolescent violence . Criminology , 43 : 1135 – 1168 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Black , D. 1984 . Toward a general theory of social control , Orlando, FL : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Blalock , H. M. 1989 . Power and conflict: Toward a general theory , Newbury Park, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Blau , J. R. and Blau , P. M. 1982 . The cost of inequality: Metropolitan structure and violent crime . American Sociological Review , 47 : 114 – 129 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blumstein , A. and Wallman , J. 2000 . The crime drop in America , New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Catalano , S. M. 2005 . Criminal victimization, 2004 , Washington, DC : Bureau of Justice Statistics .
   Google Scholar
• Cooney , M. 1998 . Warriors and peacemakers: How third parties shape violence , New York : New York University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Davis , R. C. , Lurgio , A. J. and Skogan , W. G. 1997 . Victims of crime , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Decker , S. H. and van Winkle , B. 1996 . Life in the gang: Family, friends and violence , New York : Cambridge University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fearn , N. E. Homicide, is crime part of the problem? . Presented at the American Society of Criminology Annual Meeting . Toronto. November 13–17 .
   Google Scholar
• Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2005 . Crime in the United States, 2004 , Washington, DC : US Department of Justice .
   Google Scholar
• Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2006 . Preliminary annual Uniform Crime Report, 2005 Retrieved July 5, 2006, from http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/2005preliminary/index.htm
   Google Scholar
• Felson , M. 1994 . Crime and everyday life , Thousand Oaks, CA : Pine Forge Press .
   Google Scholar
• Fowles , R. and Merva , M. 1996 . Wage inequality and criminal activity: An extreme bounds analysis for the United States . Criminology , 34 : 163 – 182 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox , J. A. and Zawitz , M. W. 2006 . Homicide trends in the United States Retrieved July 14, 2006, from http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/bjs/homicide/homtrnd.htm
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs , B. 2000 . Robbing drug dealers: Violence beyond the law , New York : Aldine de Gruyter .
   Google Scholar
• Jacobs , B. 2004 . A typology of street criminal retaliation . Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency , 41 : 295 – 323 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karmen , A. 1996 . Crime victims: An introduction to victimology , Pacific Grove, CA : Brooks Cole .
   Google Scholar
• Kick , E. L. and LaFree , G. D. 1986 . Cross national effects on development, distributional and demographic variables on crime: A review and analysis . International Annals of Criminology , 24 : 213 – 235 .
   Google Scholar
• Klaus , P. M. 2006 . Crime and the nation’s households, 2004 , Washington, DC : Bureau of Justice Statistics .
   Google Scholar
• Kleck , G. 1999 . Review of Crime is not the problem by Franklin E. Zimring and Gordon Hawkins . American Journal of Sociology , 104 : 1543 – 1544 .
   Google Scholar
• Kovandzic , T. V. , Vieraitis , L. M. and Yeisley , M. R. 1998 . The structural covariates of urban homicide: Reassessing the impact of income inequality and poverty in the post‐Reagan era . Criminology , 36 : 569 – 599 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kposowa , A. J. , Breault , K. D. and Harrison , B. M. 1995 . Reassessing the structural covariates of violent and property crimes in the USA: A county level analysis . British Journal of Sociology , 46 : 79 – 105 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krahn , H. , Hartnagel , T. F. and Gartrell , J. W. 1986 . Income inequality and homicide rates: Cross national data and criminological theory . Criminology , 24 : 269 – 295 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• LaFree , G. and Drass , K. A. 2002 . Counting crime booms among nations: Evidence for homicide victimization rates, 1956–1998 . Criminology , 40 : 769 – 799 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Land , K. C. , McCall , P. L. and Cohen , L. E. 1990 . Structural covariates of homicide rates: Are there any invariances across time and social space? . American Journal of Sociology , 95 : 922 – 963 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanier , C. and Huff‐Corzine , L. 2006 . American Indian homicide: A county‐level analysis utilizing social disorganization theory . Homicide Studies , 10 : 181 – 194 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauritsen , J. L. , Sampson , R. J. and Laub , J. H. 1991 . The link between offending and victimization among adolescents . Criminology , 29 : 265 – 292 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauritsen , J. L. and White , N. A. 2002 . Putting violence in its place: The influence of race, ethnicity, gender, and place on the risk for violence . Criminology and Public Policy , 1 : 37 – 60 .
   Google Scholar
• Lilly , J. R. , Cullen , F. T. and Ball , R. A. 1995 . Criminological theory: Context and consequences , Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Loftin , C. and Hill , R. H. 1974 . Regional subculture and homicide: An examination of the Gastil–Hackney thesis . American Sociological Review , 39 : 714 – 724 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lyons , W. 2000 . Violence and the politics of law and order . Law and Society Review , 34 : 213 – 236 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MacDonald , J. M. and Gover , A. R. 2005 . Concentrated disadvantage and youth‐on‐youth homicide: Assessing the structural covariates over time . Homicide Studies , 9 : 30 – 54 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCord , J. 1998 . American lethal violence: National patterns and transnational comparison: Confounding factors and fictions of counting . Colorado Law Review , 69 : 927 – 944 .
   Google Scholar
• Meithe , T. D. and Meier , R. F. 1994 . Crime and its social context , New York : SUNY Press .
   Google Scholar
• Messner , S. F. and Rosenfeld , R. 1998 . “ Social structure and homicide: Theory and research ” . In Homicide: A sourcebook of social research , Edited by: Smith , M. D. and Zahn , M. A. Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Messner , S. and Rosenfeld , R. 2001 . Crime and the American dream , Belmont, CA : Wadsworth .
   Google Scholar
• Messner , S. and Tardiff , K. 1986 . Income inequality and levels of homicide: An analysis of urban neighborhoods . Criminology , 24 : 297 – 313 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan , R. 1999 . Book review: Crime is not the problem: Lethal violence in America . British Journal of Criminology , 39 : 313 – 318 .
   Google Scholar
• Parker , K. F. , McCall , P. L. and Land , K. C. 1998 . “ Determining social structural predictors of homicide: Units of analysis and related methodological concerns ” . In Homicide: A sourcebook of social research , Edited by: Smith , M. D. and Zahn , M. A. 107 – 124 . Thousand Oaks, CA : Sage .
   Google Scholar
• Reitz , K. R. 1998 . Lethal violence in America: An overview of the Colorado Law Review symposium . Colorado Law Review , 69 : 891 – 902 .
   Google Scholar
• Reitz , K. R. and Madden , A. D. 1998 . The reactions of criminal justice professionals to a law review symposium . Colorado Law Review , 69 : 1217 – 1230 .
   Google Scholar
• Rosenfeld , R. , Fornango , R. and Baumer , E. 2005 . Did Ceasefire, COMPSTAT, and Exile reduce homicide? . Criminology and Public Policy , 4 : 419 – 450 .
   Google Scholar
• Ruddell , R. and Mays , G. L. 2005 . State background checks and firearms homicides . Journal of Criminal Justice , 33 : 127 – 136 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savolainen , J. , Messner , S. F. and Kivivuori , J. 2000 . Crime is part of the problem: Contexts of lethal violence in Finland and the United States . Journal of Scandinavian Studies in Criminology and Crime Prevention , 1 : 44 – 55 .
   Google Scholar
• Sherman , L. W. 2000 . The safe and drug free schools program Retrieved July 14, 2006, from http://muse.jhu.edu/demo/brookings_papers_on_education_policy/v2000/2000.1sherman.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Simpson , M. E. 1985 . Violent crime, income inequality and regional culture: Another look . Sociological Focus , 18 : 199 – 208 .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , M. D. and Parker , R. N. 1980 . Type of homicide and variation in regional rates . Social Forces , 59 : 136 – 147 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steffensmeier , D. and Haynie , D. 2000 . Gender, structural disadvantage, and urban crime: Do macrosocial variables also explain female offending rates? . Criminology , 38 : 403 – 438 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stewart , E. A. and Simons , R. L. 2006 . Structure and culture in African American adolescent violence: A partial test of the ‘Code of the Street’ thesis . Justice Quarterly , 23 : 1 – 33 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Topalli , V. , Wright , R. and Fornango , R. 2002 . Drug dealers, robbery and retaliation: Vulnerability, deterrence, and the contagion of violence . British Journal of Criminology , 42 : 337 – 351 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weisheit , R. A. and Wells , L. E. 2005 . Deadly violence in the heartland: Comparing homicide patterns in nonmetropolitan and metropolitan counties . Homicide Studies , 9 : 55 – 80 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams , K. R. 1984 . Economic sources of homicide: Reestimating the effects of poverty and inequality . American Sociological Review , 49 : 283 – 289 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilson , W. J. 1996 . The truly disadvantaged , Chicago : University of Chicago Press .
   Google Scholar
• Wolfgang , M. E. 1958 . Patterns in criminal homicide , Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press .
   Google Scholar
• Zimring , F. E. and Hawkins , G. 1997 . Crime is not the problem: Lethal violence in America , New York : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Zimring , F. E. and Hawkins , G. 1998 . Crime is not the problem: A reply . Colorado Law Review , 69 : 1177 – 1206 .
   Google Scholar