Sex offender legislation and social control: an examination of sex offenders’ expectations prior to release

References

• Ackerman, A. R., Sacks, M., & Osier, L. N. (2013). The experiences of registered sex offenders with internet offender registries in three states. Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 52, 29–45. doi:10.1080/10509674.2012.720959
   Google Scholar
• Andrews, D. A., & Bonta, J. (2003). The psychology of criminal conduct (3rd ed.). Cincinnati, OH: Anderson Publishing.
   Google Scholar
• Barnes, J. C. (2011). Place a moratorium on the passage of sex offender residence restriction laws. Criminology & Public Policy, 10, 401–409. doi:10.1111/j.1745-9133.2011.00715.x
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barnes, J. C., Dukes, T., Tewksbury, R., & De Troye, T. M. (2009). Analyzing the impact of a statewide residence restriction law on South Carolina sex offenders. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 20, 21–43.
   Google Scholar
• Blasko, B. L., Jeglic, E. L., & Mercado, C. C. (2011). Are actuarial risk data used to make determinations of sex offender risk classification? An examination of sex offenders selected for enhanced registration and notification. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 55, 676–692. doi:10.1177/0306624X10372784
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonnar-Kidd, K. K. (2010). Sexual offender laws and prevention of sexual violence or recidivism. American Journal of Public Health, 100, 412–419. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2008.153254
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown, K., Spencer, J., & Deakin, J. (2007). The reintegration of sex offenders: Barriers and opportunities for employment. The Howard Journal of Criminal Justice, 46, 32–42. doi:10.1111/j.1468-2311.2007.00452.x
   Google Scholar
• Burchfield, K. B. (2012). Assessing community residents’ perceptions of local registered sex offenders: Results from a pilot survey. Deviant Behavior, 33, 241–259. doi:10.1080/01639625.2011.573396
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burchfield, K. B., & Mingus, W. (2014). Sex offender reintegration: Consequences of the local neighborhood context. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 39, 109–124. doi:10.1007/s12103-012-9195-x
   Google Scholar
• Burchfield, K. B., Sample, L. L., & Lytle, R. (2014). Public interest in sex offenders: A perpetual panic. Criminology, Criminal Justice, Law, & Society, 15, 96–117.
   Google Scholar
• Calkins, C., Jeglic, E., Beattey, R. A., Zeidman, S., & Perillo, A. D. (2014). Sexual violence legislation: A review of case law and empirical research. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 20, 443–462.10.1037/law0000027
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chajewski, M., & Mercado, C. C. (2008). An analysis of sex offender residency restrictions in Newark, NJ. Sex Offender Law Report, 9, 1–6.
   Google Scholar
• Chajewski, M., & Mercado, C. C. (2009). An evaluation of sex offender residency restriction functioning in town, county, and city-wide jurisdictions. Criminal Justice Policy Review, 20, 44–61. doi:10.1177/0887403408320845
   Google Scholar
• Colorado Department of Public Safety (2004). Report on safety issues raised by living arrangements for and location of sex offenders in the community. Denver, CO: Sex Offender Management Board.
   Google Scholar
• de Vries Robbe, M., Mann, R. E., Maruna, S., & Thornton, D. (2015). An exploration of protective factors supporting desistance from sexual offending. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 27, 16–33. doi:10.1177/1079063214547582
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edwards, W., & Hensley, C. (2001). Restructuring sex offender sentencing: A therapeutic jurisprudence approach to the criminal justice process. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 45, 646–662. doi:10.1177/0306624X01456002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farmer, M., McAlinden, A. M., & Maruna, S. (2015). Understanding desistance from sexual offending. Probation Journal, 62, 320–335. doi:10.1177/0264550515600545
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farrington, D. P. (2007). Advancing knowledge about desistance. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 23, 125–134. doi:10.1177/1043986206298954
   Google Scholar
• Frenzel, E. D., Bowen, K. N., Spraitz, J. D., Bowers, J. H., & Phaneuf, S. (2014). Understanding collateral consequences of registry laws: An examination of the perceptions of sex offender registrants. Justice Policy Journal, 11(2). Retrieved from http://www.cjcj.org/uploads/cjcj/documents/frenzel_et_al_collateral_consequences_final_formatted.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Giordano, P. C., Cernkovich, S. A., & Rudolph, J. L. (2002). Gender, crime, and desistance: Toward a theory of cognitive transformation. American Journal of Sociology, 107, 990–1064.10.1086/343191
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanson, R. K., & Bussière, M. T. (1998). Predicting relapse: A meta-analysis of sexual offender recidivism studies. Journal Of Consulting And Clinical Psychology, 66, 348–362. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.66.2.348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanson, R. K., & Harris, A. J. R. (1998). Dynamic predictors of sexual recidivism (No. 1998-01). Ottawa: Department of the Solicitor General of Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Hanson, R. K., & Morton-Bourgon, K. E. (2005). The characteristics of persistent sexual offenders: A meta-analysis of recidivism studies. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 73, 1154–1163. doi:10.1037/0022-006X.73.6.1154
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harden, S. (2015). Sex offender statistics. Retrieved from http://www.statisticbrain.com/sex-offender-statistics/
   Google Scholar
• Harris, A. J., & Hanson, R. K. (2004). Sex offender recidivism: A simple question. Report PS3-1. Ottawa, ON: Public Safety and Emergency Preparedness Canada.
   Google Scholar
• Harris, D. A., Knight, R. A., Smallbone, S., & Dennison, S. (2010). Postrelease specialization and versatility in sexual offenders referred for civil commitment. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 23, 243–259. doi:10.1177/1079063210384276
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, D. A., Mazerolle, P., & Knight, R. A. (2009). Understanding male sexual offending. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 36, 1051–1069. doi:10.1177/0093854809342242
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris, D. A., Smallbone, S., Dennison, S., & Knight, R. A. (2009). Specialization and versatility in sexual offenders referred for civil commitment. Journal of Criminal Justice, 37, 37–44. doi:10.1016/j.jcrimjus.2008.12.002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hipp, J. R., Turner, S., & Jannetta, J. (2010). Are sex offenders moving into social disorganization? Analyzing the residential mobility of California parolees. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 47, 558–590. doi:10.1177/0022427810381093
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirschi, T. (1969). Causes of delinquency. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
   Google Scholar
• Huebner, B. M., Kras, K. R., Rydberg, J., Bynum, T. S., Grommon, E., & Pleggenkuhle, B. (2014). The effect and implications of sex offender residence restrictions. Criminology & Public Policy, 13, 139–168. doi:10.1111/1745-9133.12066
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jeglic, E. L., Mercado, C. C., & Levenson, J. (2012). The prevalence and correlates of depression and hopelessness among sex offenders subject to community notification and residence restriction legislation. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 37, 46–59. doi:10.1007/s12103-010-9096-9
   Google Scholar
• Kernsmith, P. D., Craun, S. W., & Foster, J. (2009). Public attitudes toward sexual offenders and sex offender registration. Journal of Child Sexual Abuse, 18, 290–301. doi:10.1080/10538710902901663
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kras, K. R., Pleggenkuhle, B., & Huebner, B. M. (2016). A new way of doing time on the outside: Sex offenders pathways in and out of a transitional housing facility. International Journal of Offender Therapy & Comparative Criminology, 60, 512–534. doi:10.1177/0306624X14554194
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kruttschnitt, C., Uggen, C., & Shelton, K. (2000). Predictors of desistance among sex offenders: The interaction of formal and informal social controls. Justice Quarterly, 17, 61–87.10.1080/07418820000094481
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lancaster, R. N. (2011, August 20). Sex offenders: The last pariahs. The New York Times. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com
   Google Scholar
• Laub, J. H., & Sampson, R. J. (2001). Understanding desistance from crime. In M. Tonry (Ed.), Crime and justice, Vol. 28 (pp. 1–69). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
   Google Scholar
• Laub, J. H., & Sampson, R. J. (2003). Shared beginnings, divergent lives: Delinquent boys to age 70. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Laws, D. R., & Ward, T. (2011). Desistance from sex offending: Alternatives to throwing away the keys. New York, NY: Guilford Press.
   Google Scholar
• Lees, M., & Tewksbury, R. (2006). Understanding policy and programmatic issues regarding sex offender registries. Corrections Today, 68, 54–56.
   Google Scholar
• Levenson, J. S. (2008). Collateral consequences of sex offender residence restrictions. Criminal Justice Studies, 21, 153–166.10.1080/14786010802159822
   Google Scholar
• Levenson, J. S., Brannon, Y. N., Fortney, T., & Barker, J. (2007). Public perceptions about sex offenders and community protection policies. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 7, 1–25.
   Google Scholar
• Levenson, J. S., & Cotter, L. P. (2005a). The effect of Megan’s law on sex offender reintegration. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 21, 49–66. doi:10.1177/1043986204271676
   Google Scholar
• Levenson, J. S., & Cotter, L. P. (2005b). The impact of sex offender residence restrictions: 1,000 feet from danger or one step from absurd? International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 49, 168–178.10.1177/0306624X04271304
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levenson, J. S., & D’Amora, D. A. (2007). Social policies designed to prevent sexual violence: The emperor’s new clothes? Criminal Justice Policy Review, 18, 168–199. doi:10.1177/0887403406295309
   Google Scholar
• Levenson, J. S., D’Amora, D. A., & Hern, A. (2007). Megan’s law and its impact on community re-entry for sex offenders. Behavioral Sciences & the Law, 25, 587–602. doi:10.1002/bsl.770
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levenson, J. S, & Hern, A. (2007). Sex offender residence restrictions: Unintended consequences and community re-entry. Justice Research and Policy, 9, 59–74. doi:10.3818/JRP.9.1.2007.59
   Google Scholar
• Levenson, J. S., Zgoba, K., & Tewksbury, R. (2007). Sex offender residence restrictions: Sensible crime policy or flawed logic? Federal Probation, 71, 2–9.
   Google Scholar
• Lussier, P. (2005). The criminal activity of sexual offenders in adulthood: Revisiting the specialization debate. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 17, 269–293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lussier, P., & Davies, G. (2011a). Offending trajectories, cost avoidance and recidivism in adult sexual aggressors: A person-oriented perspective. In A. Blokland, & P. Lussier. (Eds.). Sex offenders: A criminal career approach. Oxford, UK: Wiley.
   Google Scholar
• Lussier, P., & Davies, G. (2011b). A person-oriented perspective on sexual offenders, offending trajectories, and risk of recidivism: A new challenge for policymakers, risk assessors, and actuarial prediction? Psychology, Public Policy and Law, 17, 530–561.10.1037/a0024388
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lussier, P., Tzoumakis, S., Cale, J., & Amirault, J. (2010). Criminal trajectories of adult sex offenders and the age effect: Examining the dynamic aspect of offending in adulthood. International Criminal Justice Review, 20, 147–168. doi:10.1177/1057567710368360
   Google Scholar
• Lussier, P., Van Den Berg, C. J. W., Bijleveld, C. C. J. H., & Hendriks, J. (2012). A developmental taxonomy of juvenile sex offenders for theory, research, and prevention. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 39, 1559–1581. doi:10.1177/0093854812455739
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martinez, D. J., & Abrams, L. S. (2011). Informal social support among returning young offenders: A metasynthesis of the literature. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 57, 169–190. doi:10.1177/0306624X11428203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maruna, S. (2001). Making good: How ex-convicts reform and rebuild their lives. Washington: American Psychological Association.10.1037/10430-000
   Google Scholar
• Meloy, M. L., Miller, S. L., & Curtis, K. M. (2008). Making sense out of nonsense: The deconstruction of state-level sex offender residence restrictions. American Journal of Criminal Justice, 33, 209–222. doi:10.1007/s12103-008-9042-2
   Google Scholar
• Mercado, C. C., Alvarez, S. A., & Levenson, J. S. (2008). The impact of specialized sex offender legislation on community re-entry. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 20, 188–205. doi:10.1177/1079063208317540
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nieto, M., & Jung, D. (2006). The impact of residency restrictions on sex offenders and correctional management practices: A literature review. (Rep. No. 06-008). Sacramento, CA: California Research Bureau.
   Google Scholar
• Pleggenkuhle, B., Huebner, B. M., & Kras, K. R. (2015). Solid start: Supportive housing, social support, and reentry transitions. Journal of Crime and Justice, 39, 380–397. doi:10.1080/0735648X.2015.1047465
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandler, J. C., Freeman, N. J., & Socia, K. M. (2008). Does a watched pot boil? A time-series analysis of New York State’s sex offender registration and notification law. Psychology, Public Policy, and Law, 14, 284–302. doi:10.1037/a0013881
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schiavone, S. K., & Jeglic, E. L. (2009). Public perceptions of sex offenders, social policies and the impact on sex offenders. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 53, 679–695. doi:10.1177/0306624X08323454
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schram, D. D., & Milloy, C. D. (1995). Community notification: A study of offender characteristics and recidivism. Olympia, WA: Washington State Institute for Public Policy.
   Google Scholar
• Schultz, C. (2014). The stigmatization of individuals convicted of sex offenses: Labeling theory and the sex offense registry. Themis: Research Journal of Justice Studies and Forensic Science, 2(1). http://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/themis/vol2/iss1/4
   Google Scholar
• Seiter, R. P., & Kadela, K. R. (2003). Prisoner reentry: What works, what does not, and what is promising. Crime & Delinquency, 49, 360–388. doi:10.1177/0011128703049003002
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Socia, K. M., Levenson, J. S., Ackerman, A. R., & Harris, A. J. (2015). “Brothers under the Bridge”: Factors influencing the transience of registered sex offenders in Florida. Sexual Abuse: A Journal of Research and Treatment, 27, 559–586. doi:10.1177/107906063214521472
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tewksbury, R., & Connor, D. P. (2012). Incarcerated sex offenders’ perceptions of family relationships: Previous experiences and future expectations. Western Criminology Review, 13, 25–35.
   Google Scholar
• Tewksbury, R., & Levenson, J. (2009). Stress experiences of family members of registered sex offenders. Behavioral Sciences & The Law, 27, 611–626. doi:10.1002/bsl.878
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tewksbury, R., & Mustaine, E. E. (2007). Collateral consequences and community re-entry for registered sex offenders with child victims: Are the challenges even greater? Journal of Offender Rehabilitation, 46, 113–131. doi:10.1080/10509670802071550
   Google Scholar
• US: Sex Offender Laws May Do More Harm Than Good. (2007). Retrieved from https://www.hrw.org/news/2007/09/11/us-sex-offender-laws-may-do-more-harm-good
   Google Scholar
• Vasquez, B. E., Maddan, S., & Walker, J. T. (2008). The influence of sex offender registration and notification laws in the United States: A time-series analysis. Crime & Delinquency, 54, 175–192. doi:10.1177/0011128707311641
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner, C. (2011). The good left undone: How to stop sex offender laws from causing unnecessary harm at the expense of effectiveness. American Journal of Criminal Law, 38, 263–288.
   Google Scholar
• Walker, K., Bowen, E., & Brown, S. (2013). Psychological and criminological factors associated with desistance from violence: A review of the literature. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 18, 286–299.10.1016/j.avb.2012.11.021
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams, F., McShane, M., & Dolny, H. M. (2000). Predicting parole absconders. The Prison Journal, 80, 24–38. doi:10.1177/0032885500080001002
   Google Scholar
• Willis, G. M., Levenson, J. S., & Ward, T. (2010). Desistance and attitudes towards sex offenders: Facilitation or hindrance?. Journal of Family Violence, 25, 545–556. doi:10.1007/s10896-010-9314-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright, R. G. (2015). Sex offender laws: Failed policies, new directions (2nd ed.). New York, NY: Springer.
   Google Scholar
• Zevitz, R. G. (2006). Sex offender community notification: Its role in recidivism and offender reintegration. Criminal Justice Studies, 19, 193–208. doi:10.1080/14786010600764567
   Google Scholar
• Zgoba, K. M., & Bachar, K. (2009). Sex offender registration and notification: Limited effects in New Jersey. US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice.
   Google Scholar