Extrusions and intrusions in fatigued metals. Part 1. State of the art and historyFootnote†

†In 2003, it was 100 years since J.A. Ewing and J.C.W. Humfrey first documented the nature of early surface fatigue damage in Swedish iron in their paper The Fracture of Metals under Repeated Alternations of Stress published in the journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London, Series A [1]. Let this work (Part 1 and 2) commemorate their pioneering effort to understand the physical mechanisms of early fatigue damage.

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