References
- R.Z. Valiev and T.G. Langdon, The 7th international conference on nanomaterials by severe plastic deformation: a report of the international NanoSPD steering committee, Mater. Sci. Eng. 194 (2017). doi:10.1088/1757-899X/194/1/012001.
- A.P. Zhilyaev and T.G. Langdon, Using high-pressure torsion for metal processing: fundamentals and applications, Prog. Mater. Sci. 53 (2008), pp. 893–979. doi:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2008.03.002.
- R.Z. Valiev and T.G. Langdon, Principles of equal-channel angular pressing as a processing tool for grain refinement, Prog. Mater. Sci. 51 (2006) pp. 881–981. doi:10.1016/j.pmatsci.2006.02.003.
- Y. Saito, N. Tsuji, H. Utsunomiya, T. and Sakai, R.G. Hong, Ultra-fine grained bulk aluminum produced by accumulative roll-bonding (ARB) process, Scr. Mater. 39 (1998), pp. 1221–1227. doi:10.1016/S1359-6462(98)00302-9.
- R.Z. Valiev, Y.V. Ivanisenko, E.F. Rauch, and B. Baudelet, Structure and deformaton behaviour of Armco iron subjected to severe plastic deformation, Acta Mater. 44 (1996), pp. 4705–4712. doi:10.1016/S1359-6454(96)00156-5.
- H. Jiang, Y.T. Zhu, D.P. Butt, I. V. Alexandrov, and T.C. Lowe, Microstructural evolution, microhardness and thermal stability of HPT-processed Cu, Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 290 (2000), pp. 128–138. doi:10.1016/S0921-5093(00)00919-9.
- A.P. Zhilyaev, S. Lee, G. V Nurislamova, R.Z. Valiev, and T.G. Langdon, Microhardness and microstructural evolution in pure nickel during high-pressure torsion, Scr. Mater. 44 (2001), pp. 2753–2758. doi: 10.1016/S1359-6462(01)00955-1
- T.G. Langdon, Twenty-five years of ultrafine-grained materials: achieving exceptional properties through grain refinement, Acta Mater. 61 (2013), pp. 7035–7059. doi:10.1016/J.ACTAMAT.2013.08.018.
- L.S. Toth and C. Gu, Ultrafine-grain metals by severe plastic deformation, Mater. Charact. 92 (2014), pp. 1–14. doi:10.1016/j.matchar.2014.02.003.
- K. Edalati, R. Miresmaeili, Z. Horita, H. Kanayama, and R. Pippan, Significance of temperature increase in processing by high-pressure torsion, Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 528 (2011), pp. 7301–7305. doi:10.1016/j.msea.2011.06.031.
- R. Kapoor, Severe plastic deformation of materials, in Mater. Under Extrem. Cond., Elsevier, 2017, pp. 717–754. doi:10.1016/B978-0-12-801300-7.00020-6.
- B. Ahn, A.P. Zhilyaev, H.J. Lee, M. Kawasaki, and T.G. Langdon, Rapid synthesis of an extra hard metal matrix nanocomposite at ambient temperature, Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 635 (2015), pp. 109–117. doi:10.1016/j.msea.2015.03.042.
- K. Oh-ishi, K. Edalati, H.S. Kim, K. Hono, and Z. Horita, High-pressure torsion for enhanced atomic diffusion and promoting solid-state reactions in the aluminum–copper system, Acta Mater. 61 (2013), pp. 3482–3489. doi:10.1016/J.ACTAMAT.2013.02.042.
- M. Kawasaki, B. Ahn, H. Lee, A.P. Zhilyaev, and T.G. Langdon, Using high-pressure torsion to process an aluminum–magnesium nanocomposite through diffusion bonding, J. Mater. Res. 31 (2016), pp. 88–99. doi:10.1557/jmr.2015.257.
- M. Kawasaki, J.-K. Han, D.-H. Lee, J. Jang, and T.G. Langdon, Fabrication of nanocomposites through diffusion bonding under high-pressure torsion, J. Mater. Res. 33 (2018), pp. 2700–2710. doi:10.1557/jmr.2018.205.
- B. Ahn, H.-J. Lee, I.-C. Choi, M. Kawasaki, J.-I. Jang, and T.G. Langdon, Micro-Mechanical behavior of an exceptionally strong metal matrix nanocomposite processed by high-pressure torsion, Adv. Eng. Mater. 18 (2016), pp. 1001–1008. doi:10.1002/adem.201500520.
- J.K. Han, H.J. Lee, J. il Jang, M. Kawasaki, and T.G. Langdon, Micro-mechanical and tribological properties of aluminum-magnesium nanocomposites processed by high-pressure torsion, Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 684 (2017), pp. 318–327. doi:10.1016/j.msea.2016.12.067.
- G. Dunea, S.D. Mahurkar, B. Mamdani, and E.C. Smith, Role of aluminum in dialysis dementia, Ann. Intern. Med. 88 (1978), pp. 502–504. doi:10.7326/0003-4819-88-4-502.
- A. Mirza, A. King, C. Troakes, and C. Exley, Aluminium in brain tissue in familial Alzheimer’s disease, J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol. 40 (2017), pp. 30–36. doi:10.1016/j.jtemb.2016.12.001.
- R.K. Singh Raman, S. Jafari, and S.E. Harandi, Corrosion fatigue fracture of magnesium alloys in bioimplant applications: a review, Eng. Fract. Mech. 137 (2015), pp. 97–108. doi:10.1016/j.engfracmech.2014.08.009.
- F. Witte and A. Eliezer, Biodegradable metals, in Degradation of Implant Materials, 2012. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3942-4_5.
- H. Li, Y. Zheng, and L. Qin, Progress of biodegradable metals, Prog. Nat. Sci. Mater. Int. 24 (2014), pp. 414–422. doi:10.1016/j.pnsc.2014.08.014.
- H. Tapiero and K.D. Tew, Trace elements in human physiology and pathology: zinc and metallothioneins, Biomed. Pharmacother. 57 (2003), pp. 399–411. doi:10.1016/S0753-3322(03)00081-7.
- P.K. Bowen, J. Drelich, and J. Goldman, Zinc exhibits ideal physiological corrosion behavior for bioabsorbable stents, Adv. Mater. 25 (2013), pp. 2577–2582. doi:10.1002/adma.201300226.
- P.K. Bowen, R.J. Guillory, E.R. Shearier, J.M. Seitz, J. Drelich, M. Bocks, F. Zhao, and J. Goldman, Metallic zinc exhibits optimal biocompatibility for bioabsorbable endovascular stents, Mater. Sci. Eng. C. 56 (2015), pp. 467–472. doi:10.1016/j.msec.2015.07.022.
- Colin J. Smithells, Eric A. Brandes, G.B. Brook, Smithells light metals handbook, Butterworth-Heinemann, 1998. doi:10.1016/B978-0-7506-3625-4.X5000-5.
- J.M. Chalovich and E. Eisenberg, Biodegradable Mg alloys, Biophys. Chem. 257 (2005), pp. 2432–2437. doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2010.12.017.Two-stage.
- D. Vojtěch, J. Kubásek, J. Šerák, and P. Novák, Mechanical and corrosion properties of newly developed biodegradable Zn-based alloys for bone fixation, Acta Biomater. 7 (2011), pp. 3515–3522. doi:10.1016/j.actbio.2011.05.008.
- R.B. Figueiredo, P.R. Cetlin, and T.G. Langdon, Using finite element modeling to examine the flow processes in quasi-constrained high-pressure torsion, Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 528 (2011), pp. 8198–8204. doi:10.1016/J.MSEA.2011.07.040.
- ASTM Standard, E112-12: standard test methods for determining average grain size, ASTM Int. E112-12 (2012), pp. 1–27. doi:10.1520/E0112-12.1.4.
- T. Kokubo and H. Takadama, How useful is SBF in predicting in vivo bone bioactivity?, Biomaterials. 27 (2006), pp. 2907–2915. doi:10.1016/J.BIOMATERIALS.2006.01.017.
- G102-89, Standard practice for calculation of corrosion rates and related information from electrochemical measurements, ASTM Int. 89 (2015), pp. 1–7. doi:10.1520/G0102-89R15E01.2.
- S.-Y. Chang, S.-W. Lee, K.M. Kang, S. Kamado, and Y. Kojima, Improvement of mechanical characteristics in severely plastic-deformed Mg alloys, (n.d.). Available at https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/matertrans/45/2/45_2_488/_pdf/-char/en (accessed May 30, 2018).
- I. Pospíšilová and D. Vojtěch, Mechanical properties of Zn-Mg alloys, Metal. 15 (2013), pp. 15–17.
- K. Edalati and Z. Horita, Significance of homologous temperature in softening behavior and grain size of pure metals processed by high-pressure torsion, Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 528 (2011), pp. 7514–7523. doi:10.1016/j.msea.2011.06.080.
- K. Edalati, E. Matsubara, and Z. Horita, Processing pure Ti by high-pressure torsion in wide ranges of pressures and strain, Metall. Mater. Trans. A. 40 (2009), pp. 2079–2086. doi:10.1007/s11661-009-9890-5.
- K. Edalati, Z. Horita, S. Yagi, and E. Matsubara, Allotropic phase transformation of pure zirconium by high-pressure torsion, Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 523 (2009), pp. 277–281. doi:10.1016/J.MSEA.2009.07.029.
- B.J. Bonarski, E. Schafler, B. Mingler, W. Skrotzki, B. Mikulowski, and M.J. Zehetbauer, Texture evolution of Mg during high-pressure torsion, J. Mater. Sci. 43 (2008), pp. 7513–7518. doi:10.1007/s10853-008-2794-8.
- B. Srinivasarao, A.P. Zhilyaev, T.G. Langdon, and M.T. Pérez-Prado, On the relation between the microstructure and the mechanical behavior of pure Zn processed by high pressure torsion, Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 562 (2013), pp. 196–202. doi:10.1016/j.msea.2012.11.027.
- Y. Wang and J. Huang, Texture analysis in hexagonal materials, Mater. Chem. Phys. 81 (2003), pp. 11–26. doi:10.1016/S0254-0584(03)00168-8.
- S.-S. Hiroaki Okamoto, Supplemental literature review of binary phase diagrams: Cs-In, Cs-K, Cs-Rb, Eu-In, (n.d.). doi:10.1007/s11669-013-0233-2.
- S.K. Das, Y.-M. Kim, T.K. Ha, and I.-H. Jung, Investigation of anisotropic diffusion behavior of Zn in hcp Mg and interdiffusion coefficients of intermediate phases in the Mg–Zn system, Calphad. 42 (2013), pp. 51–58. doi:10.1016/J.CALPHAD.2013.07.002.
- C.C. Kammerer, S. Behdad, L. Zhou, F. Betancor, M. Gonzalez, B. Boesl, and Y.H. Sohn, Diffusion kinetics, mechanical properties, and crystallographic characterization of intermetallic compounds in the Mg–Zn binary system, Intermetallics. 67 (2015), pp. 145–155. doi:10.1016/J.INTERMET.2015.08.001.
- H. Jin, S. Zhao, R. Guillory, P.K. Bowen, Z. Yin, A. Griebel, J. Schaffer, E.J. Earley, J. Goldman, and J.W. Drelich, Novel high-strength, low-alloys Zn-Mg (< 0.1 wt% Mg) and their arterial biodegradation, Mater. Sci. Eng. C. 84 (2018), pp. 67–79. doi:10.1016/j.msec.2017.11.021.
- J. Kubásek, D. Vojtěch, I. Pospíšilová, A. Michalcová, and J. Maixner, Microstructure and mechanical properties of the micrograined hypoeutectic Zn–Mg alloy, Int. J. Miner. Metall. Mater. 23 (2016), pp. 1167–1176. doi:10.1007/s12613-016-1336-7.
- C. Yao, Z. Wang, S.L. Tay, T. Zhu, and W. Gao, Effects of Mg on microstructure and corrosion properties of Zn–Mg alloy, J. Alloys Compd. 602 (2014), pp. 101–107. doi:10.1016/J.JALLCOM.2014.03.025.
- E. Broitman, Indentation hardness measurements at macro-, micro-, and nanoscale: A critical overview, Tribol. Lett. 65 (n.d.). doi:10.1007/s11249-016-0805-5.
- Nano vs. Micro Indentation Hardness Testing – NANOMECHANICS, INC, (n.d.). Available at http://nanomechanicsinc.com/indentation-hardness/ (accessed June 7, 2018).
- K. Edalati, A. Yamamoto, Z. Horita, and T. Ishihara, High-pressure torsion of pure magnesium: evolution of mechanical properties, microstructures and hydrogen storage capacity with equivalent strain, Scr. Mater. 64 (2011), pp. 880–883. doi:10.1016/j.scriptamat.2011.01.023.
- Y. Ito and Z. Horita, Microstructural evolution in pure aluminum processed by high-pressure torsion, Mater. Sci. Eng. A. 503 (2009), pp. 32–36. doi:10.1016/J.MSEA.2008.03.055.
- F. Meng, J.M. Rosalie, A. Singh, H. Somekawa, and K. Tsuchiya, Ultrafine grain formation in Mg-Zn alloy by in situ precipitation during high-pressure torsion, Scr. Mater. 78–79 (2014), pp. 57–60. doi:10.1016/j.scriptamat.2014.01.036.
- L. Li, M. Zhang, Y. Li, J. Zhao, L. Qin, and Y. Lai, Corrosion and biocompatibility improvement of magnesium-based alloys as bone implant materials: a review, Regen. Biomater. 4 (2017), pp. 129–137. doi:10.1093/rb/rbx004.
- Y. Xin, T. Hu, and P.K. Chu, Degradation behaviour of pure magnesium in simulated body fluids with different concentrations of HCO, Corros. Sci. 53 (2011), pp. 1522–1528. doi:10.1016/j.corsci.2011.01.015.
- G. Katarivas Levy, J. Goldman, and E. Aghion, The prospects of zinc as a structural material for biodegradable implants—A review paper, Metals (Basel). 7 (2017), p. 402. doi:10.3390/met7100402.
- K.M.S. Youssef, C.C. Koch, and P.S. Fedkiw, Improved corrosion behavior of nanocrystalline zinc produced by pulse-current electrodeposition, Corros. Sci. 46 (2004), pp. 51–64. doi:10.1016/S0010-938X(03)00142-2.
- M. Cheng Li, L. Li Jiang, W. Qi Zhang, Y. Hai Qian, S. Zhen Luo, and J. Nian Shen, Electrochemical corrosion behavior of nanocrystalline zinc coatings in 3.5% NaCl solutions, (n.d.). doi:10.1007/s10008-007-0293-5.
- G. Ben-Hamu, D. Eliezer, K.S. Shin, and S. Cohen, The relation between microstructure and corrosion behavior of Mg–Y–RE–Zr alloys, J. Alloys Compd. 431 (2007), pp. 269–276. doi:10.1016/J.JALLCOM.2006.05.075.
- N. Birbilis, K.D. Ralston, S. Virtanen, H.L. Fraser, and C.H.J. Davies, Grain character influences on corrosion of ECAPed pure magnesium, Corros. Eng. Sci. Technol. 45 (2010), pp. 224–230. doi:10.1179/147842209X12559428167805.
- R. Ambat, N.N. Aung, and W. Zhou, Evaluation of microstructural effects on corrosion behaviour of AZ91D magnesium alloy, Corros. Sci. 42 (2000), pp. 1433–1455. doi:10.1016/S0010-938X(99)00143-2.
- B. Shize Jin, S. Amira, E. Ghali, S. Jin, S. Amira, and E. Ghali, Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy evaluation of the corrosion behavior of die cast and Thixocast AXJ530 magnesium alloy in chloride solution**, (2007). doi:10.1002/adem.200600199.